CASE REPORT
Thelazia callipaeda is a vector-borne zoonotic nematode that parasitizes the orbital cavities of domestic and wild carnivores such as foxes, dogs, and cats.1 However, rabbits and humans are also infected. Infective larvae of T. callipaeda are transmitted by Drosophila flies that feed on lacrimal secretions of infected animals and humans that contain Thelazia spp. first-stage larvae.2 After transmission, the larvae develop to adult stages in the ocular sac of the vertebrate host within 1 month.2 Here, we molecularly identified T. callipaeda from an eye infection of a German patient with an extensive travel history.
A 25-year-old woman who lives and works in Germany presented with a foreign body sensation, lacrimation, and redness of her left eye to her local ophthalmologist. The symptoms had lasted for 2 months before she discovered a small transparent filamentous structure in her left eye. She thereupon attended the University Hospital of Essen in November 2018, where the examination revealed subconjunctival congestion of her left eye. A slowly moving worm in the inferior conjunctival fornix was detected by slit-lamp examination. Four worms were extracted immediately. Another worm was removed the next day by forceps under local anesthesia (Figure1A). The anterior segment of her right eye was completely normal. In both eyes, there were no pathologic retinal findings by funduscopy, the intraocular pressure was normal, and visual acuity was 20/20 without correction. Laboratory analyses were without any pathological finding, including complete blood count, urine analysis, and liver and renal function tests. There was no peripheral blood eosinophilia. One ethanol-fixed helminth specimen was subjected to DNA isolation and subsequent nematode 12S rDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR).3 Sanger sequencing of the PCR product revealed 100% homology to T. callipaeda after BLAST analysis (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The 12S rDNA sequence did not show any heterozygous bases, so it might likely be haploid in 1n; cytochrome oxidase 1 PCR has not been performed. Morphological identification of the worm is illustrated in Figure 1B. During a follow-up visit 2 days later, there were no more worms detected by slit-lamp examination, although the patient reported a nasal tingle on her left eye. On two further follow-up visits (after 1 and 2 weeks), the foreign body sensation was only occasionally present but the follicles in the left eye were unchanged (Figure 1C).
Adult stage of Thelazia callipaeda after extraction from the patient’s left eye with forceps (A). Morphologic characterization of T. callipaeda (B). Slit-lamp photography of the inferior conjunctival fornix (left eye) with chemosis and follicles 2 weeks after worm extraction (C).
Citation: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 102, 2; 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0483
Adult stage of Thelazia callipaeda after extraction from the patient’s left eye with forceps (A). Morphologic characterization of T. callipaeda (B). Slit-lamp photography of the inferior conjunctival fornix (left eye) with chemosis and follicles 2 weeks after worm extraction (C).
Citation: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 102, 2; 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0483
Adult stage of Thelazia callipaeda after extraction from the patient’s left eye with forceps (A). Morphologic characterization of T. callipaeda (B). Slit-lamp photography of the inferior conjunctival fornix (left eye) with chemosis and follicles 2 weeks after worm extraction (C).
Citation: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 102, 2; 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0483
DISCUSSION
The patient has been living in an urban area of Germany without contact to pets. She had a travel history including visits to India in 2016, to North America in 2017, and to the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Northern Italy, Croatia, Bosnia, Montenegro, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, Austria, and Greece in May–September 2018. On specific questioning, the patient reported ocular fly contact that had occurred during cycling tours while traveling abroad in Eastern Europe in 2018. Several flies had been detected in the conjunctival sac after these cycling tours. The transmission of Thelazia callipaedes is most likely due to lacrimal feeding of the flies in this context. There was no history of local injury or insect bites.
Imported animal cases of thelaziasis have been reported in Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.4,5 An autochthonous case in a dog has been reported in Germany6 close to the German-French border. The infection is more common in dogs and cats in Italy.7 Despite increasing reports of T. callipaeda infection in carnivores in different European countries, ocular infections in humans remain rare.8,9 However, the number of reported human cases has increased in many countries of Asia, where thelaziasis occurs predominantly in rural areas with poor living conditions and low socioeconomic standards.4 Mainly the elderly and children are infected. Remarkably, in the United States, Thelazia californiensis is the only Thelazia species described so far in humans. The vector of this species are little houseflies. Besides, Phortica variegata has been proven to be a competent vector and intermediate host.10 In humans, mechanical removal is the treatment of choice, whereas for the treatment of canine infections with T. callipaeda, topical installation of organophosphates, and treatment with 1% moxidectin or 10% imidacloprid and 2.5% moxidectin have been effective. In our case, mechanical removal was curative.
Thelaziasis is unknown to most physicians and ophthalmologists, and with this report we seek to raise awareness in the medical community for this infection. Besides dirofilariasis, loiasis, and Onchocerca lupi infection, thelaziasis should be included in the differential diagnosis of ocular helminth disease, particularly in patients with a travel history.11–13
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