• View in gallery
    Figure 1.

    Female Aedes aegypti, photo by Adam Blake. This figure appears in color at www.ajtmh.org.

  • View in gallery
    Figure 2.

    Collection records of Aedes aegypti in Canada.5,70 Note that these records are of ephemeral introductions that are not believed to represent established populations. This figure appears in color at www.ajtmh.org.

  • View in gallery
    Figure 3.

    Female Aedes albopictus, photo by Ary Faraji. This figure appears in color at www.ajtmh.org.

  • View in gallery
    Figure 4.

    Collection records of Aedes albopictus in Canada.5 Only the population in Windsor, ON, is reported to be established. Other records are of ephemeral introductions that are not believed to represent established populations. This figure appears in color at www.ajtmh.org.

  • View in gallery
    Figure 5.

    Female Aedes japonicus, photo by Sean McCann. This figure appears in color at www.ajtmh.org.

  • View in gallery
    Figure 6.

    Collection records of Aedes japonicus in Canada.114120,219,220 This species is established and widespread in southern Canada outside of drier areas. This figure appears in color at www.ajtmh.org.

  • View in gallery
    Figure 7.

    Female Aedes togoi, photo by Dan Peach. This figure appears in color at www.ajtmh.org.

  • View in gallery
    Figure 8.

    Collection records of Aedes togoi in Canada.112,139 This species is distributed along the south coast of British Columbia. The lack of records of Ae. togoi from the north coast of British Columbia may represent an information deficiency rather than true absence. This figure appears in color at www.ajtmh.org.

  • View in gallery
    Figure 9.

    Female Culex pipiens, photo by Adam Blake. This figure appears in color at www.ajtmh.org.

  • View in gallery
    Figure 10.

    Distribution of Culex pipiens in Canada including the recognized distribution limits of Cx. pipiens in Canada as of 200582 (hash marks), with recent additional collection records.158,159,164,219 The record from near Chisasibi, QC, may not represent an established population and requires further investigation. This figure appears in color at www.ajtmh.org.

  • 1.

    Gates B , 2014. The Deadliest Animal in the World. Available at: https://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/Most-Lethal-Animal-Mosquito-Week. Accessed January 26, 2020.

  • 2.

    Thielman A , Hunter F , 2007. Photographic key to the adult female mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Canada. Can J Arthropod Identif 4: 1117.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 3.

    Jackson M , Howay T , Belton P , 2013. The first record of Culiseta particeps (Diptera: Culicidae) in Canada. Can Entomol 145: 115116.

  • 4.

    Wood DM , Dang PT , Ellis RA , 1979. The Insects and Arachnids of Canada Part 6: The Mosquitoes of Canada - Diptera: Culicidae. Ottawa, Canada: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 5.

    Giordano BV , Gasparotto A , Liang P , Nelder MP , Russell C , Hunter FF , 2020. Discovery of an Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus population and first records of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti in Canada. Med Vet Entomol 34: 1016.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 6.

    Canadian Council on Invasive Species , 2022. Invasive Species. Available at: https://canadainvasives.ca/invasive-species/. Accessed April 15, 2022.

  • 7.

    Tomasello D , Schlagenhauf P , 2013. Chikungunya and dengue autochthonous cases in Europe, 2007–2012. Travel Med Infect Dis 11: 274284.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 8.

    Medlock JM , Hansford KM , Versteirt V , Cull B , Kampen H , Fontenille D , Hendrickx G , Zeller H , Van Bortel W , Schaffner F , 2015. An entomological review of invasive mosquitoes in Europe. Bull Entomol Res 105: 637663.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 9.

    Drebot M , 2015. Emerging mosquito-borne bunyaviruses in Canada. Can Commun Dis Rep 41: 117123.

  • 10.

    Artsob H , 1990. Arbovirus activity in Canada. Calisher C , ed. Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome, Tick- and Mosquito-Borne Viruses. Archives of Virology Supplementum, Vol. 1. Vienna, Austria: Springer, 249258.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 11.

    Walters LL , Tirrell SJ , Shope RE , 1999. Seroepidemiology of California and Bunyamwera serogroup (Bunyaviridae) virus infections in native populations of Alaska. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 806821.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 12.

    Hubálek Z , 2008. Mosquito-borne viruses in Europe. Parasitol Res 103: 2943.

  • 13.

    Lau L , Wudel B , Kadkhoda K , Keynan Y , 2017. Snowshoe hare virus causing meningoencephalitis in a young adult from northern Manitoba, Canada. Open Forum Infect Dis 4: 514534.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 14.

    Heath SE , Artsob H , Bell RJ , Harland RJ , 1989. Equine encephalitis caused by snowshoe hare (California serogroup) virus. Can Vet J 30: 669671.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 15.

    McCall JW , Genchi C , Kramer LH , Guerrero J , Venco L , 2008. Heartworm disease in animals and humans. Adv Parasitol 66: 193285.

  • 16.

    Diaz JH , Risher WH , 2015. Risk factors for human heartworm infections (dirofilariasis) in the South. J La State Med Soc 167: 7986.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 17.

    Herrin BH , Peregrine AS , Goring J , Beall MJ , Little SE , 2017. Canine infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, Dirofilaria immitis, Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. in Canada, 2013–2014. Parasit Vectors 10: 244.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 18.

    McGill E , Berke O , Weese JS , Peregrine A , 2019. Heartworm infection in domestic dogs in Canada, 1977–2016: prevalence, time trend, and efficacy of prophylaxis. Can Vet J 60: 605612.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 19.

    Ledesma N , Harrington L , 2011. Mosquito vectors of dog heartworm in the United States: vector status and factors influencing transmission efficiency. Top Companion Anim Med 26: 178185.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 20.

    Hamer GL , Kitron UD , Brawn JD , Loss SR , Ruiz MO , Goldberg TL , Walker ED , 2008. Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae): a bridge vector of West Nile virus to humans. J Med Entomol 45: 125128.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 21.

