ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Ko AI, Goarant C, Picardeau M, 2009. Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Nat Rev Microbiol 7: 736–747.
-
2.
Calderon A, Rodriguez V, Mattar S, Arrieta G, 2014. Leptospirosis in pigs, dogs, rodents, humans, and water in an area of the Colombian tropics. Trop Anim Health Prod 46: 427–432.
-
3.
Levett PN, 2001. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14: 296–326.
-
4.
Bharti AR et al. Peru-United States Leptospirosis Consortium, 2003. Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 757–771.
-
5.
Matthias MA et al. 2008. Human leptospirosis caused by a new, antigenically unique Leptospira associated with a Rattus species reservoir in the Peruvian Amazon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e213.
-
6.
Ricaldi JN et al. 2012. Whole genome analysis of Leptospira licerasiae provides insight into leptospiral evolution and pathogenicity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1853.
-
7.
Fouts DE et al. 2016. What makes a bacterial species pathogenic?: Comparative genomic analysis of the genus Leptospira. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004403.
-
8.
Patra KP, Choudhury B, Matthias MM, Baga S, Bandyopadhya K, Vinetz JM, 2015. Comparative analysis of lipopolysaccharides of pathogenic and intermediately pathogenic Leptospira species. BMC Microbiol 15: 244.
-
9.
Morey RE, Galloway RL, Bragg SL, Steigerwalt AG, Mayer LW, Levett PN, 2006. Species-specific identification of Leptospiraceae by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 44: 3510–3516.
-
10.
Costa F, Hagan JE, Calcagno J, Kane M, Torgerson P, Martinez-Silveira MS, Stein C, Abela-Ridder B, Ko AI, 2015. Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003898.
-
11.
Petersen AM, Boye K, Blom J, Schlichting P, Krogfelt KA, 2001. First isolation of Leptospira fainei serovar Hurstbridge from two human patients with Weil’s syndrome. J Med Microbiol 50: 96–100.
-
12.
Levett PN, Morey RE, Galloway RL, Steigerwalt AG, 2006. Leptospira broomii sp. nov., isolated from humans with leptospirosis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56: 671–673.
-
13.
Tsuboi M, Koizumi N, Hayakawa K, Kanagawa S, Ohmagari N, Kato Y, 2017. Imported Leptospira licerasiae infection in traveler returning to Japan from Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 23: 548–549.
-
14.
Chappel RJ, Khalik DA, Adler B, Bulach DM, Faine S, Perolat P, Vallance V, 1998. Serological titres to Leptospira fainei serovar hurstbridge in human sera in Australia. Epidemiol Infect 121: 473–475.
-
15.
Zuerner RL, Alt DP, Palmer MV, 2012. Development of chronic and acute golden Syrian hamster infection models with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo. Vet Pathol 49: 403–411.
-
16.
Zhang Y, Lou XL, Yang HL, Guo XK, Zhang XY, He P, Jiang XC, 2012. Establishment of a leptospirosis model in guinea pigs using an epicutaneous inoculations route. BMC Infect Dis 12: 20.
-
17.
Nally JE, Fishbein MC, Blanco DR, Lovett MA, 2005. Lethal infection of C3H/HeJ and C3H/SCID mice with an isolate of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni. Infect Immun 73: 7014–7017.
-
18.
Viriyakosol S, Matthias MA, Swancutt MA, Kirkland TN, Vinetz JM, 2006. Toll-like receptor 4 protects against lethal Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae infection and contributes to in vivo control of leptospiral burden. Infect Immun 74: 887–895.
-
19.
Perolat P, Chappel RJ, Adler B, Baranton G, Bulach DM, Billinghurst ML, Letocart M, Merien F, Serrano MS, 1998. Leptospira fainei sp. nov., isolated from pigs in Australia. Int J Syst Bacteriol 48: 851–858.
-
20.
Arzouni JP, Parola P, La Scola B, Postic D, Brouqui P, Raoult D, 2002. Human infection caused by Leptospira fainei. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 865–868.
-
21.
Asoh T, Saito M, Villanueva SY, Kanemaru T, Gloriani N, Yoshida S, 2014. Natural defense by saliva and mucosa against oral infection by Leptospira. Can J Microbiol 60: 383–389.
-
22.
Levett PN, 2003. Leptospira and Leptonema. Murray PR, ed. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 929–936.
-
23.
American Veterinary Medical Association, 2013. AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals. Schaumberg, IL: AVMA.
