Author:
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1.
Vedachalam S, MacDonald LH, Omoluabi E, OlaOlorun F, Otupiri E, Schwab KJ, 2017. The role of packaged water in meeting global targets on improved water access. J Water Sanit Hyg Dev 7: 369–377.
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2.
Williams AR, Bain RES, Fisher MB, Cronk R, Kelly ER, Bartram J, 2015. A systematic review and meta-analysis of fecal contamination and inadequate treatment of packaged water. PLoS One 10: e0140899.
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3.
Stoler J, 2017. From curiosity to commodity: a review of the evolution of sachet drinking water in West Africa. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Water 4: e1206.
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4.
WHO/UNICEF, 2017. Safely Managed Drinking Water—Thematic Report on Drinking Water 2017. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
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5.
Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), Ghana Health Service (GHS), ICF International, 2015. Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Rockville, MD: GSS, GHS, and ICF International.
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6.
White GF, Bradley DJ, White AU, 1972. Drawers of Water: Domestic Water Use in East Africa. London, United Kingdom: University of Chicago Press. Available at: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19722703575. Accessed July 20, 2017.
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7.
Thompson J, Porras IT, Tumwine JK, Mujwahuzi MR, Katui-Katua M, Johnstone N, Wood L, 2001. Drawers of Water II. London, United Kingdom: International Institute for Environment and Development.
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8.
Guzman JC, Brown D, Khatiwada L, 2016. Millennium Challenge Corporation Impact Evaluation: Water and Sanitation Component of the Ghana Compact. Final Report. Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame Initiative for Global Development.
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9.
Wright J, Dzodzomenyo M, Wardrop N, Johnston R, Hill A, Aryeetey G, Adanu R, 2016. Effects of sachet water consumption on exposure to microbe-contaminated drinking water: household survey evidence from Ghana. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13: 303.
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10.
Oyelude EO, Ahenkorah S, 2012. Quality of sachet water and bottled water in Bolgatanga Municipality of Ghana. Res J Appl Sci Eng Technol 4: 1094–1098.
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11.
Stoler J, Ahmed H, Asantewa Frimpong L, Bello M, 2015. Presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in coliform-free sachet drinking water in Ghana. Food Control 55: 242–247.
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12.
Tagoe D, Nyarko H, Arthur S, Birikorang E, 2011. A study of antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolates in sachet drinking water sold in the cape coast metropolis of Ghana. Res J Microbiol 6: 153.
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13.
Stoler J, Tutu RA, Ahmed H, Asantewa Frimpong L, Bello M, 2015. Sachet water quality and brand reputation in two low-income urban communities in Greater Accra, Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 90: 272–278.
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14.
MacArthur RL, Darkwa S, 2013. Production and vendor practices that compromise the quality of “sachet” water in the central region, Ghana. Int J Sci Technol Soc 1: 64–70.
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15.
Stoler J, Fink G, Weeks JR, Otoo RA, Ampofo JA, Hill AG, 2012. When urban taps run dry: sachet water consumption and health effects in low income neighborhoods of Accra, Ghana. Health Place 18: 250–262.
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16.
Wright J, Dzodzomenyo M, Fink G, Wardrop NA, Aryeetey GC, Adanu RM, Hill AG, 2016. Subsidized sachet water to reduce diarrheal disease in young children: a feasibility study in Accra, Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95: 239–246.
-
17.
Wright J, Gundry S, Conroy R, 2004. Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Trop Med Int Health 9: 106–117.
-
18.
NORC (National Opinion Research Center), 2011. Impact Evaluation of Water Supply Activity: Baseline Report. MiDA Contract 4101106-01. Bethesda, MD: NORC, University of Chicago. Available at: https://data.mcc.gov/evaluations/index.php/catalog/112/download/493.
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19.
StataCorp, 2015. Stata Statistical Software: Release 14. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC.
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20.
Jepson W et al. 2017. Advancing human capabilities for water security: a relational approach. Water Secur 1 (Suppl C): 46–52.
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21.
Addo MG, Woods CA, Andoh LA, Obiri-Danso K, 2016. Effect of varying storage temperatures on the microbiological quality of street sold water in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana. Res J Microbiol 11: 56–63.
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22.
Duwiejuah A, Cobbina S, Akrong M, 2013. Effect of storage on the quality of sachet-vended water in the Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. J Environ Prot (Irvine Calif) 4: 629–637.
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23.
Kumpel E, Cock-Esteb A, Duret M, de Waal D, Khush R, 2017. Seasonal variation in drinking and domestic water sources and quality in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 96: 437–445.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1675 | 1439 | 414 |
| Full Text Views | 1441 | 14 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 228 | 12 | 0 |
An Evolving Choice in a Diverse Water Market: A Quality Comparison of Sachet Water with Community and Household Water Sources in Ghana
Danice Guzmán
Danice Guzmán
Initiative for Global Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana;
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Search for other papers by Danice Guzmán in
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Justin Stoler
Justin Stoler
Department of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida;
Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
Search for other papers by Justin Stoler in
Current site
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Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
Search for other papers by Justin Stoler in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Packaged water, particularly bagged sachet water, has become an important drinking water source in West Africa as local governments struggle to provide safe drinking water supplies. In Ghana, sachet water has become an important primary water source in urban centers, and a growing literature has explored various dimensions of this industry, including product quality. There is very little data on sachet water quality outside of large urban centers, where smaller markets often mean less producer competition and less government regulation. This study analyzes the microbiological quality of sachet water alongside samples of other common water sources at point-of-collection (POC) and point-of-use (POU) in 42 rural, peri-urban, and small-town Ghanaian communities using the IDEXX Colilert® 18 (Westbrook, ME). Levels of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli detected in sachet water samples were statistically and significantly lower than levels detected in all other water sources at POU, including public taps and standpipes, and statistically similar or significantly lower at POC. In diverse waterscapes where households regularly patch together their water supply from different sources, sachet water appears to be an evolving alternative for safe drinking water despite many caveats, including higher unit costs and limited opportunities to recycle the plastic packaging.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 28 KB)
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Danice Guzmán, Initiative for Global Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, E-mail: dbrown16@nd.edu. Justin Stoler, Department of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, E-mail: stoler@miami.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Vedachalam S, MacDonald LH, Omoluabi E, OlaOlorun F, Otupiri E, Schwab KJ, 2017. The role of packaged water in meeting global targets on improved water access. J Water Sanit Hyg Dev 7: 369–377.