    Hamer GL , Kitron UD , Goldberg TL , Brawn JD , Loss SR , Ruiz MO , Hayes DB , Walker ED , 2009. Host selection by Culex pipiens mosquitoes and West Nile virus amplification. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 268278.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 22.

    Turell MJ , Dohm DJ , Sardelis MR , O’Guinn ML , Andreadis TG , Blow JA , 2005. An update on the potential of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 42: 6.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 23.

    Andreadis TG , 2012. The contribution of Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes to transmission and persistence of West Nile virus in North America. Moco 28: 137151.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 24.

    Giordano BV , Kaur S , Hunter FF , 2017. West Nile virus in Ontario, Canada: a twelve-year analysis of human case prevalence, mosquito surveillance, and climate data. PLoS One 12: e0183568.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 25.

    Roth D , Henry B , Mak S , Fraser M , Taylor M , Li M , Cooper K , Furnell A , Wong Q , Morshed M , 2010. West Nile virus range expansion into British Columbia. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 12511258.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 26.

    Giordano B , Turner K , Hunter F , 2018. Geospatial analysis and seasonal distribution of West Nile virus vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern Ontario, Canada. IJERPH 15: 614.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 27.

    Kilpatrick AM , Kramer LD , Jones MJ , Marra PP , Daszak P , 2006. West Nile virus epidemics in North America are driven by shifts in mosquito feeding behavior. PLoS Biol 4: e82.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 28.

    Nash D et al.2001. The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999. N Engl J Med 344: 18071814.

  • 29.

    Drebot MA , Lindsay R , Barker IK , Buck PA , Fearon M , Hunter F , Sockett P , Artsob H , 2003. West Nile virus surveillance and diagnostic: a Canadian perspective. Can J Infect Dis 14: 105114.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 30.

    Castillo-Olivares J , Wood J , 2004. West Nile virus infection of horses. Vet Res 35: 467483.

  • 31.

    Eidson M , Komar N , Sorhage F , Nelson R , Talbot T , Mostashari F , McLean R , 2001. Crow deaths as a sentinel surveillance system for West Nile virus in the northeastern United States, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 6.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 32.

    Calisher CH , 1994. Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada. Clin Microbiol Rev 7: 28.

  • 33.

    Flores FS , Diaz LA , Batallán GP , Almirón WR , Contigiani MS , 2010. Vertical transmission of St. Louis encephalitis virus in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Córdoba, Argentina. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10: 9991002.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 34.

    Rosa R , Costa EA , Marques RE , Oliveira TS , Furtini R , Bomfim MRQ , Teixeira MM , Paixão TA , Santos RL , 2013. Isolation of Saint Louis encephalitis virus from a horse with neurological disease in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2537.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 35.

    Andreadis TG , Anderson JF , Armstrong PM , Main AJ , 2008. Isolations of Jamestown Canyon virus (Bunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) from field-collected mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Connecticut, USA: a ten-year analysis, 1997–2006. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 8: 175188.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 36.

    Pastula DM , Hoang Johnson DK , Fischer M , White JL , Staples JE , Dupuis AP , 2015. Jamestown Canyon virus disease in the United States—2000–2013. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 384389.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 37.

    Iversen JO , Wagner RJ , Leung MK , Hayles LB , McLintock JR , 1979. Cache Valley virus: isolations from mosquitoes in Saskatchewan, 1972–1974. Can J Microbiol 25: 760764.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 38.

    Nguyen NL , Zhao G , Hull R , Shelly MA , Wong SJ , Wu G , St George K , Wang D , Menegus MA , 2013. Cache valley virus in a patient diagnosed with aseptic meningitis. J Clin Microbiol 51: 19661969.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 39.

    Chung SI , Livingston CW , Edwards JF , Crandell RW , Shope RE , Shelton MJ , Collisson EW , 1990. Evidence that Cache Valley virus induces congenital malformations in sheep. Vet Microbiol 21: 297307.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 40.

    Harvey J , Smith J , Jackson N , Kreuder A , Dohlman T , Smith J , 2019. Cache Valley virus as a cause of fetal abnormalities in a litter of three Boer kids. Vet Rec Case Rep 7: e000725.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 41.

    Ozburn RH , 1944. Preliminary report on anopheline mosquito survey in Canada. Pt. 1. A report on light trap collections. Entomological Society of Ontario Annual Report 75: 3744.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 42.

    Hadwin S , 1915. A note on the occurrence and significance of Anophelinae in B.C. J Entomol Soc BC 5: 8182.

  • 43.

    Ndao M , Bandyayera E , Kokoskin E , Gyorkos TW , MacLean JD , Ward BJ , 2004. Comparison of blood smear, antigen detection, and nested-PCR methods for screening refugees from regions where malaria is endemic after a malaria outbreak in Quebec, Canada. J Clin Microbiol 42: 26942700.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 44.

    Rocheleau J-P , Arsenault J , Lindsay LR , Dibernardo A , Kulkarni MA , Côté N , Michel P , 2013. Eastern equine encephalitis virus: high seroprevalence in horses from southern Quebec, Canada, 2012. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 13: 712718.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 45.

    Molaei G , Oliver J , Andreadis TG , Armstrong PM , Howard JJ , 2006. Molecular identification of blood-meal sources in Culiseta melanura and Culiseta morsitans from an endemic focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus in New York. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 11401147.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 46.

    Nelder MP , Moore S , Russell C , Sider D , Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion , 2014. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: History and Enhanced Surveillance in Ontario. Toronto, ON: Queen’s Printer for Ontario.

  • 47.

    Wages DP , Ficken MD , Guy JS , Cummings TS , Jennings SR , 1993. Egg-production drop in turkeys associated with alphaviruses: eastern equine encephalitis virus and Highlands J virus. Avian Dis 37: 1163.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 48.

