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Reference Manager
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1.
Strøm GEA, Haanshuus CG, Fataki M, Langeland N, Blomberg B, 2013. Challenges in diagnosing paediatric malaria in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Malar J 12: 228.
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2.
Chandler CIR, Mwangi R, Mbakilwa H, Olomi R, Whitty CJM, Reyburn H, 2008. Malaria overdiagnosis: is patient pressure the problem? Health Policy Plan 23: 170–178.
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3.
Chandler CIR, Jones C, Boniface G, Juma K, Reyburn H, Whitty CJM, 2008. Guidelines and mindlines: why do clinical staff over-diagnose malaria in Tanzania? A qualitative study. Malar J 7: 53.
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4.
Taylor TE, Fu WJ, Carr RA, Whitten RO, Mueller JS, Fosiko NG, Lewallen S, Liomba NG, Molyneux ME, 2004. Differentiating the pathologies of cerebral malaria by postmortem parasite counts. Nat Med 10: 143–145.
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5.
Beare NA V, Taylor TE, Harding SP, Lewallen S, Molyneux ME. Malarial retinopathy: a newly established diagnostic sign in severe malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006;75:790–797.
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Taylor TE, Molyneux ME, 2015. The pathogenesis of pediatric cerebral malaria: eye exams, autopsies, and neuroimaging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1342: 44–52.
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Rubin SE, Fletcher J, Stein T, Segall-Gutierrez P, Gold M, 2011. Determinants of intrauterine contraception provision among US family physicians: a national survey of knowledge, attitudes and practice. Contraception 83: 472–478.
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8.
Gething PW, Patil AP, Smith DL, Guerra CA, Elyazar IR, Johnston GL, Tatem AJ, Hay SI, 2011. A new world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2010. Malar J 10: 378.
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9.
Snow RW et al. 1997. Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa. Lancet 349: 1650–1654.
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Beare NAV, Lewallen S, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME, 2011. Redefining cerebral malaria by including malaria retinopathy. Future Microbiol 6: 349–355.
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World Health Organization (WHO), 2012. Management of Severe Malaria. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
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12.
Chandler CIR, Meta J, Ponzo C, Nasuwa F, Kessy J, Mbakilwa H, Haaland A, Reyburn H, 2014. The development of effective behaviour change interventions to support the use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests by Tanzanian clinicians. Implement Sci 9: 83.
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13.
Saunders RA, Donahue ML, Berland JE, Roberts EL, Von Powers B, Rust PF, 2000. Non-ophthalmologist screening for retinopathy of prematurity. Br J Ophthalmol 84: 130–134.
-
14.
Verma L, Prakash G, Tewari HK, Gupta SK, Murthy GVS, Sharma N, 2003. Screening for diabetic retinopathy by non-ophthalmologists: an effective public health tool. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 81: 373–377.
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15.
Tun N, London N, Kyaw MK, Smithuis F, Ford N, Margolis T, Drew WL, Lewallen S, Heiden D, 2011. CMV retinitis screening and treatment in a resource-poor setting: three-year experience from a primary care HIV/AIDS programme in Myanmar. J Int AIDS Soc 14: 41.
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Funduscopy in Cerebral Malaria Diagnosis: An International Survey of Practice Patterns
Lakshmi Swamy
Lakshmi Swamy
Asheville Eye Associates, Pediatric Ophthalmology, Asheville, North Carolina;
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Nicholas A. V. Beare
Nicholas A. V. Beare
Department of Eye and Vision Science, St. Paul’s Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom;
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Ogugua Okonkwo
Ogugua Okonkwo
Eye Foundation Center for the Prevention of Blindness, Retina Institute, Lagos, Nigeria;
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Tamer H. Mahmoud
Tamer H. Mahmoud
Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Associated Retinal Consultants, Royal Oak, Michigan;
Duke University Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Duke University Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Cerebral malaria (CM) is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly among young children. Malarial retinopathy is the most specific clinical finding in CM, and fundus examination could help clinicians distinguish CM from other causes of encephalopathy in resource-poor areas. To assess clinician knowledge, practice patterns, and barriers to the use of funduscopy in the diagnosis of CM, we designed a descriptive multinational survey of clinicians in malaria endemic areas. Results of this survey showed that 19% of respondents were not aware of the utility of eye examinations for malarial retinopathy, and almost half (49%) never or almost never examine the eyes in cases of suspected CM. Educating clinicians about malarial retinopathy could be important in improving diagnostic specificity for CM.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work is supported by an unrestricted departmental Research to Prevent Blindness Grant to the Duke Eye Center. The sponsor or funding organization had no role in the design or conduct of this research.
