Authors:
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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Abrahams PW, Parsons JA, 1996. Geophagy in the tropics: a literature review. Geogr J 162: 63–72.
-
2.
Njiru H, Elchalal U, Paltiel O, 2011. Geophagy during pregnancy in Africa: a literature review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 66: 452–459.
-
3.
Luoba AI, Geissler PW, Estambale B, Ouma JH, Magnussen P, Alusala D, Ayah R, Mwaniki D, Friis H, 2004. Geophagy among pregnant and lactating women in Bondo District, western Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98: 734–741.
-
4.
Saathoff E, Olsen A, Kvalsvig JD, Geissler PW, 2002. Geophagy and its association with geohelminth infection in rural schoolchildren from northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96: 485–490.
-
5.
Geissler PW, Mwaniki DL, Thiong'o F, Friis H, 1997. Geophagy among school children in western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 2: 624–630.
-
6.
Geissler PW, Prince RJ, Levene M, Poda C, Beckerleg SE, Mutemi W, Shulman CE, 1999. Perceptions of soil-eating and anaemia among pregnant women on the Kenyan coast. Soc Sci Med 48: 1069–1079.
-
7.
Geissler PW, 2000. The significance of earth-eating: social and cultural aspects of geophagy among Luo children. Africa (Lond) 70: 654–682.
-
8.
Kawai K, Saathoff E, Antelman G, Msamanga G, Fawzi WW, 2009. Geophagy (soil-eating) in relation to anemia and helminth infection among HIV-infected pregnant women in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 36–43.
-
9.
Geissler PW, Shulman CE, Prince RJ, Mutemi W, Mnazi C, Friis H, Lowe B, 1998. Geophagy, iron status and anaemia among pregnant women on the coast of Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92: 549–553.
-
10.
Antelman G, Msamanga GI, Spiegelman D, Urassa EJN, Narh R, Hunter DJ, Fawzi WW, 2000. Nutritional factors and infectious disease contribute to anemia among pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus in Tanzania. J Nutr 130: 1950–1957.
-
11.
Nyaruhucha CN, 2009. Food cravings, aversions and pica among pregnant women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res 11: 29–34.
-
12.
Seim GL, Ahn CI, Bodis MS, Luwedde F, Miller DD, Hillier S, Tako E, Glahn RP, Young SL, 2013. Bioavailability of iron in geophagic earths and clay minerals, and their effect on dietary iron absorption using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model. Food Funct 4: 1263–1270.
-
13.
Young S, 2011. Craving Earth: Understanding Pica: The Urge to Eat Clay, Starch, Ice, and Chalk. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
-
14.
Lin JW, Temple L, Trujillo C, Mejia-Rodriquez F, Rosas LG, Fernald L, Young SL, 2015. Pica during pregnancy among Mexican-born women: a formative study. Matern Child Nutr 11: 550–558.
-
15.
Young SL, Wilson MJ, Hillier S, Delbos E, Ali SM, Stoltzfus RJ, 2010. Differences and commonalities in physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of Zanzibari geophagic soils. J Chem Ecol 36: 129–140.
-
16.
Sing D, Sing CF, 2010. Impact of direct soil exposures from airborne dust and geophagy on human health. Int J Environ Res Public Health 7: 1205–1223.
-
17.
Prince RJ, Luoba AI, Adhiambo P, Ng'uono J, Geissler PW, 1999. Geophagy is common among Luo women in western Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93: 515–516.
-
18.
Vermeer DE, Ferrell RE Jr, 1985. Nigerian geophagical clay: a traditional antidiarrheal pharmaceutical. Science 227: 634–636.
-
19.
Reilly C, Henry J, 2000. Geophagia: why do humans consume soil? Nutr Bull 25: 141–144.
-
20.
Wilson MJ, 2003. Clay mineralogical and related characteristics of geophagic materials. J Chem Ecol 29: 1525–1547.
-
21.