    Cooper GL , Medina HA , 1999. Egg production drops in breeder turkeys associated with western equine encephalitis virus infection. Avian Dis 43: 136.

  • 49.

    Bhatt S et al.2013. The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature 496: 504507.

  • 50.

    Marx PA , Hanley KA , Weaver SC , Vasilakis N , Whitehead SS , Brown M , Kautz TF , Guerbois M , 2014. Infection dynamics of sylvatic dengue virus in a natural primate host, the African green monkey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 91: 672676.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 51.

    Screaton G , Mongkolsapaya J , Yacoub S , Roberts C , 2015. New insights into the immunopathology and control of dengue virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol 15: 745759.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 52.

    van den Hurk AF , Ritchie SA , Mackenzie JS , 2009. Ecology and geographical expansion of Japanese encephalitis virus. Annu Rev Entomol 54: 1735.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 53.

    Petrishcheva P , 1948. On the transition of Aedes togoi Theob. and Aedes japonicus Theob. (Diptera, Culicidae) to a synanthropic form of life. Entomol Obozr 30: 103108.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 54.

    Takashima I , Rosen L , 1989. Horizontal and vertical transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus by Aedes japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 26: 454458.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 55.

    Nikolay B , Diallo M , Boye CSB , Sall AA , 2011. Usutu virus in Africa. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 14171423.

  • 56.

    Pecorari M et al.2009. First human case of Usutu virus neuroinvasive infection, Italy, August–September 2009. Euro Surveill 14: 19446.

  • 57.

    Douam F , Ploss A , 2018. Yellow fever virus: knowledge gaps impeding the fight against an old foe. Trends Microbiol 26: 913928.

  • 58.

    Dorigatti I , Hamlet A , Aguas R , Cattarino L , Cori A , Donnelly CA , Garske T , Imai N , Ferguson NM , 2017. International risk of yellow fever spread from the ongoing outbreak in Brazil, December 2016 to May 2017. Euro Surveill 22: 30572.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 59.

    Musso D , Gubler DJ , 2016. Zika virus. Clin Microbiol Rev 29: 487524.

  • 60.

    Silva JVJ , Ludwig-Begall LF , de Oliveira-Filho EF , Oliveira RAS , Durães-Carvalho R , Lopes TRR , Silva DEA , Gil LHVG , 2018. A scoping review of Chikungunya virus infection: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, viral co-circulation complications, and control. Acta Trop 188: 213224.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 61.

    Chompoosri J , Thavara U , Tawatsin A , Boonserm R , Phumee A , Sangkitporn S , Siriyasatien P , 2016. Vertical transmission of Indian Ocean Lineage of chikungunya virus in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 9: 227.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 62.

    Fawzy M , Helmy YA , 2019. The One Health approach is necessary for the control of Rift Valley fever infections in Egypt: a comprehensive review. Viruses 11: 139.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 63.

    Powell JR , Tabachnick WJ , 2013. History of domestication and spread of Aedes aegypti—a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 108: 1117.

  • 64.

    Powell JR , Gloria-Soria A , Kotsakiozi P , 2018. Recent history of Aedes aegypti: vector genomics and epidemiology records. Bioscience 68: 854860.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 65.

    Jansen CC , Beebe NW , 2010. The dengue vector Aedes aegypti: what comes next. Microbes Infect 12: 272279.

  • 66.

    Lima A , Lovin DD , Hickner PV , Severson DW , 2016. Evidence for an overwintering population of Aedes aegypti in Capitol Hill neighborhood, Washington, DC. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94: 231235.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 67.

    Kraemer MUG et al.2015. The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. eLife 4: 118.

  • 68.

    Kraemer MUG et al.2019. Past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Nat Microbiol 4: 854863.

  • 69.

    Ludwig A , Zheng H , Vrbova L , Drebot M , Iranpour M , Lindsay L , 2019. Increased risk of endemic mosquito-borne diseases in Canada due to climate change. CCDR 45: 9197.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 70.

    Lapierre M. , 2018. Chance of contracting the Zika virus in Quebec “is negligible to nul.” June 13, 2018. Montreal Gazette. Available at: https://montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/chance-of-contracting-the-zika-virus-in-quebec-is-negligible-to-nul. Accessed May 19, 2020.

  • 71.

    McBride CS , Baier F , Omondi AB , Spitzer SA , Lutomiah J , Sang R , Ignell R , Vosshall LB , 2014. Evolution of mosquito preference for humans linked to an odorant receptor. Nature 515: 222227.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 72.

    Christophers SR , 1960. Aedes aegypti (L.) the Yellow Fever Mosquito: Its Life History, Bionomics and Structure. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 73.

    Ponlawat A , Harrington LC , 2005. Blood feeding patterns of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Thailand. J Med Entomol 42: 844849.

  • 74.

    Burkett-Cadena ND , 2013. Mosquitoes of the Southeastern United States. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.

  • 75.

    Barrera R , Amador M , Diaz A , Smith J , Munoz-Jordan JL , Rosario Y , 2008. Unusual productivity of Aedes aegypti in septic tanks and its implications for dengue control. Med Vet Entomol 22: 6269.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 76.

    Juliano SA , Philip Lounibos L , 2005. Ecology of invasive mosquitoes: effects on resident species and on human health: invasive mosquitoes. Ecol Lett 8: 558574.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 77.

    Carpenter S , LaCasse W , 1955. Mosquitoes of North America (North of Mexico). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

  • 78.

    Farjana T , Tuno N , 2013. Multiple blood feeding and host-seeking behavior in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 50: 838846.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 79.

    Araujo M da S , Guo F , Rosbash M , 2020. Video recording can conveniently assay mosquito locomotor activity. Sci Rep 10: 4994.

  • 80.

