ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Orihel TC, Eberhard ML, 1998. Zoonotic filariasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 11: 366–381.
-
2.
Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A, Bockarie M, 2010. Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. Lancet 376: 1175–1185.
-
3.
Michael E, Bundy DA, 1997. Global mapping of lymphatic filariasis. Parasitol Today 13: 472–476.
-
4.
Ramaiah KD, Ottesen EA, 2014. Progress and impact of 13 years of the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis on reducing the burden of filarial disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e3319.
-
5.
World Health Organization, 2016. Weekly Epidemiological Record, No. 39, Vol. 91, 441–460.
-
6.
Baird JK, Alpert LI, Friedman R, Schraft WC, Connor DH, 1986. North American brugian filariasis: report of nine infections of humans. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35: 1205–1209.
-
7.
Elenitoba-Johnson KS, Eberhard ML, Dauphinais RM, Lammie PJ, Khorsand J, 1996. Zoonotic brugian lymphadenitis. An unusual case with florid monocytoid B-cell proliferation. Am J Clin Pathol 105: 384–387.
-
8.
Paniz-Mondolfi AE, Garate T, Stavropoulos C, Fan W, Gonzalez LM, Eberhard M, Kimmelstiel F, Sordillo EM, 2014. Zoonotic filariasis caused by novel Brugia sp. nematode, United States, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 1248–1250.
-
9.
Perez MT, Bush LM, Perdomo T, 2006. A 32-year-old immunocompetent man with submandibular lymphadenopathy. Lab Med 37: 619–622.
-
10.
Eberhard ML, Telford SR 3rd, Spielman A, 1991. A Brugia species infecting rabbits in the northeastern United States. J Parasitol 77: 796–798.
-
11.
Beaver PC, Orihel TC, 1965. Human infection with filariae of animals in the United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 14: 1010–1029.
-
12.
Eberhard ML, DeMeester LJ, Martin BW, Lammie PJ, 1993. Zoonotic Brugia infection in western Michigan. Am J Surg Pathol 17: 1058–1061.
-
13.
Gutierrez Y, Petras RE, 1982. Brugia infection in northern Ohio. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31: 1128–1130.
-
14.
Orihel TC, Beaver PC, 1989. Zoonotic Brugia infections in North and South America. Am J Trop Med Hyg 40: 638–647.
-
15.
HCUP. National Inpatient Sample (NIS), 1988–2015. HCUP, ed. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
-
16.
Ahn PJ, Bertagnolli R, Fraser SL, Freeman JH, 2005. Distended thoracic duct and diffuse lymphangiectasia caused by bancroftian filariasis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185: 1011–1014.
-
17.
Schick C, Thalhammer A, Balzer JO, Abolmaali N, Vogl TJ, 2002. Cystic lymph node enlargement of the neck: filariasis as a rare differential diagnosis in MRI. Eur Radiol 12: 2349.
-
18.
Vaid SJ, Luthra A, Karnik S, Ahuja AT, 2011. Facial wrigglies: live extralymphatic filarial infestation in subcutaneous tissues of the head and neck. Br J Radiol 84: e126–e129.
-
19.
Ottesen EA, Duke BO, Karam M, Behbehani K, 1997. Strategies and tools for the control/elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Bull World Health Organ 75: 491–503.
-
20.
Dey P, Radhika S, Jain A, 1993. Microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti in a lymph node aspirate. A case report. Acta Cytol 37: 745–746.
-
21.
Jindal A, Sukheeja D, Midya M, 2014. Cervical lymphadenopathy in a child—an unusual presentation of filariasis. Int J Sci Res Publ 4: 2250.
-
22.
Lalitha P, Eswaran D, Gnanasekar M, Rao KVN, Narayanan RB, Scott A, Nutman T, Kaliraj P, 2002. Development of antigen detection ELISA for the diagnosis of brugian and bancroftian filariasis using antibodies to recombinant filarial antigens Bm‐SXP‐1 and Wb‐SXP‐1. Microbiol Immunol 46: 327–332.
-
23.
Fischer P, Boakye D, Hamburger J, 2003. Polymerase chain reaction-based detection of lymphatic filariasis. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 192: 3–7.
