ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Chheng K et al. 2013. A prospective study of the causes of febrile illness requiring hospitalization in children in Cambodia. PLoS One 8: e60634.
-
2.
Mahende C, Ngasala B, Lusingu J, Butichi A, Lushino P, Lemnge M, Premji Z, 2014. Aetiology of acute febrile episodes in children attending Korogwe District Hospital in north-eastern Tanzania. PLoS One 9: e104197.
-
3.
Liu L, Oza S, Hogan D, Chu Y, Perin J, Zhu J, Lawn JE, Cousens S, Mathers C, Black RE, 2016. Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000–15: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the sustainable development goals. Lancet 388: 3027–3035.
-
4.
UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, 2012. Levels and Trends in Child Mortality. Available at: http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/levels_trends_child_mortality_2012/en/. Accessed April 5, 2015.
-
5.
Bhutta ZA, Ali S, Cousens S, Ali TM, Haider BA, Rizvi A, Okong P, Bhutta SZ, Black RE, 2008. Alma-Ata: rebirth and revision 6 interventions to address maternal, newborn, and child survival: what difference can integrated primary health care strategies make? Lancet 372: 972–989.
-
6.
Shukla D, Nayak P, Mishra RN, 2016. Burden of infectious diseases and their seasonal variation in India. IJHSR 6: 33–40.
-
7.
American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Diagnosis and Management of Bronchiolitis, 2006. Diagnosis and management of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics 118: 1774–1793.
-
8.
World Health Organization, 2014. Revised WHO Classification and Treatment of Childhood Pneumonia at Health Facilities—Evidence Summaries. Available at: http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/child-pneumonia-treatment/en/. Accessed May 5, 2015.
-
9.
Wardlaw T, Salama P, Brocklehurst C, Chopra M, Mason E, 2010. Diarrhoea: why children are still dying and what can be done. Lancet 375: 870–872.
-
10.
Lotz A et al. 2010. Rapid identification of mycobacterial whole cells in solid and liquid culture media by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. J Clin Microbiol 48: 4481–4486.
-
11.
Koh GC, Maude RJ, Paris DH, Newton PN, Blacksell SD, 2010. Diagnosis of scrub typhus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 368–370.
-
12.
Bukirwa H, 2011. Assessing rapid diagnostic tests for malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7: ED000031.
-
14.
Kundu R, Ganguly N, Ghosh TK, Yewale VN, Shah RC, Shah NK; IAP Task Force, 2006. IAP Task Force Report: diagnosis of enteric fever in children. Indian Pediatr 43: 875–883.
-
15.
Steiner I, Budka H, Chaudhuri A, Koskiniemi M, Sainio K, Salonen O, Kennedy PG, 2010. Viral meningoencephalitis: a review of diagnostic methods and guidelines for management. Eur J Neurol 17: 999–e57.
-
16.
Goldstein B, Giroir B, Randolph A; International Consensus Conference on Pediatric Sepsis, 2005. International pediatric sepsis consensus conference: definitions for sepsis and organ dysfunction in pediatrics. Pediatr Crit Care Med 6: 2–8.
-
17.
World Health Organization. WHO Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition 1988–2006. Available at: http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/about/introduction/en/index5. Accessed May 10, 2013.
-
18.
Chrispal A, Boorugu H, Gopinath KG, Chandy S, Prakash JA, Thomas EM, Abraham AM, Abraham OC, Thomas K, 2010. Acute undifferentiated febrile illness in adulthospitalized patients: the disease spectrum and diagnostic predictors—an experience from a tertiary care hospital in south India. Trop Doct 40: 230–234.
-
19.
Ittyachen AM, Ramachandran R, 2015. Study of acute febrile illness: a 10-year descriptive study and a proposed algorithm from a tertiary care referral hospital in rural Kerala in southern India. Trop Doct 45: 114–117.
-
20.
Capeding MR et al. 2013. Dengue and other common causes of acute febrile illness in Asia: an activesurveillance study in children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2331.
-
21.
Nademi Z, Clark J, Richards CG, Walshaw D, Cant AJ, 2001. The causes of fever in children attending hospitalin the north of England. J Infect 43: 221–225.
-
22.
Abrahamsen SK, Haugen CN, Rupali P, Mathai D, Langeland N, Eide GE, Morch K, 2013. Fever in the tropics: aetiology and case-fatality—a prospective observational study in tertiary care hospital in south India. BMC Infect Dis 13: 355–363.