    Yee WL , Foster WA , 1992. Diel sugar-feeding and host-seeking rhythms in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory conditions. J Med Entomol 29: 784791.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 81.

    Verdonschot PFM , Besse-Lototskaya AA , 2014. Flight distance of mosquitoes (Culicidae): a metadata analysis to support the management of barrier zones around rewetted and newly constructed wetlands. Limnologica 45: 6979.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 82.

    Darsie RFJ , Ward RA , 2005. Identification and Geographical Distribution of the Mosquitoes of North America, North of Mexico. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.

  • 83.

    Ferreira-de-Brito A , Ribeiro IP , de Miranda RM , Fernandes RS , Campos SS , da Silva KAB , de Castro MG , Bonaldo MC , Brasil P , Lourenço-de-Oliveira R , 2016. First detection of natural infection of Aedes aegypti with Zika virus in Brazil and throughout South America. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 111: 655658.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 84.

    Vega-Rúa A , Zouache K , Girod R , Failloux A-B , Lourenço-de-Oliveira R , 2014. High level of vector competence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from ten American countries as a crucial factor in the spread of chikungunya virus. J Virol 88: 62946306.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 85.

    Tataryn J , Vrbova L , Drebot M , Wood H , Payne E , Connors S , Geduld J , German M , Khan K , Buck P , 2018. Travel-related Zika virus cases in Canada: October 2015–June 2017. Can Commun Dis Rep 44: 1826.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 86.

    Ng V , Rees E , Lindsay R , Drebot M , Brownstone T , Sadeghieh T , Khan S , 2019. Could exotic mosquito-borne diseases emerge in Canada with climate change? CCDR 45: 98107.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 87.

    Hawley W , Reiter P , Copeland R , Pumpuni C , Craig G , 1987. Aedes albopictus in North America: probable introduction in used tires from northern Asia. Science 236: 11141116.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 88.

    Bennett KL et al.2019. High infestation of invasive Aedes mosquitoes in used tires along the local transport network of Panama. Parasit Vectors 12: 264.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 89.

    Eritja R , Palmer JRB , Roiz D , Sanpera-Calbet I , Bartumeus F , 2017. Direct evidence of adult Aedes albopictus dispersal by car. Sci Rep 7: 14399.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 90.

    Sprenger D , Wuithiranyagool T , 1986. The discovery and distribution of Aedes albopictus in Harris County, Texas. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2: 217219.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 91.

    Moore CG , 1999. Aedes albopictus in the United States: current status and prospects for futher spread. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 15: 221227.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 92.

    Niebylski ML , Savage HM , Nasci RS , Craig GB Jr , 1994. Blood hosts of Aedes albopictus in the United States. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 10: 447450.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 93.

    Livdahl TP , Willey MS , 1991. Prospects for an invasion: competition between Aedes albopictus and native Aedes triseriatus. Science 253: 189191.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 94.

    Costanzo KS , Mormann K , Juliano SA , 2005. Asymmetrical competition and patterns of abundance of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 42: 12.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 95.

    Kache PA , Eastwood G , Collins-Palmer K , Katz M , Falco RC , Bajwa WI , Armstrong PM , Andreadis TG , Diuk-Wasser MA , 2020. Environmental determinants of Aedes albopictus abundance at a northern limit of its range in the United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 102: 436447.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 96.

    Thomas SM , Obermayr U , Fischer D , Kreyling J , Beierkuhnlein C , 2012. Low-temperature threshold for egg survival of a post-diapause and non-diapause European aedine strain, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasit Vectors 5: 100.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 97.

    Tippelt L , Werner D , Kampen H , 2019. Tolerance of three Aedes albopictus strains (Diptera: Culicidae) from different geographical origins towards winter temperatures under field conditions in northern Germany. PLoS One 14: e0219553.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 98.

    Grard G , Caron M , Mombo IM , Nkoghe D , Mboui Ondo S , Jiolle D , Fontenille D , Paupy C , Leroy EM , 2014. Zika virus in Gabon (Central Africa)—2007: a new threat from Aedes albopictus? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2681.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 99.

    Zouache K , Michelland RJ , Failloux A-B , Grundmann GL , Mavingui P , 2012. Chikungunya virus impacts the diversity of symbiotic bacteria in mosquito vector. Mol Ecol 21: 22972309.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 100.

    Delatte H , Paupy C , Dehecq JS , Thiria J , Failloux AB , Fontenille D , 2008. Aedes albopictus, vecteur des virus du chikungunya et de la dengue à la Réunion: biologie et contrôle. Parasite 15: 313.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 101.

    Mitchell CJ , Miller BR , Gubler DJ , 1987. Vector competence of Aedes albopictus from Houston, Texas, for dengue serotypes 1 to 4, yellow fever and Ross River viruses. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 3: 460465.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 102.

    Amraoui F , Vazeille M , Failloux AB , 2016. French Aedes albopictus are able to transmit yellow fever virus. Euro Surveill 21: 30361.

  • 103.

    Turell MJ , Beaman JR , Neely GW , 1994. Experimental transmission of eastern equine encephalitis virus by strains of Aedes albopictus and A. taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicide). J Med Entomol 31: 287290.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 104.

    Sardelis MR , Dohm DJ , Pagac B , Andre RG , Turell MJ , 2002. Experimental transmission of eastern equine encephalitis virus by Ochlerotatus j. japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 39: 480484.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 105.

    Drebot M , Holloway K , Zheng H , Ogden N , 2015. Travel-related chikungunya cases in Canada, 2014. CCDR 41: 25.

  • 106.

    Rezza G et al.2007. Infection with chikungunya virus in Italy: an outbreak in a temperate region. Lancet 370: 18401846.

  • 107.

    Kutsuna S et al.2015. Autochthonous dengue fever, Tokyo, Japan, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 517520.

  • 108.