-
24.
Goel TC, Goel A, 2016. Treatment and prognosis. Goel TC, Goel A, eds. Lymphatic Filariasis. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 81–85.
-
25.
Kazura J, Greenberg J, Perry R, Weil G, Day K, Alpers M, 1993. Comparison of single-dose diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin for treatment of bancroftian filariasis in Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49: 804–811.
-
26.
Bockarie MJ, Alexander NDE, Hyun P, Dimber Z, Bockarie F, Ibam E, Alpers MP, Kazura JW, 1998. Randomised community-based trial of annual single-dose diethylcarbamazine with or without ivermectin against Wuchereria bancrofti infection in human beings and mosquitoes. Lancet 351: 162–168.
-
27.
Dreyer G et al. 1995. Treatment of bancroftian filariasis in Recife, Brazil: a two-year comparative study of the efficacy of single treatments with ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89: 98–102.
-
28.
Goel TC, Goel A, 2016. Antifilarial drugs. Goel TC, Goel A, eds. Lymphatic Filariasis. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 95–110.
-
29.
Ottesen EA, Vijayasekaran V, Kumaraswami V, Perumal Pillai SV, Sadanandam A, Frederick S, Prabhakar R, Tripathy SP, 1990. A controlled trial of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine in lymphatic filariasis. N Engl J Med 322: 1113–1117.
-
30.
Greene BM et al. 1985. Comparison of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine in the treatment of onchocerciasis. N Engl J Med 313: 133–138.
-
31.
Herrick JA et al. 2017. Posttreatment reactions after single-dose diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin in subjects with Loa loa infection. Clin Infect Dis 64: 1017–1025.
-
32.
Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Demanga N, Kamgno J, Chippaux JP, Boussinesq M, 1997. Serious reactions after mass treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in an area endemic for Loa loa infection. Lancet 350: 18–22.
-
33.
Figueredo-Silva J, Dreyer G, Guimaraes K, Brandt C, Medeiros Z, 1994. Bancroftian lymphadenopathy: absence of eosinophils in tissues despite peripheral blood hypereosinophilia. J Trop Med Hyg 97: 55–59.
-
34.
Jungmann P, Figueredo-Silva J, 1989. Bancroftian filariasis in the metropolitan area of Recife (Pernambuco State, Brazil): clinical aspects in histologically diagnosed cases. Braz J Med Biol Res 22: 687–690.
-
35.
Witt C, Ottesen EA, 2001. Lymphatic filariasis: an infection of childhood. Trop Med Int Health 6: 582–606.
-
36.
Cerda JR, Buttke DE, Ballweber LR, 2018. Echinococcus spp. tapeworms in North America. Emerg Infect Dis 24: 230–235.
-
37.
O’Keefe KA, Eberhard ML, Shafir SC, Wilkins P, Ash LR, Sorvillo FJ, 2015. Cysticercosis-related hospitalizations in the United States, 1998–2011. Am J Trop Med Hyg 92: 354–359.
-
38.
Brabin L, 1990. Sex differentials in susceptibility to lymphatic filariasis and implications for maternal child immunity. Epidemiol Infect 105: 335–353.
-
39.
WHO, 1992. Lymphatic Filariasis: The Disease and Its Control, Fifth Report of the WHO Expert Committee on Filariasis [Meeting Held in Geneva from 1 to 8 October 1991]. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
40.
Newton WL, Wright WH, Pratt I, 1945. Experiments to determine potential mosquito vectors of Wuchereria bancrofti in the continental United States 1. Am J Trop Med 25: 253–261.
-
41.
Beaver PC, Wong MM, 1988. Brugia sp. from a domestic cat in California. Proc Helminthol Soc Wash 55: 111–113.
-
42.
Chansiri K, Tejangkura T, Kwaosak P, Sarataphan N, Phantana S, Sukhumsirichart W, 2002. PCR based method for identification of zoonostic Brugia malayi microfilariae in domestic cats. Mol Cell Probes 16: 129–135.
-
43.