-
2.
Williams AR, Bain RES, Fisher MB, Cronk R, Kelly ER, Bartram J, 2015. A systematic review and meta-analysis of fecal contamination and inadequate treatment of packaged water. PLoS One 10: e0140899.
-
3.
Stoler J, 2017. From curiosity to commodity: a review of the evolution of sachet drinking water in West Africa. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Water 4: e1206.
-
4.
WHO/UNICEF, 2017. Safely Managed Drinking Water—Thematic Report on Drinking Water 2017. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
5.
Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), Ghana Health Service (GHS), ICF International, 2015. Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Rockville, MD: GSS, GHS, and ICF International.
-
6.
White GF, Bradley DJ, White AU, 1972. Drawers of Water: Domestic Water Use in East Africa. London, United Kingdom: University of Chicago Press. Available at: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19722703575. Accessed July 20, 2017.
-
7.
Thompson J, Porras IT, Tumwine JK, Mujwahuzi MR, Katui-Katua M, Johnstone N, Wood L, 2001. Drawers of Water II. London, United Kingdom: International Institute for Environment and Development.
-
8.
Guzman JC, Brown D, Khatiwada L, 2016. Millennium Challenge Corporation Impact Evaluation: Water and Sanitation Component of the Ghana Compact. Final Report. Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame Initiative for Global Development.
-
9.
Wright J, Dzodzomenyo M, Wardrop N, Johnston R, Hill A, Aryeetey G, Adanu R, 2016. Effects of sachet water consumption on exposure to microbe-contaminated drinking water: household survey evidence from Ghana. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13: 303.
-
10.
Oyelude EO, Ahenkorah S, 2012. Quality of sachet water and bottled water in Bolgatanga Municipality of Ghana. Res J Appl Sci Eng Technol 4: 1094–1098.
-
11.
Stoler J, Ahmed H, Asantewa Frimpong L, Bello M, 2015. Presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in coliform-free sachet drinking water in Ghana. Food Control 55: 242–247.
-
12.
Tagoe D, Nyarko H, Arthur S, Birikorang E, 2011. A study of antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolates in sachet drinking water sold in the cape coast metropolis of Ghana. Res J Microbiol 6: 153.
-
13.
Stoler J, Tutu RA, Ahmed H, Asantewa Frimpong L, Bello M, 2015. Sachet water quality and brand reputation in two low-income urban communities in Greater Accra, Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 90: 272–278.
-
14.
MacArthur RL, Darkwa S, 2013. Production and vendor practices that compromise the quality of “sachet” water in the central region, Ghana. Int J Sci Technol Soc 1: 64–70.
-
15.
Stoler J, Fink G, Weeks JR, Otoo RA, Ampofo JA, Hill AG, 2012. When urban taps run dry: sachet water consumption and health effects in low income neighborhoods of Accra, Ghana. Health Place 18: 250–262.
-
16.
Wright J, Dzodzomenyo M, Fink G, Wardrop NA, Aryeetey GC, Adanu RM, Hill AG, 2016. Subsidized sachet water to reduce diarrheal disease in young children: a feasibility study in Accra, Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95: 239–246.
-
17.
Wright J, Gundry S, Conroy R, 2004. Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Trop Med Int Health 9: 106–117.
-
18.
NORC (National Opinion Research Center), 2011. Impact Evaluation of Water Supply Activity: Baseline Report. MiDA Contract 4101106-01. Bethesda, MD: NORC, University of Chicago. Available at: https://data.mcc.gov/evaluations/index.php/catalog/112/download/493.
-
19.
StataCorp, 2015. Stata Statistical Software: Release 14. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC.
-
20.
Jepson W et al. 2017. Advancing human capabilities for water security: a relational approach. Water Secur 1 (Suppl C): 46–52.
-
21.
Addo MG, Woods CA, Andoh LA, Obiri-Danso K, 2016. Effect of varying storage temperatures on the microbiological quality of street sold water in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana. Res J Microbiol 11: 56–63.
-
22.
Duwiejuah A, Cobbina S, Akrong M, 2013. Effect of storage on the quality of sachet-vended water in the Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. J Environ Prot (Irvine Calif) 4: 629–637.
-
23.
Kumpel E, Cock-Esteb A, Duret M, de Waal D, Khush R, 2017. Seasonal variation in drinking and domestic water sources and quality in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 96: 437–445.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1675 | 1439 | 414 |
| Full Text Views | 1441 | 14 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 228 | 12 | 0 |