-
24.
Thibeaux R, Iraola G, Ferres I, Bierque E, Girault D, Soupe-Gilbert ME, Picardeau M, Goarant C, 2018. Deciphering the unexplored Leptospira diversity from soils uncovers genomic evolution to virulence. Microb Genom 4: 1–10.
-
25.
Pappas CJ, Benaroudj N, Picardeau M, 2015. A replicative plasmid vector allows efficient complementation of pathogenic Leptospira strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 81: 3176–3181.
-
26.
Lourdault K, Cerqueira GM, Wunder EA Jr., Picardeau M, 2011. Inactivation of clpB in the pathogen Leptospira interrogans reduces virulence and resistance to stress conditions. Infect Immun 79: 3711–3717.
-
27.
Croda J, Figueira CP, Wunder EA Jr., Santos CS, Reis MG, Ko AI, Picardeau M, 2008. Targeted mutagenesis in pathogenic Leptospira species: disruption of the LigB gene does not affect virulence in animal models of leptospirosis. Infect Immun 76: 5826–5833.
-
28.
Katoh K, Standley DM, 2013. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol Biol Evol 30: 772–780.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 320 | 276 | 12 |
| Full Text Views | 843 | 5 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 125 | 7 | 0 |
Experimental Infection of Rattus norvegicus by the Group II Intermediate Pathogen, Leptospira licerasiae
Carla Fernandez
Carla Fernandez
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California;
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Aristea A. Lubar
Aristea A. Lubar
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California;
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Joseph M. Vinetz
Joseph M. Vinetz
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California;
Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Michael A. Matthias
Michael A. Matthias
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California;
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Leptospira licerasiae serovar Varillal, a group II intermediate pathogen species/serovar discovered in the Peruvian Amazon city of Iquitos, is commonly recognized in this region by sera from humans (at least 40% seroprevalence) without a known clinical history of leptospirosis. This high frequency of human seroreactivity remains unexplained. To test the hypothesis that the oral route of infection might explain the high rate of human seroreactivity against L. licerasiae, an experimental infection model using Rattus norvegicus was developed, given that rats were one of the original reservoir hosts identified as being colonized by this leptospire. Sprague–Dawley rats were experimentally exposed via mucosa, direct gastric gavage, or parenteral inoculation with nine different isolates of L. licerasiae originally isolated from Peruvian humans, peridomiciliary rodents, and wildlife. As shown by quantitative polymerase chain reaction of kidney tissue, Leptospira infection via these routes of infection was equally successful. Importantly, the data show that L. licerasiae infects R. norvegicus via the oral route, leading to renal colonization. Not only do these findings confirm the infectiousness of group II Leptospira, but also they underscore the potential importance of oral as well as mucosal and transcutaneous routes of Leptospira infection.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Carla Fernandez, Aristea A. Lubar, and Michael A. Matthias, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, E-mails: cfernandezcuadros@ucsd.edu, alubar@ucsd.edu, and mmatthias@ucsd.edu. Joseph M. Vinetz, Center for Tropical Diseases, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, E-mail: joseph.vinetz@upch.pe.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Ko AI, Goarant C, Picardeau M, 2009. Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Nat Rev Microbiol 7: 736–747.
-
2.
Calderon A, Rodriguez V, Mattar S, Arrieta G, 2014. Leptospirosis in pigs, dogs, rodents, humans, and water in an area of the Colombian tropics. Trop Anim Health Prod 46: 427–432.
-
3.
Levett PN, 2001. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14: 296–326.
-
4.
Bharti AR et al. Peru-United States Leptospirosis Consortium, 2003. Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 757–771.
-
5.
Matthias MA et al. 2008. Human leptospirosis caused by a new, antigenically unique Leptospira associated with a Rattus species reservoir in the Peruvian Amazon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e213.
-
6.
Ricaldi JN et al. 2012. Whole genome analysis of Leptospira licerasiae provides insight into leptospiral evolution and pathogenicity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1853.
-
7.
Fouts DE et al. 2016. What makes a bacterial species pathogenic?: Comparative genomic analysis of the genus Leptospira. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004403.
-
8.
Patra KP, Choudhury B, Matthias MM, Baga S, Bandyopadhya K, Vinetz JM, 2015. Comparative analysis of lipopolysaccharides of pathogenic and intermediately pathogenic Leptospira species. BMC Microbiol 15: 244.