    Septfons A et al.2016. Travel-associated and autochthonous Zika virus infection in mainland France, 1 January to 15 July 2016. Euro Surveill 21: 30315.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 109.

    Tanaka K , Mizusawa K , Saugstad ES , 1979. A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contrib Am Entomol Inst 16: 989.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 110.

    Kaufman MG , Fonseca DM , 2014. Invasion biology of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae). Annu Rev Entomol 59: 3149.

  • 111.

    Peyton EL , Campbell SR , Candeletti TM , Romanoski M , Crans WJ , 1999. Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus (Theobald), a new introduction into the United States. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 15: 238241.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 112.

    Peach DAH , Almond M , Pol J , 2019. Modeled distributions of Aedes japonicus and Aedes togoi (Diptera: Culicidae) in the United States, Canada, and northern Latin America. J Vector Ecol 44: 119129.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 113.

    Jackson M , Belton P , McMahon S , Hart M , McCann S , Azevedo D , Hurteau L , 2016. The first record of Aedes (Hulecoeteomyia) japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) and its establishment in Western Canada. J Med Entomol 53: 241244.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 114.

    Peach DAH , 2018. An updated list of the mosquitoes of British Columbia with distribution notes. J Entomol Soc BC 115: 126129.

  • 115.

    Thielman A , Hunter F , 2006. Establishment of Ochlerotatus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Ontario, Canada. J Med Entomol 43: 138142.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 116.

    Dussault C , Nelder MP , Russell C , Johnson S , Vrbova L , 2018. Evaluating the impact of Aedes japonicus invasion on the mosquito community in the Greater Golden Horseshoe region (Ontario, Canada). PLoS One 13: e0208911.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 117.

    Savignac R , Back C , Bourassa J , 2002. Biological notes on Ochlerotatus japonicus and other mosquito species new to Quebec. Joint Meeting 68th Annual Meeting of the American Mosquito Control Association and the West Central Mosquito and Vector Control Association, 21–22, Denver, CO.

  • 118.

    Shahhosseini N , Wong G , Frederick C , Kobinger GP , 2020. Mosquito species composition and abundance in Quebec, eastern Canada. J Med Entomol 57: tjaa020.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 119.

    Fielden MA , Chaulk AC , Bassett K , Wiersma YF , Erbland M , Whitney H , Chapman TW , 2015. Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) arrives at the most easterly point in North America. Can Entomol 147: 737740.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 120.

    Edsall J , Webster RP , Giguère M-A , Maltais P , Roy J , 2010. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Atlantic Maritime ecozone. McAlpine DF , Smith IM , eds. Assessment of Species Diversity in the Atlantic Maritime Ecozone. Ottawa, ON: NRC Research Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 121.

    Fonseca DM , Widdel AK , Hutchinson M , Spichiger SE , Kramer LD , 2010. Fine-scale spatial and temporal population genetics of Aedes japonicus, a new US mosquito, reveal multiple introductions. Mol Ecol 19: 15591572.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 122.

    Baharmand I , Coatsworth H , Peach DAH , Belton P , Lowenberger C , 2020. Exploring the molecular relationships and potential origins of introduced Aedes japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) populations in British Columbia, Canada using mitochondrial DNA. J Vector Ecol 45: 285296.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 123.

    Egizi A , Kiser J , Abadam C , Fonseca DM , 2016. The hitchhiker’s guide to becoming invasive: exotic mosquitoes spread across a US state by human transport not autonomous flight. Mol Ecol 25: 30333047.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 124.

    Montarsi F et al.2019. The invasive mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus is spreading in northeastern Italy. Parasit Vectors 12: 120.

  • 125.

    Bartlett-Healy K et al.2012. Larval mosquito habitat utilization and community dynamics of Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 49: 813824.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 126.

    Iriarte WLZ , Tsuda Y , Wada Y , Takagi M , 1991. Distribution of mosquitoes on a hill of Nagasaki City, with emphasis to the distance from human dwellings. Trop Med 33: 5560.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 127.

    Andreadis TG , Wolfe RJ , 2010. Evidence for reduction of native mosquitoes with increased expansion of invasive Ochlerotatus japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the northeastern United States. J Med Entomol 47: 4352.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 128.

    Versteirt V , Pecor JE , Fonseca DM , Coosemans M , Van Bortel W , 2012. Confirmation of Aedes koreicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Belgium and description of morphological differences between Korean and Belgian specimens validated by molecular identification. Zootaxa 3191: 21.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 129.

    Sardelis MR , Turell MJ , Andre RG , 2003. Experimental transmission of St. Louis encephalitis virus by Ocherotatus j. japonicus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 19: 159162.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 130.

    Turell MJ , Byrd BD , Harrison BA , 2013. Potential for populations of Aedes j. japonicus to transmit Rift Valley fever virus in the USA. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 29: 133137.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 131.

    Schaffner F , Vazeille M , Kaufmann C , Failloux A , Mathis A , 2011. Vector competence of Aedes japonicus for chikungunya and dengue viruses. Eur Mosq Bull 29: 141142.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 132.

    Yang F , Chan K , Marek PE , Armstrong PM , Liu P , Bova JE , Bernick JN , McMillan BE , Weidlich BG , Paulson SL , 2018. Cache Valley virus in Aedes japonicus japonicus mosquitoes, Appalachian region, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 24: 553557.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 133.

    Harris MC , Dotseth EJ , Jackson BT , Zink SD , Marek PE , Kramer LD , Paulson SL , Hawley DM , 2015. La Crosse virus in Aedes japonicus japonicus mosquitoes in the Appalachian Region, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 646649.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 134.

    Bara JJ , Parker AT , Muturi EJ , 2016. Comparative Susceptibility of Ochlerotatus japonicus, Ochlerotatus triseriatus, Aedes albopictus, and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to La Crosse virus. J Med Entomol 53: 14151421.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 135.