Kutalek R, Wewalka G, Gundacker C, Auer H, Wilson J, Haluza D, Huhulescu S, Hillier S, Sager M, Prinz A, 2010. Geophagy and potential health implications: geohelminths, microbes and heavy metals. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 104: 787–795.
-
22.
Abrahams PW, 1997. Geophagy (soil consumption) and iron supplementation in Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 2: 617–623.
-
23.
Young SL, 2010. Pica in pregnancy: new ideas about an old condition. Annu Rev Nutr 30: 403–422.
-
24.
Johns T, 1986. Detoxification function of geophagy and domestication of the potato. J Chem Ecol 12: 635–646.
-
25.
Johns T, Duquette M, 1991. Detoxification and mineral supplementation as functions of geophagy. Am J Clin Nutr 53: 448–456.
-
26.
Szajewska H, Dziechciarz P, Mrukowicz J, 2006. Meta-analysis: smectite in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhoea in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23: 217–227.
-
27.
Hooda PS, Henry CJK, Seyoum TA, Armstrong LDM, Fowler MB, 2004. The potential impact of soil ingestion on human mineral nutrition. Sci Total Environ 333: 75–87.
-
28.
Hunter JM, DeKleine R, 1984. Geophagy in Central America. Geogr Rev 74: 157–169.
-
29.
Halsted JA, 1968. Geophagia in man: its nature and nutritional effects. Am J Clin Nutr 21: 1384–1393.
-
30.
Miao D, Young SL, Golden CD, 2015. A meta-analysis of pica and micronutrient status. Am J Hum Biol 27: 84–93.
-
31.
Geissler PW, Mwaniki D, Thiong F, Friis H, 1998. Geophagy as a risk factor for geohelminth infections: a longitudinal study of Kenyan primary schoolchildren. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92: 7–11.
-
32.
Glickman LT, Camara AO, Glickman NW, McCabe GP, 1999. Nematode intestinal parasites of children in rural Guinea, Africa: prevalence and relationship to geophagia. Int J Epidemiol 28: 169–174.
-
33.
Nchito M, Geissler PW, Mubila L, Friis H, Olsen A, 2004. Effects of iron and multimicronutrient supplementation on geophagy: a two-by-two factorial study among Zambian schoolchildren in Lusaka. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98: 218–227.
-
34.
Young SL, Goodman D, Farag TH, Ali SM, Khatib MR, Khalfan SS, Tielsch JM, Stoltzfus RJ, 2007. Geophagia is not associated with Trichuris or hookworm transmission in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 766–772.
-
35.
George CM, Oldja L, Biswas S, Perin J, Lee GO, Kosek M, Sack RB, Ahmed S, Haque R, Parvin T, Azmi IJ, Bhuyian SI, Talukder KA, Mohammad S, Faruque AG, 2015. Geophagy is associated with environmental enteropathy and stunting in children in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 92: 1117–1124.
-
36.
Abrahams PW, 2003. Human Geophagy: A Review of its Distribution, Causes and Implications. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
-
37.
Abrahams PW, Follansbee M, Hunt A, Smith B, Wragg J, 2006. Iron nutrition and possible lead toxicity: an appraisal of geophagy undertaken by pregnant women of UK Asian communities. Appl Geochem 21: 98–108.
-
38.
Al-Rmalli SW, Jenkins RO, Watts MJ, Haris PI, 2010. Risk of human exposure to arsenic and other toxic elements from geophagy: trace element analysis of baked clay using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Environ Health 9: 79.
-
39.
Lar UA, Agene JI, Umar AI, 2015. Geophagic clay materials from Nigeria: a potential source of heavy metals and human health implications in mostly women and children who practice it. Environ Geochem Health 37: 363–375.
-
40.
Dean JR, Deary ME, Gbefa BK, Scott WC, 2004. Characterisation and analysis of persistent organic pollutants and major, minor and trace elements in Calabash chalk. Chemosphere 57: 21–25.
