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Surveillance for Flaviviruses Near the Mexico–U.S. Border: Co-circulation of Dengue Virus Serotypes 1, 2, and 3 and West Nile Virus in Tamaulipas, Northern Mexico, 2014–2016
A clinical, serological, and molecular investigation was performed to determine the presence of dengue virus (DENV) and other flaviviruses among residents of the city of Reynosa, Tamaulipas, on the Mexico–U.S. border in 2014–2016. The sample population consisted of 2,355 patients with suspected dengue, in addition to 346 asymptomatic individuals recruited during a household-based epidemiological investigation designed to identify flavivirus seroconversions. Sera were collected from patients with suspected dengue in the acute phase of illness and from asymptomatic individuals at enrollment and every 5–7 months for 19 months. Sera from suspected dengue patients were tested for DENV antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and select antigen-positive sera were further tested using a serotype-specific, quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Sera from the household cohort were tested for flavivirus-reactive antibodies by immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG ELISAs using DENV antigen. A total of 418 (17.7%) patients with suspected dengue had laboratory-confirmed DENV infections, including 82 patients who were positive for DENV RNA. The most frequently detected serotype was DENV-1 (61 patients), followed by DENV-2 (16 patients) and DENV-3 (five patients). A total of 217 (62.7%) asymptomatic individuals had flavivirus-reactive antibodies at enrollment, and nine flavivirus-naïve individuals seroconverted. Sera from a subset of dengue patients and household participants, including all those who seroconverted, were further tested by plaque reduction neutralization test, resulting in the detection of antibodies to DENV-1, DENV-2, and West Nile virus. In summary, we provide evidence for the co-circulation of multiple flaviviruses in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, on the Mexico–U.S. border.
Author Notes
Financial support: The study was supported by scholarships from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología of Mexico (scholarship no. 262076) and Coordinación de Cooperación Académica del Instituto Politécnico Nacional of Mexico, and in part by CONACYT grants 2014-247005 and 200664, an intramural grant from Iowa State University, and an institutional grant (Ref. No. CIP-ICB-2018-103) used to support a visiting scholar at the Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez.
Authors’ addresses: S. Viridiana Laredo-Tiscareño and Erick J. De Luna-Santillana, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México, E-mails: viridiana.laredo@gmail.com and ericklusan@yahoo.com. Javier A. Garza-Hernandez and Mario Alberto Rodríguez Pérez, Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico, Tamaulipas, México, E-mails: biolgarza@gmail.com and drmarodriguez@hotmail.com. Ma Isabel Salazar, Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Ciudad de México, México, E-mail: maisabelsalazar@gmail.com. Chandra S. Tangudu and Bradley J. Blitvich, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, E-mails: ctangudu@iastate.edu and blitvich@iastate.edu. Rosa C. Cetina-Trejo, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi,” Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatán, México, E-mail: rosaccentinatrejo1234@gmail.com. Gloria L. Doria-Cobos, Epidemiología de la Cuarta Jurisdicción Sanitaria, Secretaria de Salud, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México, E-mail: leticiaddruiz@gmail.com. Santos Daniel Carmona-Aguirre, Direccion de Epidemiologia, Secretaria de Salud del Estado de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México, E-mail: santos.carmona@tam.gob.mx. Julian E. Garcia-Rejon, Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatán, México, E-mail: julian.garcia.rejon@gmail.com. Carlos Machain-Williams, Hideo Noguchi Institute, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Yucatán, México, E-mail: carlos.machain@uady.mx.