    Turell MJ , O’Guinn ML , Dohm DJ , Jones JW , 2001. Vector competence of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 38: 130134.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 136.

    Sota T , Belton P , Tseng M , Yong HS , Mogi M , 2015. Phylogeography of the coastal mosquito Aedes togoi across climatic zones: testing an anthropogenic dispersal hypothesis. PLoS One 10: e0131230.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 137.

    Belton P , 1983. The Mosquitoes of British Columbia. Victoria, BC, Canada: British Columbia Provincial Museum.

  • 138.

    Peach DAH , Matthews BJ , 2020. Modelling the putative ancient distribution of the coastal rock pool mosquito Aedes togoi. J Insect Sci 20: 110.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 139.

    Belton P , 1980. The first record of Aedes togoi (Theo.) in the United States - aboriginal or ferry passenger? Mosq News 40: 624626.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 140.

    Sames J , Wlliam I , Florin’ A , Francis E , Maloneyi A , 2004. Distribution of Ochlerotatus togoi along the Pacific Coast of Washington. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 20: 105109.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 141.

    Trimble RM , 1984. Aedes togoi (Diptera: Culicidae) dispersal: assessment using artificial container habitats and miniature light traps. J Med Entomol 21: 120121.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 142.

    Sota T , 1994. Larval diapause, size, and autogeny in the mosquito Aedes togoi (Diptera, Culicidae) from tropical to subarctic zones. Can J Zool 72: 14621468.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 143.

    Mogi M , 1981. Studies on Aedes togoi (Diptera: Culicidae): 1. Alternative diapause in the Nagasaki strain. J Med Entomol 18: 477480.

  • 144.

    Galka BE , Brust RA , 1987. The effect of temperature and photoperiod on the induction of larval diapause in the mosquito Aedes togoi (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae). Can J Zool 65: 22622265.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 145.

    Sollers-Riedel H , 1971. World studies on mosquitoes and diseases carried by them. Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the New Jersey Mosquito Extermination Association, Atlantic City. NJ, Supplement, 1–52.

  • 146.

    Trimble R , Wellington W , 1979. Colonization of North American Aedes togoi. Mosq News 39: 1820.

  • 147.

    Hayashi S , 2011. Brugian filariasis in Japan. Trop Med Health 39: 2528.

  • 148.

    Wada Y , 2011. Vector mosquitoes of filariasis in Japan. Trop Med Health 39: 3942.

  • 149.

    Rosen L , Tesh R , Lien J , Cross J , 1978. Transovarial transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus by mosquitoes. Science 199: 909911.

  • 150.

    Rosen L , 1986. The natural history of Japanese encephalitis virus. Annu Rev Microbiol 40: 395414.

  • 151.

    Becker N , Petric D , Zgomba M , Boase C , Minoo M , Dahl C , Kaiser A , 2010. Mosquitoes and Their Control, 2nd edition. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 152.

    Tsuda Y , Komagata O , Kasai S , Hayashi T , Nihei N , Saito K , Mizutani M , Kunida M , Yoshida M , Kobayashi M , 2008. A mark–release–recapture study on dispersal and flight distance of Culex pipiens pallens in an urban area of Japan. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 24: 339343.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 153.

    Fritz ML , Walker ED , Yunker AJ , Dworkin I , 2014. Daily blood feeding rhythms of laboratory-reared North American Culex pipiens. J Circadian Rhythms 12: 1.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 154.

    Peach DAH , Gries G , 2020. Mosquito phytophagy—sources exploited, ecological function, and evolutionary transition to haematophagy. Entomol Exp Appl 168: 120136.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 155.

    Peach DAH , Gries G , 2016. Nectar thieves or invited pollinators? A case study of tansy flowers and common house mosquitoes. Arthropod-Plant Interact 10: 497506.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 156.

    Onyeka JOA , Boreham PFL , 1987. Population studies, physiological state and mortality factors of overwintering adult populations of females of Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Bull Entomol Res 77: 99111.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 157.

    Bailey CL , Faran ME , Gargan TP , Hayes DE , 1982. Winter survival of blood-fed and nonblood-fed Culex pipiens L. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31: 10541061.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 158.

    Giberson DJ , Dau-Schmidt K , Dobrin M , 2007. Mosquito species composition, phenology and distribution (Diptera: Culicidae) on Prince Edward Island. Entomol Soc J Acadian Entomol Soc 3: 727.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 159.

    Chaulk AC , Carson KP , Whitney HG , Fonseca DM , Chapman TW , 2016. The arrival of the northern house mosquito Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) on Newfoundland’s Avalon Peninsula. J Med Entomol 53: 13641369.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 160.

    Hongoh V , Berrang-Ford L , Scott ME , Lindsay LR , 2012. Expanding geographical distribution of the mosquito, Culex pipiens, in Canada under climate change. Appl Geogr 33: 5362.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 161.

    Harbach RE , 2012. Culex pipiens: species versus species complex—taxonomic history and perspective. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 28: 1023.

  • 162.

    Dyar H , 1904. Notes on the mosquitoes of British Columbia. Proc Entomol Soc Wash 6: 714.

  • 163.

    Hearle E , 1926. The Mosquitoes of the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia, and their control. Ottawa, ON: Natural Research Council of Canada Report 17, 94.

  • 164.

    Peach DAH , Poirier LM. , 2020. New distribution records and range extensions of mosquitoes in British Columbia and the Yukon Territory. J Entomol Soc Br Colum Subm117: 69–74.

    • Crossref
    • Export Citation
  • 165.

    Coquillet DW , 1900. Papers from the Harriman Alaska expedition. IX. Entomological results (3): Diptera. Proc Wash Acad Sci 2: 389464.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 166.

    Russell C , Hunter FF , 2012. Culex pipiens (Culicidae) is attracted to humans in southern Ontario, but will it serve as a bridge vector of West Nile virus? Can Entomol 144: 667671.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 167.