-
41.
Glaser BG, Strauss AL, 2009. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. London, United Kingdom: Aldine Transaction.
-
42.
Bortz J, Döring N, 2006. Forschungsmethoden und Evaluation: Für Human und Sozialwissenschaftler. Berlin, Germany: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
-
43.
Bernard HR, 2011. Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
-
44.
Gibbs GR, 2008. Analysing Qualitative Data. London: SAGE Publications.
-
45.
Golden CD, Rasolofoniaina BJ, Benjamin R, Young SL, 2012. Pica and amylophagy are common among Malagasy men, women and children. PLoS One 7: e47129.
-
46.
Sayers G, Lipschitz DA, Sayers M, Seftel HC, Bothwell TH, Charlton RW, 1974. Relationship between pica and iron nutrition in Johannesburg Black adults. S Afr Med J 48: 1655–1660.
-
47.
Barton JC, Barton JC, Bertoli LF, 2010. Pica associated with iron deficiency or depletion: clinical and laboratory correlates in 262 non-pregnant adult outpatients. BMC Blood Disord 10: 9.
-
48.
Laufer B, 1930. Geophagy. Chicago, IL: Field Museum of Natural History.
-
49.
Simpson E, Mull JD, Longley E, East J, 2000. Pica during pregnancy in low-income women born in Mexico. West J Med 173: 20–24; discussion 25.
-
50.
American Psychiatric Association, 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5®). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
-
51.
Edwards CH, Johnson AA, Knight EM, 1994. Pica in an urban environment. J Nutr 124: 954–962.
-
52.
Golokhvast K, Sergievich A, Grigoriev N, 2014. Geophagy (rock eating), experimental stress and cognitive idiosyncrasy. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 4: 362–366.
-
53.
Geissler PW, Shulman CE, Prince RJ, 1998. Geophagy, iron status and anaemia among pregnant women on the coast of Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92: 549–553.
-
54.
Davis S, Mirick DK, 2006. Soil ingestion in children and adults in the same family. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 16: 63–75.
-
55.
Grigsby RK, Thyer BA, Waller RJ, Johnston GA Jr, 1999. Chalk eating in middle Georgia: a culture-bound syndrome of pica? South Med J 92: 190–192.
-
56.
Key TC, Horger EO 3rd, Miller JM, 1982. Geophagia as a cause of maternal death. Obstet Gynecol 60: 525–526.
-
57.
Solaini L, Gardani M, Ragni F, 2012. Geophagia: an extraordinary cause of perforation of the sigmoid colon. Surgery 152: 136–137.
-
58.
Nyanza EC, Joseph M, Premji SS, Thomas DS, Mannion C, 2014. Geophagy practices and the content of chemical elements in the soil eaten by pregnant women in artisanal and small scale gold mining communities in Tanzania. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 14: 144.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1068 | 822 | 34 |
| Full Text Views | 617 | 11 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 273 | 16 | 2 |
Geophagy in Northern Uganda: Perspectives from Consumers and Clinicians
Lena Huebl
Lena Huebl
Unit Ethnomedicine and International Health, Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Center of Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Stephan Leick
Stephan Leick
Unit Ethnomedicine and International Health, Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Center of Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Lukas Guettl
Lukas Guettl
Unit Ethnomedicine and International Health, Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Center of Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Grace Akello
Grace Akello
Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda.