Kanjanopas K, Choochote W, Jitpakdi A, Suvannadabba S, Loymak S, Chungpivat S, Nithiuthai S, 2001. Brugia malayi in a naturally infected cat from Narathiwat Province, southern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 32: 585–587.
-
44.
Tomoen W, 2005. Susceptibility of Mansonia uniformis to Brugia malayi microfilariae from infected domestic cat. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 36: 434.
-
45.
Amy Y, Quan H, McRae AD, Wagner GO, Hill MD, Coutts SB, 2017. A cohort study on physician documentation and the accuracy of administrative data coding to improve passive surveillance of transient ischaemic attacks. BMJ Open 7: e015234.
-
46.
Stausberg J, Lehmann N, Kaczmarek D, Stein M, 2008. Reliability of diagnoses coding with ICD-10. Int J Med Inform 77: 50–57.
-
47.
Gologorsky Y, Knightly JJ, Lu Y, Chi JH, Groff MW, 2014. Improving discharge data fidelity for use in large administrative databases. Neurosurg Focus 36: E2.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 792 | 520 | 53 |
| Full Text Views | 2111 | 12 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 981 | 13 | 1 |
Cervical Lymphatic Filariasis in a Pediatric Patient: Case Report and Database Analysis of Lymphatic Filariasis in the United States
Jonathan C. Simmonds
Jonathan C. Simmonds
Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Michael K. Mansour
Michael K. Mansour
Department of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Walid I. Dagher
Walid I. Dagher
Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts;
ENT Specialists, Inc., Brockton, Massachusetts
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ENT Specialists, Inc., Brockton, Massachusetts
Search for other papers by Walid I. Dagher in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Lymphatic filariasis is a mosquito-borne parasitic infection caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia spp. Commonly seen in tropical developing countries, lymphatic filariasis occurs when adult worms deposit in and obstruct lymphatics. Although not endemic to the United States, a few cases of lymphatic filariasis caused by zoonotic Brugia spp. have been reported. Here we present a case of an 11-year-old female with no travel history who was seen in our clinic for a 1-year history of painless left cervical lymphadenopathy secondary to lymphatic filariasis. We review the literature of this infection and discuss the management of our patient. Using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS), the largest publicly available all-payer inpatient care database in the United States, we also examine the demographics of this infection. Our results show that chronic lymphadenopathy in the head and neck is the most common presenting symptoms of domestic lymphatic filariasis. Diagnosis is often made after surgical lymph node excision. Examination of the NIS from 2000 to 2014 revealed 865 patients admitted with a diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis. Most patients are in the mid to late sixties and are located on the eastern seaboard. Eight hundred and twenty six cases (95.5%) were likely due to zoonotic Brugia spp. and 39 (4.5%) due to W. bancrofti. Despite being rare, these data highlight the need to consider filariasis in patients presenting with chronic lymphadenopathy in the United States.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Jonathan C. Simmonds, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, E-mail: jsimmonds@tuftsmedicalcenter.org. Michael K. Mansour, Department of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, E-mail: mkmansour@partners.org. Walid I. Dagher, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, and ENT Specialists, Inc., Brockton, MA, E-mail: wdagher@entspecialists.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Orihel TC, Eberhard ML, 1998. Zoonotic filariasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 11: 366–381.
-
2.
Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A, Bockarie M, 2010. Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. Lancet 376: 1175–1185.
-
3.
Michael E, Bundy DA, 1997. Global mapping of lymphatic filariasis. Parasitol Today 13: 472–476.
-
4.
Ramaiah KD, Ottesen EA, 2014. Progress and impact of 13 years of the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis on reducing the burden of filarial disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e3319.
-
5.
World Health Organization, 2016. Weekly Epidemiological Record, No. 39, Vol. 91, 441–460.
-
6.
Baird JK, Alpert LI, Friedman R, Schraft WC, Connor DH, 1986. North American brugian filariasis: report of nine infections of humans. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35: 1205–1209.
-
7.
Elenitoba-Johnson KS, Eberhard ML, Dauphinais RM, Lammie PJ, Khorsand J, 1996. Zoonotic brugian lymphadenitis. An unusual case with florid monocytoid B-cell proliferation. Am J Clin Pathol 105: 384–387.
