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-
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Gérardin P, Guernier V, Perrau J, Fianu A, Le Roux K, Grivard P, Michault A, De Lamballerie X, Flahault A, Favier F, 2008. Estimating chikungunya prevalence in La Reunion island outbreak by serosurveys: two methods for two critical times of the epidemic. BMC Infect Dis 8: 1.
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Simmons G, Brès V, Lu K, Liss NM, Brambilla DJ, Ryff KR, Bruhn R, Velez E, Ocampo D, Linnen JM, 2016. High incidence of chikungunya virus and frequency of viremic blood donations during epidemic, Puerto Rico, USA, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 22: 1221–1228.
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Gay N, Rousset D, Huc P, Matheus S, Ledrans M, Rosine J, Cassadou S, Noël H, 2016. Seroprevalence of Asian lineage chikungunya virus infection on Saint Martin island, 7 months after the 2013 emergence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94: 393–396.
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Kuan G, Ramirez S, Gresh L, Ojeda S, Melendez M, Sanchez N, Collado D, Garcia N, Mercado JC, Gordon A, 2016. Seroprevalence of anti-chikungunya virus antibodies in children and adults in Managua, Nicaragua, after the first chikungunya epidemic, 2014–2015. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004773.
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Josseran L, Paquet C, Zehgnoun A, Caillere N, Le Tertre A, Solet JL, Ledrans M, 2006. Chikungunya disease outbreak, Reunion island. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1994–1995.
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Brito CAA, Teixeira MG, 2017. Increased number of deaths during a chikungunya epidemic in Pernambuco, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 112: 650–651.
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Schilte C, Staikovsky F, Couderc T, Madec Y, Carpentier F, Kassab S, Albert ML, Lecuit M, Michault A, 2013. Chikungunya virus-associated long-term arthralgia: a 36-month prospective longitudinal study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2137.
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Zim MM, Sam I-C, Omar SS, Chan Y, AbuBakar S, Kamarulzaman A, 2013. Chikungunya infection in Malaysia: comparison with dengue infection in adults and predictors of persistent arthralgia. J Clin Virol 56: 141–145.
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Win M, Chow A, Dimatatac F, Go C, Leo Y, 2010. Chikungunya fever in Singapore: acute clinical and laboratory features, and factors associated with persistent arthralgia. J Clin Virol 49: 111–114.
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Moro M, Grilli E, Corvetta A, Silvi G, Angelini R, Mascella F, Miserocchi F, Sambo P, Finarelli A, Sambri V, 2012. Long-term chikungunya infection clinical manifestations after an outbreak in Italy: a prognostic cohort study. J Infect 65: 165–172.
-
23.
Hoarau J-J, Bandjee M-CJ, Trotot PK, Das T, Li-Pat-Yuen G, Dassa B, Denizot M, Guichard E, Ribera A, Henni T, 2010. Persistent chronic inflammation and infection by chikungunya arthritogenic alphavirus in spite of a robust host immune response. J Immunol 184: 5914–5927.
-
24.
Sissoko D, Malvy D, Ezzedine K, Renault P, Moscetti F, Ledrans M, Pierre V, 2009. Post-epidemic chikungunya disease on Reunion island: course of rheumatic manifestations and associated factors over a 15-month period. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e389.
-
25.
Gérardin P, Fianu A, Malvy D, Mussard C, Boussaïd K, Rollot O, Michault A, Gaüzere B-A, Bréart G, Favier F, 2011. Perceived morbidity and community burden after a chikungunya outbreak: the TELECHIK survey, a population-based cohort study. BMC Med 9: 1.
-
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Essackjee K, Goorah S, Ramchurn SK, Cheeneebash J, Walker-Bone K, 2013. Prevalence of and risk factors for chronic arthralgia and rheumatoid-like polyarthritis more than 2 years after infection with chikungunya virus. Postgrad Med J 89: 440–447.
