Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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EndNote
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1.
World Health Organization, 2010. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria, 2nd edition. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
2.
Boyce MR, O’Meara WP, 2017. Use of malaria RDTs in various health contexts across sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 17: 470.
-
3.
Kabaghe AN, Visser BJ, Spijker R, Phiri KS, Grobusch MP, Vugt M, 2016. Health workers’ compliance to rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) to guide malaria treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J 15: 163.
-
4.
Namuyinga RJ et al. 2017. Health worker adherence to malaria treatment guidelines at outpatient health facilities in southern Malawi following implementation of universal access to diagnostic testing. Malar J 16: 40.
-
5.
Steinhardt LC, Chinkhumba J, Wolkon A, Luka M, Luhanga M, Sande J, Oyugi J, Ali D, Mathanga D, Skarbinski J, 2014. Quality of malaria case management in Malawi: results from a nationally representative health facility survey. PLoS One 9: e89050.
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6.
Nepal Ministry of Health, Nepal New ERA, Nepal Health Sector Support Program, ICF, 2017. 2015 Nepal Health Facility Survey: Key Findings. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Health, Nepal.
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7.
Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie (ANSD) [Sénégal] et ICF, 2015. Sénégal: Enquête Continue sur la Prestation des Services de Soins de Santé (ECPSS). Rockville, MD: ANSD.
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8.
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoHSW) [Tanzania Mainland], Ministry of Health (MoH) [Zanzibar], National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS), International I, 2015. Tanzania Service Provision Assessment Survey (TSPA) 2014–15. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Rockville, MD: MoHSW, MoH, NBS, OCGS, and ICF International.
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9.
Malaria Care Madagascar, 2015. Health Facility Assessment Report. White Paper. Washington, DC: MalariaCare
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10.
Johansson EW, Gething PW, Hildenwall H, Mappin B, Petzold M, Peterson SS, Selling KE, 2014. Diagnostic testing of pediatric fevers: meta-analysis of 13 national surveys assessing influences of malaria endemicity and source of care on test uptake for febrile children under five years. PLoS One 9: e95483.
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11.
Guinea National Malaria Control Program, 2016–2018. Bulletin Mensuel de Paludisme. Conakry, Guinea: National Malaria Control Program.
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12.
Senegal National Malaria Control Program, 2016–2018. Bulletin de Surveillance Sentinelle Paludisme Senegal. Dakar, Senegal: National Malaria Control Program.
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13.
Bilal JA, Gasim GI, Abdien MT, Elmardi KA, Malik EM, Adam I, 2015. Poor adherence to the malaria management protocol among health workers attending under-five year old febrile children at Omdurman Hospital, Sudan. Malar J 14: 34.
-
14.
Zurovac D, Githinji S, Memusi D, Kigen S, Machini B, Muturi A, Otieno G, Snow RW, Nyandigisi A, 2014. Major improvements in the quality of malaria case-management under the “test and treat” policy in Kenya. PLoS One 9: e92782.
-
15.
Millar KR, McCutcheon J, Coakley EH, Brieger W, Ibrahim MA, Mohammed Z, Bassi A, Sambisa W, 2014. Patterns and predictors of malaria care-seeking, diagnostic testing, and artemisinin-based combination therapy for children under five with fever in northern Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. Malar J 13: 447.
-
16.
Plucinski MM, Ferreira M, Ferreira CM, Burns J, Gaparayi P, João L, Costa O, Gill P, Samutondo C, Quivinja J, 2017. Evaluating malaria case management at public health facilities in two provinces in Angola. Malar J 16: 186.
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World Health Organization, 2016. World Malaria Report 2016. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
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18.
Rowe AK, Onikpo F, Lama M, Cokou F, Deming MS, 2001. Management of childhood illness at health facilities in Benin: problems and their causes. Am J Public Health 91: 1625–1635.
-
19.
Weber M, Mulholland E, Jaffar S, Troedsson H, Gove S, Greenwood B, 1997. Evaluation of an algorithm for the integrated management of childhood illness in an area with seasonal malaria in the Gambia. Bull World Health Organ 75: 25.
-
20.
Rowe AK, 2009. Potential of integrated continuous surveys and quality management to support monitoring, evaluation, and the scale-up of health interventions in developing countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 971–979.
-
21.
Johansson EW, Nsona H, Carvajal–Aguirre L, Amouzou A, Hildenwall H, 2017. Determinants of integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) non-severe pneumonia classification and care in Malawi health facilities: analysis of a national facility census. J Glob Health 7: 020408.
-
22.
Redd SC, Luby S, Hightower A, Kazembe P, Nwanyanwu O, Ziba C, Chitsulo L, Franco C, Olivar M, Wirima J, 1996. Clinical algorithm for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children. Lancet 347: 223–227.
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23.
Bayoh N et al. 2018. Facility-based enhanced malaria surveillance to monitor impact of vector-control interventions in western Kenya, 2013–2015. Malaria J (In press).
-
24.
Nsimba SE, Massele AY, Eriksen J, Gustafsson LL, Tomson G, Warsame M, 2002. Case management of malaria in under‐fives at primary health care facilities in a Tanzanian district. Trop Med Int Health 7: 201–209.