    Francy DB , Rush WA , Montoya M , Inglish DS , Bolin RA , 1981. Transovarial transmission of St. Louis encephalitis virus by Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30: 699705.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 168.

    Mitchell CJ , Bowen GS , Monath TP , Cropp CB , Kerschner J , 1979. St. Louis encephalitis virus transmission following multiple feeding of Culex pipiens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) during a single gonotrophic cycle. J Med Entomol 16: 254258.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 169.

    Camp JV , Kolodziejek J , Nowotny N , 2019. Targeted surveillance reveals native and invasive mosquito species infected with Usutu virus. Parasit Vectors 12: 46.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 170.

    Glaizot O , Fumagalli L , Iritano K , Lalubin F , Van Rooyen J , Christe P , 2012. High prevalence and lineage diversity of avian malaria in wild populations of great tits (Parus major) and mosquitoes (Culex pipiens). PLoS One 7: e34964.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 171.

    Lalubin F , Delédevant A , Glaizot O , Christe P , 2013. Temporal changes in mosquito abundance (Culex pipiens), avian malaria prevalence and lineage composition. Parasit Vectors 6: 307.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 172.

    Schoener ER , Harl J , Himmel T , Fragner K , Weissenböck H , Fuehrer H-P , 2019. Protozoan parasites in Culex pipiens mosquitoes in Vienna. Parasitol Res 118: 12611269.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 173.

    Spence Beaulieu MR , Federico JL , Reiskind MH , 2020. Mosquito diversity and dog heartworm prevalence in suburban areas. Parasit Vectors 13: 12.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 174.

    Dadum D , Robinson R , Clements A , Peach W , Bennett M , Rowcliffe JM , Cunningham A , 2019. Avian malaria-mediated population decline of a widespread iconic bird species. R Soc Open Sci 6: 182197.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 175.

    Atkinson CT , Woods KL , Dusek RJ , Sileo LS , Iko WM , 1995. Wildlife disease and conservation in Hawaii: pathogenicity of avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) in experimentally infected Iiwi (Vestiaria coccinea). Parasitology 111: S59S69.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 176.

    van Riper C , van Riper SG , Goff ML , Laird M , 1986. The epizootiology and ecological significance of malaria in Hawaiian land birds. Ecol Monogr 56: 327344.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 177.

    Scott JM , Mountainspring S , Ramsey FL , Kepler CB , 1989. Forest bird communities of the Hawaiian Islands: their dynamics, ecology, and conservation. J Wildl Manage 53: 1431.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 178.

    Vanderwerf EA , Burt MD , Rohrer JL , Mosher SM , 2006. Distribution and prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases in O’ahu ’Elepaio. Condor 108: 770777.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 179.

    Restifo RA , 1980. The occurrence of Aedes atropalpus (Coquitllett) breeding in tires in Ohio and Indiana. Mosq News 40: 292294.

  • 180.

    Romi R , Sabatinelli G , Savelli LG , Raris M , Zago M , Malatesta R , 1997. Identification of a North American mosquito species, Aedes atropalpus (Diptera: Culicidae), in Italy. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 13: 245246.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 181.

    Scholte EJ , Beeuwkes J , 2010. Introduction and control of three invasive mosquito species in the Netherlands, July–October 2010. Euro Surveill 15: 14.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 182.

    Montarsi F et al.2013. Distribution and habitat characterization of the recently introduced invasive mosquito Aedes koreicus [Hulecoeteomyia koreica], a new potential vector and pest in north-eastern Italy. Parasit Vectors 6: 292.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 183.

    Werner D , Zielke DE , Kampen H , 2016. First record of Aedes koreicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany. Parasitol Res 115: 13311334.

  • 184.

    Asahina S , 1970. Transoceanic flight of mosquitoes on the Northwest Pacific. JJMSB 23: 255258.

  • 185.

    Sunahara T , Ishizaka K , Mogi M , 2002. Habitat size: a factor determining the opportunity for encounters between mosquito larvae and aquatic predators. J Vector Ecol 13: 820.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 186.

    Seebens H et al.2017. No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide. Nat Commun 8: 14435.

  • 187.

    Hebert PDN , Cywinska A , Ball SL , deWaard JR , 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc Biol Sci 270: 313321.

  • 188.

    Dhananjeyan KJ , Paramasivan R , Tewari SC , Rajendran R , Thenmozhi V , Leo SVJ , Venkatesh A , Tyagi BK , 2010. Molecular identification of mosquito vectors using genomic DNA isolated from eggshells, larval and pupal exuvium. Trop Biomed 27: 4753.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 189.

    Jackson M , Pyles C , Breton S , McMahon T , Belton P , 2013. British Columbia’s 50th mosquito species, Aedes schizopinax. J Entomol Soc BC 110: 3839.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 190.

    Brown JE , Evans BR , Zheng W , Obas V , Barrera-Martinez L , Egizi A , Zhao H , Caccone A , Powell JR , 2014. Human impacts have shaped historical and recent evolution in Aedes aegypti, the dengue and yellow fever mosquito. Evolution 68: 514525.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 191.

    Brown JE , Scholte E-J , Dik M , Den Hartog W , Beeuwkes J , Powell JR , 2011. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes imported into the Netherlands, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 23352337.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 192.

    Logue K , Keven JB , Cannon MV , Reimer L , Siba P , Walker ED , Zimmerman PA , Serre D , 2016. Unbiased characterization of Anopheles mosquito blood meals by targeted high-throughput sequencing. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004512.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 193.

    Kent RJ , 2009. Molecular methods for arthropod bloodmeal identification and applications to ecological and vector-borne disease studies. Mol Ecol Resour 9: 418.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 194.

