Contributions to the Bacteriology of Leprosy
I. The Diphtheroid in Leprosy
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Modeling Insecticide Susceptibility and Resistance in Anopheles spp. Populations in Tanzania, 2022
Donal Bisanzio
Donal Bisanzio
RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia;
School of Medicine, Nottingham University, Nottingham, United Kingdom;
Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
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School of Medicine, Nottingham University, Nottingham, United Kingdom;
Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
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Samwel Lazaro
Samwel Lazaro
National Malaria Control Program, Mainland, Tanzania;
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Shija Joseph Shija
Shija Joseph Shija
Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Program, Stonetown, Zanzibar;
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Charles Dismas Mwalimu
Charles Dismas Mwalimu
National Malaria Control Program, Mainland, Tanzania;
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Bakari Khatibu
Bakari Khatibu
Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Program, Stonetown, Zanzibar;
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Naomi Serbantez
Naomi Serbantez
US President’s Malaria Initiative, US Agency for International Development, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
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William Nhandi Kisinza
William Nhandi Kisinza
National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Center, Tanzania;
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Stephen Magesa
Stephen Magesa
National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Center, Tanzania;
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Nico Govella
Nico Govella
Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
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Fredros Okumu
Fredros Okumu
Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Richard Reithinger
rreithinger@yahoo.co.uk
Richard Reithinger
RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia;
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Insecticide resistance in anopheline malaria vectors poses a major threat to malaria control and elimination efforts. We conducted spatial analyses using publicly available and published data to document and model the geospatial distribution of Anopheles spp. insecticide resistance in Tanzania at the national, regional, district, and subdistrict levels for the 2012–2021 period. An insecticide resistance map modeled for 2022 predicted that anopheline insecticide susceptibility remained above the 90% susceptibility threshold for all major insecticide classes, except for pyrethroids. We calculate that although resistance to pyrethroids occurs in 99.8% of Tanzania’s territory, resistance to carbamates, organophosphates, and organochlorines is present in only 7.4%, 0.2%, and 1.3% of the territory, respectively. These modeled findings indicate that despite widespread pyrethroid resistance in Tanzania, significant opportunities for insecticide-based vector control remain, as major vectors are still broadly susceptible to other insecticide classes. The regular use of this predictive methodology can help malaria program management staff adjust their vector control strategies.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 672.21 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: Analyses were performed using internal RTI International funds. Insecticide resistance data, as reported through the WHO Threats Map platform, were collected by the Tanzania NMCP, the ZAMEP, and academic research institutions through the support of various multilateral, bilateral, and academic research funding sources. Partial funding for manuscript development was provided by the US President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) via the
Disclosure: The findings and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the employing organizations, the US Agency for International Development, or the United States Government.
Current contact information: Donal Bisanzio and Richard Reithinger, RTI International, Washington, DC, E-mails: dbisanzio@rti.org and rreithinger@yahoo.co.uk. Samwel Lazaro and Charles Dismas Mwalimu, National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Tanzania, E-mails: snhiga000@gmail.com and dismasi@yahoo.com. Shija Joseph Shija and Bakari Khatibu, Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Program, Ministry of Health, Stonetown, Zanzibar, E-mails: shijajshija@gmail.com and bokhatib39@gmail.com. Naomi Serbantez, US President’s Malaria Initiative, US Agency for International Development, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, E-mail: nserbantez@usaid.gov. William Nhandi Kisinza and Stephen Magesa, National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Center, Tanzania, E-mails: wnkisinza@gmail.com and stevemagesa@gmail.com. Nico Govella and Fredros Okumu, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, E-mails: govella@ihi.or.tz and fredros@ihi.or.tz.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 21640 | 21640 | 21063 |
| Full Text Views | 25 | 25 | 15 |
| PDF Downloads | 16 | 16 | 2 |