-
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Borgherini G, Poubeau P, Jossaume A, Gouix A, Cotte L, Michault A, Arvin-Berod C, Paganin F, 2008. Persistent arthralgia associated with chikungunya virus: a study of 88 adult patients on Reunion island. Clin Infect Dis 47: 469–475.
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Seroprevalence and Symptomatic Attack Rate of Chikungunya Virus Infection, United States Virgin Islands, 2014–2015
Morgan J. Hennessey
Morgan J. Hennessey
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, Colorado;
Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Esther M. Ellis
Esther M. Ellis
United States Virgin Islands Department of Health, St. Croix U.S. Virgin Islands;
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Mark J. Delorey
Mark J. Delorey
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, Colorado;
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Amanda J. Panella
Amanda J. Panella
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, Colorado;
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Olga I. Kosoy
Olga I. Kosoy
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, Colorado;
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Hannah L. Kirking
Hannah L. Kirking
Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Grace D. Appiah
Grace D. Appiah
Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Jin Qin
Jin Qin
Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Alison J. Basile
Alison J. Basile
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, Colorado;
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Leora R. Feldstein
Leora R. Feldstein
Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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Brad J. Biggerstaff
Brad J. Biggerstaff
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, Colorado;
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Robert S. Lanciotti
Robert S. Lanciotti
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, Colorado;
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Marc Fischer
Marc Fischer
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, Colorado;
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J. Erin Staples
J. Erin Staples
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When introduced into a naïve population, chikungunya virus generally spreads rapidly, causing large outbreaks of fever and severe polyarthralgia. We randomly selected households in the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) to estimate seroprevalence and symptomatic attack rate for chikungunya virus infection at approximately 1 year following the introduction of the virus. Eligible household members were administered a questionnaire and tested for chikungunya virus antibodies. Estimated proportions were calibrated to age and gender of the population. We enrolled 509 participants. The weighted infection rate was 31% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 26–36%). Among those with evidence of chikungunya virus infection, 72% (95% CI: 65–80%) reported symptomatic illness and 31% (95% CI: 23–38%) reported joint pain at least once per week approximately 1 year following the introduction of the virus to USVI. Comparing rates from infected and noninfected study participants, 70% (95% CI: 62–79%) of fever and polyarthralgia and 23% (95% CI: 9–37%) of continuing joint pain in patients infected with chikungunya virus were due to their infection. Overall, an estimated 43% (95% CI: 33–52%) of the febrile illness and polyarthralgia in the USVI population during the outbreak was attributable to chikungunya virus and only 12% (95% CI: 7–17%) of longer term joint pains were attributed to chikungunya virus. Although the rates of infection, symptomatic disease, and longer term joint symptoms identified in USVI are similar to other outbreaks of the disease, a lower proportion of acute fever and joint pain was found to be attributable to chikungunya virus.
Author Notes
Disclosure: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Health.
Authors’ addresses: Morgan J. Hennessey, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, E-mail: morgan.j.hennessey@aphis.usda.gov. Esther M. Ellis, United States Virgin Islands Department of Health, Charles Harwood Medical Complex, Christiansted, VI, E-mail: esther.ellis@doh.vi.gov. Mark J. Delorey, Amanda J. Panella, Olga I. Kosoy, Alison J. Basile, Brad J. Biggerstaff, Robert S. Lanciotti, Marc Fischer, and J. Erin Staples, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, E-mails: esy7@cdc.gov, ahf6@cdc.gov, oak3@cdc.gov, ajj1@cdc.gov, bkb5@cdc.gov, rsl2@cdc.gov, mxf2@cdc.gov, and auv1@cdc.gov. Hannah L. Kirking, Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: hrj7@cdc.gov. Grace D. Appiah, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: ydg3@cdc.gov. Jin Qin, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: wyv0@cdc.gov. Leora R. Feldstein, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: nqw5@cdc.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Jupp P, McIntosh B, 1988. Chikungunya virus disease. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. Vol. 2, 137–157.
-
2.
