Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease on Chikungunya Virus Infection Clinical Manifestations and Outcome: Highlights during an Outbreak in Northeastern Brazil

Geraldo Bezerra da Silva Junior Post-Graduation Program in Collective Health, Health Sciences Center, University of Fortaleza-UNIFOR, Fortaleza, Brazil;

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José Reginaldo Pinto Post-Graduation Program in Collective Health, Health Sciences Center, University of Fortaleza-UNIFOR, Fortaleza, Brazil;

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Rosa Maria Salani Mota Department of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, Sciences Center, Federal University of Ceará-UFC, Fortaleza, Brazil;

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Roberto da Justa Pires Neto Post-Graduation Program in Public Health, Department of Community Health, Federal University of Ceará-UFC, Fortaleza, Brazil;

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Elizabeth De Francesco Daher Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará-UFC, Fortaleza, Brazil

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The northeastern region of Brazil has faced in the last 2 years the largest outbreak of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection in its history. There are still few studies on kidney involvement in CHIKV. The aim of this study is to describe the impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on CHIKV clinical manifestations and outcome. This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the State of Ceara, northeastern Brazil, including all registered cases of CHIKV infection in the period from January 2016 to December 2017. Clinical manifestations were collected from the notification reports from official data bank from the State Secretary of Health of Ceara: National System of Diseases Notification and Laboratory Manager. A total of 182,731 cases were notified. Patients’ mean age was 32.4 ± 14.6 years, and 62.2% were female. The most common clinical manifestations were fever (88.6%), headache (72.9%), intense arthralgia (69.5%), and myalgia (65.6%). Hospital admission was required for 3,080 cases (3.3%), and death occurred in 383 cases (0.2%). Chronic kidney disease was reported in 691 cases (0.3%). Patients with CKD had a higher frequency of almost all clinical manifestations, including fever, myalgia, exanthema, vomiting, nausea, back pain, conjunctivitis, arthritis, severe arthralgia, petechiae, and retro-orbital pain. They also had a significantly higher frequency of diabetes, hematological disorders, liver diseases, hypertension, peptic ulcer disease, and autoimmune diseases. Mortality was significantly higher among CKD patients than patients without CKD (3.0% versus 0.2%, P < 0.0001).

Author Notes

Address correspondence to Geraldo Bezerra da Silva Junior, University of Fortaleza-UNIFOR, Av. Washington Soares, 1321, Bloco S, sala S-01, CEP 60811-905, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. E-mail: geraldobezerrajr@yahoo.com.br

Authors’ addresses: Geraldo Bezerra da Silva Junior and José Reginaldo Pinto, School of Medicine, Master in Collective Health, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Brazil, E-mails: geraldobezerrajr@yahoo.com.br and regis.med@hotmail.com. Rosa Maria Salani Mota, Department of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil, E-mail: rosa@ufc.br. Roberto da Justa Pires Neto, Post-Graduation Program in Public Health, Department of Community Health, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil, E-mail: robertojusta@gmail.com. Elizabeth De Francesco Daher, Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil, E-mail: ef.daher@uol.com.br.

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