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Ruth Kutalek
Ruth Kutalek
Unit Ethnomedicine and International Health, Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Center of Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
The etiology and health consequences of geophagy are still poorly understood. The consumed soil, individual motives, consumption habits, and the clinical perspective of geophagy in northern Uganda were examined. A total of 50 semistructured interviews (17 pregnant, eight nonpregnant women, 10 men, and 15 health-care professionals) were conducted. Our results suggest that geophagy is not limited to pregnancy and can also be found among nonpregnant women and men. During gestation, excessive amounts of various soil types are consumed and can replace food at times. Nonpregnant women and men consume less soil and stick to one type. When pregnant, craving and alleviating gastrointestinal upset are the main motives. In men, the main reasons for geophagy were craving, hypersalivation, and natural stimulants. If soil is craved, it can show similarities to a dependency syndrome. When picked up in childhood, geophagy is more likely to be continued throughout life. The consumption habits differ and thereby vary in their possible implications on health. Our findings suggest that men should be included in further studies. Especially nurses from the antenatal care are exposed to geophagists; however, no national guidelines exist for geophagy. Further research is necessary to create guidelines to be included in medical training and practice.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the Federal State of Lower Austria (+43274227570 26) and the Medical University of Vienna.
Authors' addresses: Lena Huebl, Stephan Leick, Lukas Guettl, and Ruth Kutalek, Unit Ethnomedicine and International Health, Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Center of Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, E-mails: lena.huebl@gmail.com, stephan.leick@gmx.at, lukas.guettl@gmx.at, and ruth.kutalek@meduniwien.ac.at. Grace Akello, Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda, E-mail: akellograce@hotmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Abrahams PW, Parsons JA, 1996. Geophagy in the tropics: a literature review. Geogr J 162: 63–72.
-
2.
Njiru H, Elchalal U, Paltiel O, 2011. Geophagy during pregnancy in Africa: a literature review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 66: 452–459.
-
3.
Luoba AI, Geissler PW, Estambale B, Ouma JH, Magnussen P, Alusala D, Ayah R, Mwaniki D, Friis H, 2004. Geophagy among pregnant and lactating women in Bondo District, western Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98: 734–741.
-
4.
Saathoff E, Olsen A, Kvalsvig JD, Geissler PW, 2002. Geophagy and its association with geohelminth infection in rural schoolchildren from northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96: 485–490.
-
5.
Geissler PW, Mwaniki DL, Thiong'o F, Friis H, 1997. Geophagy among school children in western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 2: 624–630.
-
6.
Geissler PW, Prince RJ, Levene M, Poda C, Beckerleg SE, Mutemi W, Shulman CE, 1999. Perceptions of soil-eating and anaemia among pregnant women on the Kenyan coast. Soc Sci Med 48: 1069–1079.
-
7.
Geissler PW, 2000. The significance of earth-eating: social and cultural aspects of geophagy among Luo children. Africa (Lond) 70: 654–682.
-
8.
Kawai K, Saathoff E, Antelman G, Msamanga G, Fawzi WW, 2009. Geophagy (soil-eating) in relation to anemia and helminth infection among HIV-infected pregnant women in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 36–43.
-
9.
Geissler PW, Shulman CE, Prince RJ, Mutemi W, Mnazi C, Friis H, Lowe B, 1998. Geophagy, iron status and anaemia among pregnant women on the coast of Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92: 549–553.
-
10.
Antelman G, Msamanga GI, Spiegelman D, Urassa EJN, Narh R, Hunter DJ, Fawzi WW, 2000. Nutritional factors and infectious disease contribute to anemia among pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus in Tanzania. J Nutr 130: 1950–1957.
-
11.
Nyaruhucha CN, 2009. Food cravings, aversions and pica among pregnant women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res 11: 29–34.
-
12.
Seim GL, Ahn CI, Bodis MS, Luwedde F, Miller DD, Hillier S, Tako E, Glahn RP, Young SL, 2013. Bioavailability of iron in geophagic earths and clay minerals, and their effect on dietary iron absorption using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model. Food Funct 4: 1263–1270.
-
13.
Young S, 2011. Craving Earth: Understanding Pica: The Urge to Eat Clay, Starch, Ice, and Chalk. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
-
14.
Lin JW, Temple L, Trujillo C, Mejia-Rodriquez F, Rosas LG, Fernald L, Young SL, 2015. Pica during pregnancy among Mexican-born women: a formative study. Matern Child Nutr 11: 550–558.
-
15.