-
8.
Paniz-Mondolfi AE, Garate T, Stavropoulos C, Fan W, Gonzalez LM, Eberhard M, Kimmelstiel F, Sordillo EM, 2014. Zoonotic filariasis caused by novel Brugia sp. nematode, United States, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 1248–1250.
-
9.
Perez MT, Bush LM, Perdomo T, 2006. A 32-year-old immunocompetent man with submandibular lymphadenopathy. Lab Med 37: 619–622.
-
10.
Eberhard ML, Telford SR 3rd, Spielman A, 1991. A Brugia species infecting rabbits in the northeastern United States. J Parasitol 77: 796–798.
-
11.
Beaver PC, Orihel TC, 1965. Human infection with filariae of animals in the United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 14: 1010–1029.
-
12.
Eberhard ML, DeMeester LJ, Martin BW, Lammie PJ, 1993. Zoonotic Brugia infection in western Michigan. Am J Surg Pathol 17: 1058–1061.
-
13.
Gutierrez Y, Petras RE, 1982. Brugia infection in northern Ohio. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31: 1128–1130.
-
14.
Orihel TC, Beaver PC, 1989. Zoonotic Brugia infections in North and South America. Am J Trop Med Hyg 40: 638–647.
-
15.
HCUP. National Inpatient Sample (NIS), 1988–2015. HCUP, ed. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
-
16.
Ahn PJ, Bertagnolli R, Fraser SL, Freeman JH, 2005. Distended thoracic duct and diffuse lymphangiectasia caused by bancroftian filariasis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185: 1011–1014.
-
17.
Schick C, Thalhammer A, Balzer JO, Abolmaali N, Vogl TJ, 2002. Cystic lymph node enlargement of the neck: filariasis as a rare differential diagnosis in MRI. Eur Radiol 12: 2349.
-
18.
Vaid SJ, Luthra A, Karnik S, Ahuja AT, 2011. Facial wrigglies: live extralymphatic filarial infestation in subcutaneous tissues of the head and neck. Br J Radiol 84: e126–e129.
-
19.
Ottesen EA, Duke BO, Karam M, Behbehani K, 1997. Strategies and tools for the control/elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Bull World Health Organ 75: 491–503.
-
20.
Dey P, Radhika S, Jain A, 1993. Microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti in a lymph node aspirate. A case report. Acta Cytol 37: 745–746.
-
21.
Jindal A, Sukheeja D, Midya M, 2014. Cervical lymphadenopathy in a child—an unusual presentation of filariasis. Int J Sci Res Publ 4: 2250.
-
22.
Lalitha P, Eswaran D, Gnanasekar M, Rao KVN, Narayanan RB, Scott A, Nutman T, Kaliraj P, 2002. Development of antigen detection ELISA for the diagnosis of brugian and bancroftian filariasis using antibodies to recombinant filarial antigens Bm‐SXP‐1 and Wb‐SXP‐1. Microbiol Immunol 46: 327–332.
-
23.
Fischer P, Boakye D, Hamburger J, 2003. Polymerase chain reaction-based detection of lymphatic filariasis. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 192: 3–7.
-
24.
Goel TC, Goel A, 2016. Treatment and prognosis. Goel TC, Goel A, eds. Lymphatic Filariasis. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 81–85.
-
25.
Kazura J, Greenberg J, Perry R, Weil G, Day K, Alpers M, 1993. Comparison of single-dose diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin for treatment of bancroftian filariasis in Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49: 804–811.
-
26.
Bockarie MJ, Alexander NDE, Hyun P, Dimber Z, Bockarie F, Ibam E, Alpers MP, Kazura JW, 1998. Randomised community-based trial of annual single-dose diethylcarbamazine with or without ivermectin against Wuchereria bancrofti infection in human beings and mosquitoes. Lancet 351: 162–168.
-
27.
Dreyer G et al. 1995. Treatment of bancroftian filariasis in Recife, Brazil: a two-year comparative study of the efficacy of single treatments with ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89: 98–102.
-
28.
Goel TC, Goel A, 2016. Antifilarial drugs. Goel TC, Goel A, eds. Lymphatic Filariasis. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 95–110.