-
9.
Morey RE, Galloway RL, Bragg SL, Steigerwalt AG, Mayer LW, Levett PN, 2006. Species-specific identification of Leptospiraceae by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 44: 3510–3516.
-
10.
Costa F, Hagan JE, Calcagno J, Kane M, Torgerson P, Martinez-Silveira MS, Stein C, Abela-Ridder B, Ko AI, 2015. Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003898.
-
11.
Petersen AM, Boye K, Blom J, Schlichting P, Krogfelt KA, 2001. First isolation of Leptospira fainei serovar Hurstbridge from two human patients with Weil’s syndrome. J Med Microbiol 50: 96–100.
-
12.
Levett PN, Morey RE, Galloway RL, Steigerwalt AG, 2006. Leptospira broomii sp. nov., isolated from humans with leptospirosis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56: 671–673.
-
13.
Tsuboi M, Koizumi N, Hayakawa K, Kanagawa S, Ohmagari N, Kato Y, 2017. Imported Leptospira licerasiae infection in traveler returning to Japan from Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 23: 548–549.
-
14.
Chappel RJ, Khalik DA, Adler B, Bulach DM, Faine S, Perolat P, Vallance V, 1998. Serological titres to Leptospira fainei serovar hurstbridge in human sera in Australia. Epidemiol Infect 121: 473–475.
-
15.
Zuerner RL, Alt DP, Palmer MV, 2012. Development of chronic and acute golden Syrian hamster infection models with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo. Vet Pathol 49: 403–411.
-
16.
Zhang Y, Lou XL, Yang HL, Guo XK, Zhang XY, He P, Jiang XC, 2012. Establishment of a leptospirosis model in guinea pigs using an epicutaneous inoculations route. BMC Infect Dis 12: 20.
-
17.
Nally JE, Fishbein MC, Blanco DR, Lovett MA, 2005. Lethal infection of C3H/HeJ and C3H/SCID mice with an isolate of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni. Infect Immun 73: 7014–7017.
-
18.
Viriyakosol S, Matthias MA, Swancutt MA, Kirkland TN, Vinetz JM, 2006. Toll-like receptor 4 protects against lethal Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae infection and contributes to in vivo control of leptospiral burden. Infect Immun 74: 887–895.
-
19.
Perolat P, Chappel RJ, Adler B, Baranton G, Bulach DM, Billinghurst ML, Letocart M, Merien F, Serrano MS, 1998. Leptospira fainei sp. nov., isolated from pigs in Australia. Int J Syst Bacteriol 48: 851–858.
-
20.
Arzouni JP, Parola P, La Scola B, Postic D, Brouqui P, Raoult D, 2002. Human infection caused by Leptospira fainei. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 865–868.
-
21.
Asoh T, Saito M, Villanueva SY, Kanemaru T, Gloriani N, Yoshida S, 2014. Natural defense by saliva and mucosa against oral infection by Leptospira. Can J Microbiol 60: 383–389.
-
22.
Levett PN, 2003. Leptospira and Leptonema. Murray PR, ed. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 929–936.
-
23.
American Veterinary Medical Association, 2013. AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals. Schaumberg, IL: AVMA.
-
24.
Thibeaux R, Iraola G, Ferres I, Bierque E, Girault D, Soupe-Gilbert ME, Picardeau M, Goarant C, 2018. Deciphering the unexplored Leptospira diversity from soils uncovers genomic evolution to virulence. Microb Genom 4: 1–10.
-
25.
Pappas CJ, Benaroudj N, Picardeau M, 2015. A replicative plasmid vector allows efficient complementation of pathogenic Leptospira strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 81: 3176–3181.
-
26.
Lourdault K, Cerqueira GM, Wunder EA Jr., Picardeau M, 2011. Inactivation of clpB in the pathogen Leptospira interrogans reduces virulence and resistance to stress conditions. Infect Immun 79: 3711–3717.
-
27.
Croda J, Figueira CP, Wunder EA Jr., Santos CS, Reis MG, Ko AI, Picardeau M, 2008. Targeted mutagenesis in pathogenic Leptospira species: disruption of the LigB gene does not affect virulence in animal models of leptospirosis. Infect Immun 76: 5826–5833.
-
28.
Katoh K, Standley DM, 2013. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol Biol Evol 30: 772–780.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 320 | 276 | 12 |
| Full Text Views | 843 | 5 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 125 | 7 | 0 |