-
25.
Bennett A, Bisanzio D, Yukich JO, Mappin B, Fergus CA, Lynch M, Cibulskis RE, Bhatt S, Weiss DJ, Cameron E, 2017. Population coverage of artemisinin-based combination treatment in children younger than 5 years with fever and Plasmodium falciparum infection in Africa, 2003–2015: a modelling study using data from national surveys. Lancet Glob Health 5: e418–e427.
-
26.
Thwing J, Ba F, Diaby A, Diedhiou Y, Sylla A, Sall G, Diouf MB, Gueye AB, Gaye S, Ndiop M, 2017. Assessment of the utility of a symptom-based algorithm for identifying febrile patients for malaria diagnostic testing in Senegal. Malar J 16: 95.
-
27.
Gerardin J, Bever CA, Bridenbecker D, Hamainza B, Silumbe K, Miller JM, Eisele TP, Eckhoff PA, Wenger EA, 2017. Effectiveness of reactive case detection for malaria elimination in three archetypical transmission settings: a modelling study. Malar J 16: 248.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2195 | 1664 | 304 |
| Full Text Views | 964 | 18 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 203 | 16 | 0 |
How Far Are We from Reaching Universal Malaria Testing of All Fever Cases?
Mateusz M. Plucinski
Mateusz M. Plucinski
Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
President’s Malaria Initiative, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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President’s Malaria Initiative, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Timothée Guilavogui
Timothée Guilavogui
National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Conakry, Guinea;
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Alioune Camara
Alioune Camara
National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Conakry, Guinea;
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Médoune Ndiop
Médoune Ndiop
National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Dakar, Senegal
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Moustapha Cisse
Moustapha Cisse
National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Dakar, Senegal
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John Painter
John Painter
Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
President’s Malaria Initiative, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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President’s Malaria Initiative, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Julie Thwing
Julie Thwing
Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Universal malaria diagnostic testing of all fever cases is the first step in correct malaria case management. However, monitoring adherence to universal testing is complicated by unreliable recording and reporting of the true number of fever cases. We searched the literature to obtain gold-standard estimates for the proportion of patients attending outpatient clinics in sub-Saharan Africa with malarial and non-malarial febrile illness. To correct for differences in malaria transmission, we calculated the proportion of patients with fever after excluding confirmed malaria cases. Next, we analyzed routine data from Guinea and Senegal to calculate the proportion of outpatients tested after exclusion of confirmed malaria cases from the numerator and denominator. From 12 health facility surveys in sub-Saharan Africa with gold-standard fever screening, the median proportion of febrile illness among outpatients after exclusion of confirmed malaria fevers was 57% (range: 46–80%). Analysis of routine data after exclusion of confirmed malaria cases demonstrated much lower testing proportions of 23% (Guinea) and 13% (Senegal). There was substantial spatial and temporal heterogeneity in this testing proportion, and testing in Senegal was correlated with malaria season. Given the evidence from gold-standard surveys that at least 50% of non-malaria consultations in sub-Saharan Africa are for febrile illness, it appears that a substantial proportion of patients with fever are not tested for malaria in health facilities when considering routine data. Tracking the proportion of patients tested for malaria after exclusion of the confirmed malaria cases could allow programs to make inferences about malaria testing practices using routine data.
Author Notes
Financial support: Funding was provided by the U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative.
Authors’ addresses: Mateusz M. Plucinski, John Painter, and Julie Thwing, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: mplucinski@cdc.gov, bzp3@cdc.gov, and jthwing@cdc.gov. Timothée Guilavogui and Alioune Camara, National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Conakry, Guinea, E-mails: gui_timothee@yahoo.fr and aliounec@gmail.com. Médoune Ndiop and Moustapha Cisse, Senegal National Malaria Control Program, Dakar, Senegal, E-mails: mnzop5@gmail.com and mcdoussouye@yahoo.fr.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2010. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria, 2nd edition. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
2.
Boyce MR, O’Meara WP, 2017. Use of malaria RDTs in various health contexts across sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 17: 470.
-
3.
Kabaghe AN, Visser BJ, Spijker R, Phiri KS, Grobusch MP, Vugt M, 2016. Health workers’ compliance to rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) to guide malaria treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J 15: 163.
-
4.
Namuyinga RJ et al. 2017. Health worker adherence to malaria treatment guidelines at outpatient health facilities in southern Malawi following implementation of universal access to diagnostic testing. Malar J 16: 40.
-
5.
Steinhardt LC, Chinkhumba J, Wolkon A, Luka M, Luhanga M, Sande J, Oyugi J, Ali D, Mathanga D, Skarbinski J, 2014. Quality of malaria case management in Malawi: results from a nationally representative health facility survey. PLoS One 9: e89050.
-
6.
Nepal Ministry of Health, Nepal New ERA, Nepal Health Sector Support Program, ICF, 2017. 2015 Nepal Health Facility Survey: Key Findings. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Health, Nepal.
-
7.
Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie (ANSD) [Sénégal] et ICF, 2015. Sénégal: Enquête Continue sur la Prestation des Services de Soins de Santé (ECPSS). Rockville, MD: ANSD.