Moro ML, Gagliotti C, Silvi G, Angelini R, Sambri V, Rezza G, Massimiliani E, Mattivi A, Grilli E, Finarelli AC, 2010. Chikungunya virus in north-eastern Italy: a seroprevalence survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 508–511.
-
3.
Thonnon J, Spiegel A, Diallo M, Diallo A, Fontenille D, 1999. Chikungunya virus outbreak in Senegal in 1996 and 1997. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 92: 79–82.
-
4.
Sergon K, Yahaya AA, Brown J, Bedja SA, Mlindasse M, Agata N, Allaranger Y, Ball MD, Powers AM, Ofula V, 2007. Seroprevalence of chikungunya virus infection on Grande Comore island, Union of the Comoros, 2005. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 1189–1193.
-
5.
Sergon K, Njuguna C, Kalani R, Ofula V, Onyango C, Konongoi LS, Bedno S, Burke H, Dumilla AM, Konde J, 2008. Seroprevalence of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection on Lamu Island, Kenya, October 2004. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 333–337.
-
6.
Sissoko D, Moendandze A, Malvy D, Giry C, Ezzedine K, Solet JL, Pierre V, 2008. Seroprevalence and risk factors of chikungunya virus infection in Mayotte, Indian Ocean, 2005–2006: a population-based survey. PLoS One 3: e3066.
-
7.
Gérardin P, Guernier V, Perrau J, Fianu A, Le Roux K, Grivard P, Michault A, De Lamballerie X, Flahault A, Favier F, 2008. Estimating chikungunya prevalence in La Reunion island outbreak by serosurveys: two methods for two critical times of the epidemic. BMC Infect Dis 8: 1.
-
8.
Simmons G, Brès V, Lu K, Liss NM, Brambilla DJ, Ryff KR, Bruhn R, Velez E, Ocampo D, Linnen JM, 2016. High incidence of chikungunya virus and frequency of viremic blood donations during epidemic, Puerto Rico, USA, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 22: 1221–1228.
-
9.
Gay N, Rousset D, Huc P, Matheus S, Ledrans M, Rosine J, Cassadou S, Noël H, 2016. Seroprevalence of Asian lineage chikungunya virus infection on Saint Martin island, 7 months after the 2013 emergence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94: 393–396.
-
10.
Kuan G, Ramirez S, Gresh L, Ojeda S, Melendez M, Sanchez N, Collado D, Garcia N, Mercado JC, Gordon A, 2016. Seroprevalence of anti-chikungunya virus antibodies in children and adults in Managua, Nicaragua, after the first chikungunya epidemic, 2014–2015. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004773.
-
11.
Nakkhara P, Chongsuvivatwong V, Thammapalo S, 2013. Risk factors for symptomatic and asymptomatic chikungunya infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 107: 789–796.
-
12.
Robinson MC, 1955. An epidemic of virus disease in southern province, Tanganyika territory, in 1952–1953. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 49: 28–32.
-
13.
De Ranitz C, Myers R, Varkey M, Isaac Z, Carey D, 1965. Clinical impressions of chikungunya in Vellore gained from study of adult patients. Indian J Med Res 53: 756.
-
14.
Staples JE, Breiman RF, Powers AM, 2009. Chikungunya fever: an epidemiological review of a re-emerging infectious disease. Clin Infect Dis 49: 942–948.
-
15.
Josseran L, Paquet C, Zehgnoun A, Caillere N, Le Tertre A, Solet JL, Ledrans M, 2006. Chikungunya disease outbreak, Reunion island. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1994–1995.
-
16.
Renault P, Josseran L, Pierre V, 2008. Chikungunya-related fatality rates, Mauritius, India, and Reunion island. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1327.
-
17.
Freitas ARR, Cavalcanti L, Von Zuben AP, Donalisio MR, 2017. Excess mortality related to chikungunya epidemics in the context of co-circulation of other arboviruses in Brazil. PLoS Curr 9.
-
18.
Brito CAA, Teixeira MG, 2017. Increased number of deaths during a chikungunya epidemic in Pernambuco, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 112: 650–651.