Young SL, Wilson MJ, Hillier S, Delbos E, Ali SM, Stoltzfus RJ, 2010. Differences and commonalities in physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of Zanzibari geophagic soils. J Chem Ecol 36: 129–140.
-
16.
Sing D, Sing CF, 2010. Impact of direct soil exposures from airborne dust and geophagy on human health. Int J Environ Res Public Health 7: 1205–1223.
-
17.
Prince RJ, Luoba AI, Adhiambo P, Ng'uono J, Geissler PW, 1999. Geophagy is common among Luo women in western Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93: 515–516.
-
18.
Vermeer DE, Ferrell RE Jr, 1985. Nigerian geophagical clay: a traditional antidiarrheal pharmaceutical. Science 227: 634–636.
-
19.
Reilly C, Henry J, 2000. Geophagia: why do humans consume soil? Nutr Bull 25: 141–144.
-
20.
Wilson MJ, 2003. Clay mineralogical and related characteristics of geophagic materials. J Chem Ecol 29: 1525–1547.
-
21.
Kutalek R, Wewalka G, Gundacker C, Auer H, Wilson J, Haluza D, Huhulescu S, Hillier S, Sager M, Prinz A, 2010. Geophagy and potential health implications: geohelminths, microbes and heavy metals. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 104: 787–795.
-
22.
Abrahams PW, 1997. Geophagy (soil consumption) and iron supplementation in Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 2: 617–623.
-
23.
Young SL, 2010. Pica in pregnancy: new ideas about an old condition. Annu Rev Nutr 30: 403–422.
-
24.
Johns T, 1986. Detoxification function of geophagy and domestication of the potato. J Chem Ecol 12: 635–646.
-
25.
Johns T, Duquette M, 1991. Detoxification and mineral supplementation as functions of geophagy. Am J Clin Nutr 53: 448–456.
-
26.
Szajewska H, Dziechciarz P, Mrukowicz J, 2006. Meta-analysis: smectite in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhoea in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23: 217–227.
-
27.
Hooda PS, Henry CJK, Seyoum TA, Armstrong LDM, Fowler MB, 2004. The potential impact of soil ingestion on human mineral nutrition. Sci Total Environ 333: 75–87.
-
28.
Hunter JM, DeKleine R, 1984. Geophagy in Central America. Geogr Rev 74: 157–169.
-
29.
Halsted JA, 1968. Geophagia in man: its nature and nutritional effects. Am J Clin Nutr 21: 1384–1393.
-
30.
Miao D, Young SL, Golden CD, 2015. A meta-analysis of pica and micronutrient status. Am J Hum Biol 27: 84–93.
-
31.
Geissler PW, Mwaniki D, Thiong F, Friis H, 1998. Geophagy as a risk factor for geohelminth infections: a longitudinal study of Kenyan primary schoolchildren. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92: 7–11.
-
32.
Glickman LT, Camara AO, Glickman NW, McCabe GP, 1999. Nematode intestinal parasites of children in rural Guinea, Africa: prevalence and relationship to geophagia. Int J Epidemiol 28: 169–174.
-
33.
Nchito M, Geissler PW, Mubila L, Friis H, Olsen A, 2004. Effects of iron and multimicronutrient supplementation on geophagy: a two-by-two factorial study among Zambian schoolchildren in Lusaka. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98: 218–227.
-
34.
Young SL, Goodman D, Farag TH, Ali SM, Khatib MR, Khalfan SS, Tielsch JM, Stoltzfus RJ, 2007. Geophagia is not associated with Trichuris or hookworm transmission in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 766–772.
-
35.
George CM, Oldja L, Biswas S, Perin J, Lee GO, Kosek M, Sack RB, Ahmed S, Haque R, Parvin T, Azmi IJ, Bhuyian SI, Talukder KA, Mohammad S, Faruque AG, 2015. Geophagy is associated with environmental enteropathy and stunting in children in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 92: 1117–1124.
-
36.