Authors’ addresses: Lakshmi Swamy, Asheville Eye Associates, Pediatric Ophthalmology, Asheville, NC, E-mail: lswamymd@gmail.com. Nicholas A. V. Beare, Department of Eye and Vision Science, St. Paul’s Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom, E-mail: nick.beare@rlbuht.nhs.uk. Ogugua Okonkwo, Eye Foundation Center for the Prevention of Blindness, Retina Institute, Lagos, NG, E-mail: o_okonkwo@yahoo.com. Tamer H. Mahmoud, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Associated Retinal Consultants, Royal Oak, MI, and Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, E-mail: thmahmoud@yahoo.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Strøm GEA, Haanshuus CG, Fataki M, Langeland N, Blomberg B, 2013. Challenges in diagnosing paediatric malaria in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Malar J 12: 228.
-
2.
Chandler CIR, Mwangi R, Mbakilwa H, Olomi R, Whitty CJM, Reyburn H, 2008. Malaria overdiagnosis: is patient pressure the problem? Health Policy Plan 23: 170–178.
-
3.
Chandler CIR, Jones C, Boniface G, Juma K, Reyburn H, Whitty CJM, 2008. Guidelines and mindlines: why do clinical staff over-diagnose malaria in Tanzania? A qualitative study. Malar J 7: 53.
-
4.
Taylor TE, Fu WJ, Carr RA, Whitten RO, Mueller JS, Fosiko NG, Lewallen S, Liomba NG, Molyneux ME, 2004. Differentiating the pathologies of cerebral malaria by postmortem parasite counts. Nat Med 10: 143–145.
-
5.
Beare NA V, Taylor TE, Harding SP, Lewallen S, Molyneux ME. Malarial retinopathy: a newly established diagnostic sign in severe malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006;75:790–797.
-
6.
Taylor TE, Molyneux ME, 2015. The pathogenesis of pediatric cerebral malaria: eye exams, autopsies, and neuroimaging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1342: 44–52.
-
7.
Rubin SE, Fletcher J, Stein T, Segall-Gutierrez P, Gold M, 2011. Determinants of intrauterine contraception provision among US family physicians: a national survey of knowledge, attitudes and practice. Contraception 83: 472–478.
-
8.
Gething PW, Patil AP, Smith DL, Guerra CA, Elyazar IR, Johnston GL, Tatem AJ, Hay SI, 2011. A new world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2010. Malar J 10: 378.
-
9.
Snow RW et al. 1997. Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa. Lancet 349: 1650–1654.
-
10.
Beare NAV, Lewallen S, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME, 2011. Redefining cerebral malaria by including malaria retinopathy. Future Microbiol 6: 349–355.
-
11.
World Health Organization (WHO), 2012. Management of Severe Malaria. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
12.
Chandler CIR, Meta J, Ponzo C, Nasuwa F, Kessy J, Mbakilwa H, Haaland A, Reyburn H, 2014. The development of effective behaviour change interventions to support the use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests by Tanzanian clinicians. Implement Sci 9: 83.
-
13.
Saunders RA, Donahue ML, Berland JE, Roberts EL, Von Powers B, Rust PF, 2000. Non-ophthalmologist screening for retinopathy of prematurity. Br J Ophthalmol 84: 130–134.
-
14.
Verma L, Prakash G, Tewari HK, Gupta SK, Murthy GVS, Sharma N, 2003. Screening for diabetic retinopathy by non-ophthalmologists: an effective public health tool. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 81: 373–377.
-
15.
Tun N, London N, Kyaw MK, Smithuis F, Ford N, Margolis T, Drew WL, Lewallen S, Heiden D, 2011. CMV retinitis screening and treatment in a resource-poor setting: three-year experience from a primary care HIV/AIDS programme in Myanmar. J Int AIDS Soc 14: 41.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 286 | 198 | 15 |
| Full Text Views | 580 | 5 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 104 | 6 | 0 |