-
29.
Ottesen EA, Vijayasekaran V, Kumaraswami V, Perumal Pillai SV, Sadanandam A, Frederick S, Prabhakar R, Tripathy SP, 1990. A controlled trial of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine in lymphatic filariasis. N Engl J Med 322: 1113–1117.
-
30.
Greene BM et al. 1985. Comparison of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine in the treatment of onchocerciasis. N Engl J Med 313: 133–138.
-
31.
Herrick JA et al. 2017. Posttreatment reactions after single-dose diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin in subjects with Loa loa infection. Clin Infect Dis 64: 1017–1025.
-
32.
Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Demanga N, Kamgno J, Chippaux JP, Boussinesq M, 1997. Serious reactions after mass treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in an area endemic for Loa loa infection. Lancet 350: 18–22.
-
33.
Figueredo-Silva J, Dreyer G, Guimaraes K, Brandt C, Medeiros Z, 1994. Bancroftian lymphadenopathy: absence of eosinophils in tissues despite peripheral blood hypereosinophilia. J Trop Med Hyg 97: 55–59.
-
34.
Jungmann P, Figueredo-Silva J, 1989. Bancroftian filariasis in the metropolitan area of Recife (Pernambuco State, Brazil): clinical aspects in histologically diagnosed cases. Braz J Med Biol Res 22: 687–690.
-
35.
Witt C, Ottesen EA, 2001. Lymphatic filariasis: an infection of childhood. Trop Med Int Health 6: 582–606.
-
36.
Cerda JR, Buttke DE, Ballweber LR, 2018. Echinococcus spp. tapeworms in North America. Emerg Infect Dis 24: 230–235.
-
37.
O’Keefe KA, Eberhard ML, Shafir SC, Wilkins P, Ash LR, Sorvillo FJ, 2015. Cysticercosis-related hospitalizations in the United States, 1998–2011. Am J Trop Med Hyg 92: 354–359.
-
38.
Brabin L, 1990. Sex differentials in susceptibility to lymphatic filariasis and implications for maternal child immunity. Epidemiol Infect 105: 335–353.
-
39.
WHO, 1992. Lymphatic Filariasis: The Disease and Its Control, Fifth Report of the WHO Expert Committee on Filariasis [Meeting Held in Geneva from 1 to 8 October 1991]. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
40.
Newton WL, Wright WH, Pratt I, 1945. Experiments to determine potential mosquito vectors of Wuchereria bancrofti in the continental United States 1. Am J Trop Med 25: 253–261.
-
41.
Beaver PC, Wong MM, 1988. Brugia sp. from a domestic cat in California. Proc Helminthol Soc Wash 55: 111–113.
-
42.
Chansiri K, Tejangkura T, Kwaosak P, Sarataphan N, Phantana S, Sukhumsirichart W, 2002. PCR based method for identification of zoonostic Brugia malayi microfilariae in domestic cats. Mol Cell Probes 16: 129–135.
-
43.
Kanjanopas K, Choochote W, Jitpakdi A, Suvannadabba S, Loymak S, Chungpivat S, Nithiuthai S, 2001. Brugia malayi in a naturally infected cat from Narathiwat Province, southern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 32: 585–587.
-
44.
Tomoen W, 2005. Susceptibility of Mansonia uniformis to Brugia malayi microfilariae from infected domestic cat. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 36: 434.
-
45.
Amy Y, Quan H, McRae AD, Wagner GO, Hill MD, Coutts SB, 2017. A cohort study on physician documentation and the accuracy of administrative data coding to improve passive surveillance of transient ischaemic attacks. BMJ Open 7: e015234.
-
46.
Stausberg J, Lehmann N, Kaczmarek D, Stein M, 2008. Reliability of diagnoses coding with ICD-10. Int J Med Inform 77: 50–57.
-
47.
Gologorsky Y, Knightly JJ, Lu Y, Chi JH, Groff MW, 2014. Improving discharge data fidelity for use in large administrative databases. Neurosurg Focus 36: E2.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 792 | 520 | 53 |
| Full Text Views | 2111 | 12 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 981 | 13 | 1 |