Abrahams PW, 2003. Human Geophagy: A Review of its Distribution, Causes and Implications. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
-
37.
Abrahams PW, Follansbee M, Hunt A, Smith B, Wragg J, 2006. Iron nutrition and possible lead toxicity: an appraisal of geophagy undertaken by pregnant women of UK Asian communities. Appl Geochem 21: 98–108.
-
38.
Al-Rmalli SW, Jenkins RO, Watts MJ, Haris PI, 2010. Risk of human exposure to arsenic and other toxic elements from geophagy: trace element analysis of baked clay using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Environ Health 9: 79.
-
39.
Lar UA, Agene JI, Umar AI, 2015. Geophagic clay materials from Nigeria: a potential source of heavy metals and human health implications in mostly women and children who practice it. Environ Geochem Health 37: 363–375.
-
40.
Dean JR, Deary ME, Gbefa BK, Scott WC, 2004. Characterisation and analysis of persistent organic pollutants and major, minor and trace elements in Calabash chalk. Chemosphere 57: 21–25.
-
41.
Glaser BG, Strauss AL, 2009. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. London, United Kingdom: Aldine Transaction.
-
42.
Bortz J, Döring N, 2006. Forschungsmethoden und Evaluation: Für Human und Sozialwissenschaftler. Berlin, Germany: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
-
43.
Bernard HR, 2011. Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
-
44.
Gibbs GR, 2008. Analysing Qualitative Data. London: SAGE Publications.
-
45.
Golden CD, Rasolofoniaina BJ, Benjamin R, Young SL, 2012. Pica and amylophagy are common among Malagasy men, women and children. PLoS One 7: e47129.
-
46.
Sayers G, Lipschitz DA, Sayers M, Seftel HC, Bothwell TH, Charlton RW, 1974. Relationship between pica and iron nutrition in Johannesburg Black adults. S Afr Med J 48: 1655–1660.
-
47.
Barton JC, Barton JC, Bertoli LF, 2010. Pica associated with iron deficiency or depletion: clinical and laboratory correlates in 262 non-pregnant adult outpatients. BMC Blood Disord 10: 9.
-
48.
Laufer B, 1930. Geophagy. Chicago, IL: Field Museum of Natural History.
-
49.
Simpson E, Mull JD, Longley E, East J, 2000. Pica during pregnancy in low-income women born in Mexico. West J Med 173: 20–24; discussion 25.
-
50.
American Psychiatric Association, 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5®). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
-
51.
Edwards CH, Johnson AA, Knight EM, 1994. Pica in an urban environment. J Nutr 124: 954–962.
-
52.
Golokhvast K, Sergievich A, Grigoriev N, 2014. Geophagy (rock eating), experimental stress and cognitive idiosyncrasy. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 4: 362–366.
-
53.
Geissler PW, Shulman CE, Prince RJ, 1998. Geophagy, iron status and anaemia among pregnant women on the coast of Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92: 549–553.
-
54.
Davis S, Mirick DK, 2006. Soil ingestion in children and adults in the same family. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 16: 63–75.
-
55.
Grigsby RK, Thyer BA, Waller RJ, Johnston GA Jr, 1999. Chalk eating in middle Georgia: a culture-bound syndrome of pica? South Med J 92: 190–192.
-
56.
Key TC, Horger EO 3rd, Miller JM, 1982. Geophagia as a cause of maternal death. Obstet Gynecol 60: 525–526.
-
57.
Solaini L, Gardani M, Ragni F, 2012. Geophagia: an extraordinary cause of perforation of the sigmoid colon. Surgery 152: 136–137.
-
58.
Nyanza EC, Joseph M, Premji SS, Thomas DS, Mannion C, 2014. Geophagy practices and the content of chemical elements in the soil eaten by pregnant women in artisanal and small scale gold mining communities in Tanzania. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 14: 144.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1068 | 822 | 34 |
| Full Text Views | 617 | 11 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 273 | 16 | 2 |