A 45-year-old man from Ecuador living for the past two decades in Spain was admitted with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated acute hypoxic respiratory failure requiring low-flow oxygen therapy and started on dexamethasone 6 mg once daily. Past medical history was unremarkable except for several episodes of suspected allergic reactions with rash and angioedema. The last episode occurred in 2018, and the trigger remained undetermined.
Screening Strongyloides serology was requested upon admission and was found to be positive on day 7. The patient’s respiratory condition had improved, and he was otherwise asymptomatic.
Stool agar plate culture was requested, and the patient received a single dose of ivermectin 200 µg/kg on day 8 of admission. A pruritic diffuse maculopapular rash appeared on his trunk within hours of administration of ivermectin. An allergic reaction was suspected, and thus corticosteroids were maintained with initial improvement. However, pruritus persisted, and the rash recurred on day 12 (Figure 1). The same day, the result of stool culture was obtained, which was notable for the presence of larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis (Figure 2). His respiratory condition was still improving, and he denied gastrointestinal symptoms.
Diffuse maculopapular rash on day 12 of admission. This figure appears in color at www.ajtmh.org.
Citation: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, 5; 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0677
Diffuse maculopapular rash on day 12 of admission. This figure appears in color at www.ajtmh.org.
Citation: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, 5; 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0677
Diffuse maculopapular rash on day 12 of admission. This figure appears in color at www.ajtmh.org.
Citation: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, 5; 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0677
Third-stage filariform larva of Strongyloides stercoralis measuring approximately 450 µm. The tail is notched and the esophagus to intestine ratio is 1:1, and hookworm filariform larvae have a pointed tail and a short esophagus. This figure appears in color at www.ajtmh.org.
Citation: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, 5; 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0677
Third-stage filariform larva of Strongyloides stercoralis measuring approximately 450 µm. The tail is notched and the esophagus to intestine ratio is 1:1, and hookworm filariform larvae have a pointed tail and a short esophagus. This figure appears in color at www.ajtmh.org.
Citation: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, 5; 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0677
Third-stage filariform larva of Strongyloides stercoralis measuring approximately 450 µm. The tail is notched and the esophagus to intestine ratio is 1:1, and hookworm filariform larvae have a pointed tail and a short esophagus. This figure appears in color at www.ajtmh.org.
Citation: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, 5; 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0677
The patient was then diagnosed with Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection syndrome in the context of corticosteroid therapy. Blood cultures obtained on day 12 to rule out Gram-negative bacteremia were negative. Corticosteroids were stopped after 12 days of treatment, and ivermectin was prescribed. Symptoms resolved within 48 hours of treatment and ivermectin was continued for a total of 14 days.
Diagnosis of strongyloidiasis is based on serology and stool testing.1 In stool agar plate culture, larvae in stool crawl on the agar, spreading bacteria along their tracks, which then grow in colonies creating patterns (Figure 3).
Stool Mueller-Hinton agar plate culture showing growth of bacterial colonies along the larval tracks. This figure appears in color at www.ajtmh.org.
Citation: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, 5; 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0677
Stool Mueller-Hinton agar plate culture showing growth of bacterial colonies along the larval tracks. This figure appears in color at www.ajtmh.org.
Citation: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, 5; 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0677
Stool Mueller-Hinton agar plate culture showing growth of bacterial colonies along the larval tracks. This figure appears in color at www.ajtmh.org.
Citation: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, 5; 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0677
Strongyloidiasis can be devastating in immunocompromised patients,2 and prompt treatment with ivermectin is safe and effective.3 Screening is recommended in candidates for immunosuppression – before transplantation or immunosuppressive therapy including corticosteroid treatment – at risk of infection, irrespective of the time spent outside the endemic area.6,7 This becomes particularly relevant with current widespread use of dexamethasone for the treatment of COVID-19.8
REFERENCES
- 1.↑
Buonfrate D, Perandin F, Formenti F, Bisoffi Z, 2017. A retrospective study comparing agar plate culture, indirect immunofluorescence and real-time PCR for the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Parasitology 144: 812–816.
- 2.↑
Hassanudin NS, Wahab ZA, Ibrahim K, Nor FM, 2017. Disseminated strongyloidiasis in an immunocompromised host: a case report. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 7: 587–590.
- 3.↑
Ramanathan R, Nutman T, 2008. Strongyloides stercoralis infection in the immunocompromised host. Curr Infect Dis Rep 10: 105–110.
- 4.
Ghosh K, Ghosh K, 2007. Strongyloides stercoralis septicaemia following steroid therapy for eosinophilia: report of three cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 1163–1165.
- 5.
Lier AJ et al., 2020. Case report: disseminated strongyloidiasis in a patient with COVID-19. Am J Trop Med Hyg 103: 1590–1592.
- 6.↑
Requena-Méndez A, Buonfrate D, Gomez-Junyent J, Zammarchi L, Bisoffi Z, Muñoz J, 2017. Evidence-based guidelines for screening and management of strongyloidiasis in non-endemic countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97: 645–652.
- 7.↑
Stauffer WM, Alpern JD, Walker PF, 2020. COVID-19 and dexamethasone: a potential strategy to avoid steroid-related Strongyloides hyperinfection. JAMA 324: 623.
- 8.↑
The RECOVERY Collaborative Group , 2021. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. N Engl J Med 384: 693–704.