-
23.
Pondei K, Onyaye E, Olowu K, Peterside O, 2012. Patterns of acute febrile illness in children in a tertiary health institution in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. J Med Sci 3: 734–740.
-
24.
Kwak BG, Jang HO, 2006. Clinical analysis of febrile infants and children presenting to the pediatric emergency department. Korean J Pediatr 49: 839–844.
-
25.
Ganesh R, Janakiraman L, Vasanthi T, Sathiyasekeran M, 2010. Profile of typhoid fever in children from a tertiary care hospital in Chennai-south India. Indian J Pediatr 77: 1089–1092.
-
26.
Walia M, Gaind R, Paul P, Mehta R, Aggarwal P, Kalaivani M, 2006. Age-related clinical and microbiological characteristics of enteric fever in India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100: 942–948.
-
27.
Palanivel S, Nedunchelian K, Poovazhagi V, Raghunadan R, Ramachandran P, 2012. Clinical profile of scrub typhus in children. Indian J Pediatr 79: 1459–1462.
-
28.
Kumar M, Krishnamurthy S, Delhikumar CG, Narayanan P, Biswal N, Srinivasan S, 2012. Scrub typhus in children at a tertiary hospital in southern India: clinical profile and complications. J Infect Public Health 5: 82–88.
-
29.
Mahajan SK, Rolain JM, Sankhyan N, Kaushal RK, Raoult D, 2008. Pediatric scrub typhus in Indian Himalayas. Indian J Pediatr 75: 947–949.
-
30.
Verma P, Shukla US, Kalraiya A, 2014. Retrospective study on clinical profile of severe malaria in children admitted. People’s J Scientific Res 7: 22–26.
-
31.
World HealthOrganization, 2015. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria, 3rd edition. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241549127/en/. Accessed May 2, 2015.
-
32.
Gupta E, Ballani N, 2014. Current perspectives on the spread of dengue in India. Infect Drug Resist 7: 337–342.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Full Text Views | 1046 | 148 | 5 |
| PDF Downloads | 149 | 49 | 3 |
Non-Respiratory and Non-Diarrheal Causes of Acute Febrile Illnesses in Children Requiring Hospitalization in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India: A Prospective Study
Acute febrile illnesses (AFIs) in children from the developing world can have varying etiologies. Awareness of local epidemiology helps in prioritizing investigations and empiric treatment. This prospective study was carried out in a tertiary care center in North India, aiming to determine the burden, etiology, and outcome of AFI other than pneumonia and diarrhea in hospitalized children. A total of 613 consecutive children aged 3 months to 12 years with febrile illness of < 7 days during four selected months of 2014 representing different seasons were screened for eligibility. Those with acute respiratory diseases (N = 175, 28.5%) and diarrheal illness (N = 46, 7.5%) were excluded and 217 children were enrolled. Mean (standard deviation) age was 4.8 (3.4) years. Nearly half (N = 91, 41.9%) presented in post-monsoon season. Diagnosis could be established in 187 (86.2%) children. Acute central nervous system infections were the most common (N = 54, 24.8%). Among specific infections, scrub typhus was the most frequent (N = 23, 10.5%) followed by malaria (N = 14, 6.4%), typhoid (N = 14, 6.5%), and viral hepatitis (N = 13, 6.0%). Blood culture had a low (6.5%) yield; Salmonella typhi (N = 6) and Staphylococcus aureus (N = 5) were the common isolates. Serological tests were helpful in 50 (23%) cases. In multivariate analysis, hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly independently predicted scrub typhus. Mortality rate was 10.1%. We conclude that AFI other than pneumonia and diarrhea are a significant burden and follow a seasonal trend. Scrub typhus has emerged as an important etiology of childhood AFIs in northern India. Periodic review of regional epidemiology will help in understanding the changing pattern of infectious diseases.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Abdul Rauf, Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India, E-mail: abdrauf06@gmail.com. Sunit Singhi, Division of Pediatrics, Medanta-The Medicity, Gurgaon, India, E-mail: sunit.singhi@gmail.com. Karthi Nallasamy, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, E-mail: ny.karthi@gmail.com. Mandeep Walia, Department of Pediatrics, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India, E-mail: mkwalia2000@yahoo.co.in. Pallab Ray, Department of Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, E-mail: drpallabray@gmail.com.