    Crabtree MB , Kading RC , Mutebi J-P , Lutwama JJ , Miller BR , 2013. Identification of host blood from engorged mosquitoes collected in western Uganda using cytochrome oxidase I gene sequences. J Wildl Dis 49: 611626.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 195.

    Ngo KA , Kramer LD , 2003. Identification of mosquito bloodmeals using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with order-specific primers. J Med Entomol 40: 215222.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 196.

    Reeves LE , Gillett-Kaufman JL , Kawahara AY , Kaufman PE , 2018. Barcoding blood meals: new vertebrate-specific primer sets for assigning taxonomic identities to host DNA from mosquito blood meals. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006767.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 197.

    Gyawali N , Taylor-Robinson AW , Bradbury RS , Huggins DW , Hugo LE , Lowry K , Aaskov JG , 2019. Identification of the source of blood meals in mosquitoes collected from north-eastern Australia. Parasit Vectors 12: 198.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 198.

    Harrington LC et al.2014. Heterogeneous feeding patterns of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, on individual human hosts in rural Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e3048.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 199.

    Kingan SB , Heaton H , Cudini J , Lambert CC , Baybayan P , Galvin BD , Durbin R , Korlach J , Lawniczak MKN , 2019. A high-quality de novo genome assembly from a single mosquito using PacBio sequencing. Genes (Basel) 10: 62.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 200.

    Matthews BJ et al.2018. Improved reference genome of Aedes aegypti informs arbovirus vector control. Nature 563: 501507.

  • 201.

    Ghurye J , Koren S , Small ST , Redmond S , Howell P , Phillippy AM , Besansky NJ , 2019. A chromosome-scale assembly of the major African malaria vector Anopheles funestus. Gigascience 8: giz063.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 202.

    Kothera L , Phan J , Ghallab E , Delorey M , Clark R , Savage HM , 2019. Using targeted next-generation sequencing to characterize genetic differences associated with insecticide resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus populations from the southern U.S. PLoS One 14: e0218397.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 203.

    Liu N , 2015. Insecticide resistance in mosquitoes: impact, mechanisms, and research directions. Annu Rev Entomol 60: 537559.

  • 204.

    Demok S , Endersby-Harshman N , Vinit R , Timinao L , Robinson LJ , Susapu M , Makita L , Laman M , Hoffmann A , Karl S , 2019. Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes in Papua New Guinea. Parasit Vectors 12: 333.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 205.

    Faucon F et al.2015. Identifying genomic changes associated with insecticide resistance in the dengue mosquito Aedes aegypti by deep targeted sequencing. Genome Res 25: 13471359.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 206.

    Rose NH et al.2020. Climate and urbanization drive mosquito preference for humans. Curr Biol 30: 35703579.

  • 207.

    Connelly R , 2019. Highlights of medical entomology 2018: the importance of sustainable surveillance of vectors and vector-borne pathogens. J Med Entomol 56: 11831187.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 208.

    Borkent A , 2018. The state of phylogenetic analysis: narrow visions and simple answers—examples from the Diptera (flies). Zootaxa 4374: 107.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 209.

    Piper AM , Batovska J , Cogan NOI , Weiss J , Cunningham JP , Rodoni BC , Blacket MJ , 2019. Prospects and challenges of implementing DNA metabarcoding for high-throughput insect surveillance. Gigascience 8: giz092.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 210.

    Parker C , Ramirez D , Connelly CR , 2019. State‐wide survey of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Florida. J Vector Ecol 44: 210215.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 211.

    Jourdain F et al.2019. Towards harmonisation of entomological surveillance in the Mediterranean area. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007314.

  • 212.

    World Health Organization , 2017. Global Vector Control Response 2017–2030. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.

  • 213.

    Ammar SE , Mclntyre M , Swan T , Kasper J , Derraik JGB , Baker MG , Hales S , 2019. Intercepted mosquitoes at New Zealand’s ports of entry, 2001 to 2018: Current status and future concerns. TropicalMed 4: 101.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 214.

    Medlock JM , Vaux AG , Cull B , Schaffner F , Gillingham E , Pfluger V , Leach S , 2017. Detection of the invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus in southern England. Lancet Infect Dis 17: 140.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 215.

    Ibañez-Justicia A , Gloria-Soria A , den Hartog W , Dik M , Jacobs F , Stroo A , 2017. The first detected airline introductions of yellow fever mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) to Europe, at Schiphol International airport, the Netherlands. Parasit Vectors 10: 603.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 216.

    Sukehiro N , Kida N , Umezawa M , Murakami T , Arai N , Jinnai T , Inagaki S , Tsuchiya H , Maruyama H , Tsuda Y , 2013. First report on invasion of yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, at Narita International Airport, Japan in August 2012. Jpn J Infect Dis 66: 189194.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 217.

    Kampen H , Zielke D , Werner D , 2012. A new focus of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) (Diptera, Culicidae) distribution in Western Germany: rapid spread or a further introduction event? Parasit Vectors 5: 284.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 218.

    Kaplan L , Kendell D , Robertson D , Livdahl T , Khatchikian C , 2010. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Bermuda: extinction, invasion, invasion and extinction. Biol Invasions 12: 32773288.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 219.

    Thielman A , 2011. Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes - Culicidae Database. Available at: http://canacoll.org/Diptera/Aynsley/index.htm. Accessed January 2019.

  • 220.

    Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion (Public Health Ontario) , 2020. WNV Mosquito ID Data for Ochlerotatus japonicus From 2002–2019. Toronto, Ontario: Public Health Ontario.

Past two years Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 0 0 0
Full Text Views 17429 17429 51
PDF Downloads 505 505 25
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The Invasive Mosquitoes of Canada: An Entomological, Medical, and Veterinary Review

Daniel A. H. PeachDepartment of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Search for other papers by Daniel A. H. Peach in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
and
Benjamin J. MatthewsDepartment of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Search for other papers by Benjamin J. Matthews in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
View More View Less