-
19.
Schilte C, Staikovsky F, Couderc T, Madec Y, Carpentier F, Kassab S, Albert ML, Lecuit M, Michault A, 2013. Chikungunya virus-associated long-term arthralgia: a 36-month prospective longitudinal study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2137.
-
20.
Zim MM, Sam I-C, Omar SS, Chan Y, AbuBakar S, Kamarulzaman A, 2013. Chikungunya infection in Malaysia: comparison with dengue infection in adults and predictors of persistent arthralgia. J Clin Virol 56: 141–145.
-
21.
Win M, Chow A, Dimatatac F, Go C, Leo Y, 2010. Chikungunya fever in Singapore: acute clinical and laboratory features, and factors associated with persistent arthralgia. J Clin Virol 49: 111–114.
-
22.
Moro M, Grilli E, Corvetta A, Silvi G, Angelini R, Mascella F, Miserocchi F, Sambo P, Finarelli A, Sambri V, 2012. Long-term chikungunya infection clinical manifestations after an outbreak in Italy: a prognostic cohort study. J Infect 65: 165–172.
-
23.
Hoarau J-J, Bandjee M-CJ, Trotot PK, Das T, Li-Pat-Yuen G, Dassa B, Denizot M, Guichard E, Ribera A, Henni T, 2010. Persistent chronic inflammation and infection by chikungunya arthritogenic alphavirus in spite of a robust host immune response. J Immunol 184: 5914–5927.
-
24.
Sissoko D, Malvy D, Ezzedine K, Renault P, Moscetti F, Ledrans M, Pierre V, 2009. Post-epidemic chikungunya disease on Reunion island: course of rheumatic manifestations and associated factors over a 15-month period. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e389.
-
25.
Gérardin P, Fianu A, Malvy D, Mussard C, Boussaïd K, Rollot O, Michault A, Gaüzere B-A, Bréart G, Favier F, 2011. Perceived morbidity and community burden after a chikungunya outbreak: the TELECHIK survey, a population-based cohort study. BMC Med 9: 1.
-
26.
Essackjee K, Goorah S, Ramchurn SK, Cheeneebash J, Walker-Bone K, 2013. Prevalence of and risk factors for chronic arthralgia and rheumatoid-like polyarthritis more than 2 years after infection with chikungunya virus. Postgrad Med J 89: 440–447.
-
27.
Borgherini G, Poubeau P, Jossaume A, Gouix A, Cotte L, Michault A, Arvin-Berod C, Paganin F, 2008. Persistent arthralgia associated with chikungunya virus: a study of 88 adult patients on Reunion island. Clin Infect Dis 47: 469–475.
-
28.
Chopra A, Anuradha V, Lagoo‐Joshi V, Kunjir V, Salvi S, Saluja M, 2008. Chikungunya virus aches and pains: an emerging challenge. Arthritis Rheum 58: 2921–2922.
-
29.
Larrieu S, Pouderoux N, Pistone T, Filleul L, Receveur M-C, Sissoko D, Ezzedine K, Malvy D, 2010. Factors associated with persistence of arthralgia among chikungunya virus-infected travellers: report of 42 French cases. J Clin Virol 47: 85–88.
-
30.
Thiberville S-D, Moyen N, Dupuis-Maguiraga L, Nougairede A, Gould EA, Roques P, de Lamballerie X, 2013. Chikungunya fever: epidemiology, clinical syndrome, pathogenesis and therapy. Antiviral Res 99: 345–370.
-
31.
Pan American Health Organization, 2015. Number of Reported Cases of Chikungunya Fever in the Americas, by Country or Territory, 2013–2014 Cumulative Cases. Available at: http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_topics&view=rdmore&cid=7928&Itemid=40931&lang=en. Accessed May 23, 2017.
-
32.
U.S. Census Bureau, 2015. 2010 Census Island Areas: United States Virgin Islands. Available at: https://www.census.gov/2010census/news/press-kits/island-areas/island-areas.html. Accessed May 23, 2017.
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