-
8.
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoHSW) [Tanzania Mainland], Ministry of Health (MoH) [Zanzibar], National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS), International I, 2015. Tanzania Service Provision Assessment Survey (TSPA) 2014–15. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Rockville, MD: MoHSW, MoH, NBS, OCGS, and ICF International.
-
9.
Malaria Care Madagascar, 2015. Health Facility Assessment Report. White Paper. Washington, DC: MalariaCare
-
10.
Johansson EW, Gething PW, Hildenwall H, Mappin B, Petzold M, Peterson SS, Selling KE, 2014. Diagnostic testing of pediatric fevers: meta-analysis of 13 national surveys assessing influences of malaria endemicity and source of care on test uptake for febrile children under five years. PLoS One 9: e95483.
-
11.
Guinea National Malaria Control Program, 2016–2018. Bulletin Mensuel de Paludisme. Conakry, Guinea: National Malaria Control Program.
-
12.
Senegal National Malaria Control Program, 2016–2018. Bulletin de Surveillance Sentinelle Paludisme Senegal. Dakar, Senegal: National Malaria Control Program.
-
13.
Bilal JA, Gasim GI, Abdien MT, Elmardi KA, Malik EM, Adam I, 2015. Poor adherence to the malaria management protocol among health workers attending under-five year old febrile children at Omdurman Hospital, Sudan. Malar J 14: 34.
-
14.
Zurovac D, Githinji S, Memusi D, Kigen S, Machini B, Muturi A, Otieno G, Snow RW, Nyandigisi A, 2014. Major improvements in the quality of malaria case-management under the “test and treat” policy in Kenya. PLoS One 9: e92782.
-
15.
Millar KR, McCutcheon J, Coakley EH, Brieger W, Ibrahim MA, Mohammed Z, Bassi A, Sambisa W, 2014. Patterns and predictors of malaria care-seeking, diagnostic testing, and artemisinin-based combination therapy for children under five with fever in northern Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. Malar J 13: 447.
-
16.
Plucinski MM, Ferreira M, Ferreira CM, Burns J, Gaparayi P, João L, Costa O, Gill P, Samutondo C, Quivinja J, 2017. Evaluating malaria case management at public health facilities in two provinces in Angola. Malar J 16: 186.
-
17.
World Health Organization, 2016. World Malaria Report 2016. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
18.
Rowe AK, Onikpo F, Lama M, Cokou F, Deming MS, 2001. Management of childhood illness at health facilities in Benin: problems and their causes. Am J Public Health 91: 1625–1635.
-
19.
Weber M, Mulholland E, Jaffar S, Troedsson H, Gove S, Greenwood B, 1997. Evaluation of an algorithm for the integrated management of childhood illness in an area with seasonal malaria in the Gambia. Bull World Health Organ 75: 25.
-
20.
Rowe AK, 2009. Potential of integrated continuous surveys and quality management to support monitoring, evaluation, and the scale-up of health interventions in developing countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 971–979.
-
21.
Johansson EW, Nsona H, Carvajal–Aguirre L, Amouzou A, Hildenwall H, 2017. Determinants of integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) non-severe pneumonia classification and care in Malawi health facilities: analysis of a national facility census. J Glob Health 7: 020408.
-
22.
Redd SC, Luby S, Hightower A, Kazembe P, Nwanyanwu O, Ziba C, Chitsulo L, Franco C, Olivar M, Wirima J, 1996. Clinical algorithm for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children. Lancet 347: 223–227.
-
23.
Bayoh N et al. 2018. Facility-based enhanced malaria surveillance to monitor impact of vector-control interventions in western Kenya, 2013–2015. Malaria J (In press).
-
24.
Nsimba SE, Massele AY, Eriksen J, Gustafsson LL, Tomson G, Warsame M, 2002. Case management of malaria in under‐fives at primary health care facilities in a Tanzanian district. Trop Med Int Health 7: 201–209.
-
25.
Bennett A, Bisanzio D, Yukich JO, Mappin B, Fergus CA, Lynch M, Cibulskis RE, Bhatt S, Weiss DJ, Cameron E, 2017. Population coverage of artemisinin-based combination treatment in children younger than 5 years with fever and Plasmodium falciparum infection in Africa, 2003–2015: a modelling study using data from national surveys. Lancet Glob Health 5: e418–e427.
-
26.
Thwing J, Ba F, Diaby A, Diedhiou Y, Sylla A, Sall G, Diouf MB, Gueye AB, Gaye S, Ndiop M, 2017. Assessment of the utility of a symptom-based algorithm for identifying febrile patients for malaria diagnostic testing in Senegal. Malar J 16: 95.
-
27.
Gerardin J, Bever CA, Bridenbecker D, Hamainza B, Silumbe K, Miller JM, Eisele TP, Eckhoff PA, Wenger EA, 2017. Effectiveness of reactive case detection for malaria elimination in three archetypical transmission settings: a modelling study. Malar J 16: 248.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2195 | 1664 | 304 |
| Full Text Views | 964 | 18 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 203 | 16 | 0 |