ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
de Sant’Ana FJF, Rabelo RE, Vulcani VAS, Cargnelutti JF, Flores EF, 2012. Bovine papular stomatitis affecting dairy cows and milkers in midwestern Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest 24: 442–445.
-
2.
Nougairede A et al. 2013. Sheep-to-human transmission of orf virus during Eid al-Adha religious practices, France. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 102–105.
-
3.
Kitchen M, Müller H, Zobl A, Windisch A, Romani N, Huemer H, 2014. Orf virus infection in a hunter in western Austria, presumably transmitted by game. Acta Derm Venereol 94: 212–214.
-
4.
Osadebe LU et al. 2015. Novel poxvirus infection in 2 patients from the United States. Clin Infect Dis 60: 195–202.
-
5.
Midili K, Erkılıç A, Kuşkucu M, Analay H, Erkılıç S, Benzonana N, Yıldırım MS, Mülayim K, Acar H, Ergonul O, 2013. Nosocomial outbreak of disseminated orf infection in a burn unit, Gaziantep, Turkey, October to December 2012. Euro Surveill 18: 1–5.
-
6.
Lederman E et al. 2013. An investigation of a cluster of parapoxvirus cases in Missouri, Feb–May 2006: epidemiologic, clinical and molecular aspects. Animals (Basel) 3: 142–157.
-
7.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2012. Human orf virus infection from household exposures—United States, 2009–2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 61: 245–248.
-
8.
de Vicq de Cumptich M, Snoeck R, Sass U, del Marmol V, Binet H, 2015. Orf nodules and immunosuppression: a case report and review of therapeutics. Rev Med Brux 36: 439–443.
-
9.
Geerinck K, Lukito G, Snoeck R, De Vos R, De Clercq E, Vanrenterghem Y, Degreef H, Maes B, 2001. A case of human orf in an immunocompromised patient treated successfully with cidofovir cream. J Med Virol 64: 543–549.
-
10.
Hoover AZ, Rubeiz N, 2016. Orf. Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450. Accessed March 16, 2017.
-
11.
Green G et al. 2006. Orf virus infection in humans—New York, Illinois, California, and Tennessee, 2004–2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 55: 65–68.
-
12.
Bayindir Y, Bayraktar M, Karadag N, Ozcan H, Kayabas U, Otlu B, Durmaz R, Doganay M, 2011. Investigation and analysis of a human orf outbreak among people living on the same farm. New Microbiol 34: 37–43.
-
13.
Stark CG, Vidyashankar C, 2016. Leishmaniasis Differential Diagnoses. Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/, http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220298-differential. Accessed September 27, 2017.
-
14.
Turnbull PC, 2008. Anthrax in Humans and Animals, 4th edition. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
15.
National Statistics Office of Georgia, 2016. 2014 General Population Census, GEOSTAT. Available at: http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf. Accessed September 27, 2017.
-
16.
Chanturidze T, Ugulava T, Duran A, Ensor T, Richardson E, 2009. Georgia: health system review, observatory on health systems and policies. Health systems in transition. World Heal Organ 11: 1–116.
-
17.
Kracalik IT, Malania L, Tsertsvadze N, Manvelyan J, Bakanidze L, Imnadze P, Tsanava S, Blackburn JK, 2013. Evidence of local persistence of human anthrax in the country of Georgia associated with environmental and anthropogenic factors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2388.
-
18.
Oğuzoğlu TÇ, Koç BT, Kirdeci A, Tan MT, 2014. Evidence of zoonotic pseudocowpox virus infection from a cattle in Turkey. Virusdisease 25: 381–384.
-
19.
Karakas A, Oguzoglu TC, Coskun O, Artuk C, Mert G, Gul HC, Sener K, Özkul A, 2013. First molecular characterization of a Turkish orf virus strain from a human based on a partial B2L sequence. Arch Virol 158: 1105–1108.
-
20.
Uzel M, Sasmaz S, Bakaris S, Cetinus E, Bilgic E, Karaoguz A, Ozkul A, Arican O, 2005. A viral infection of the hand commonly seen after the feast of sacrifice: human orf (orf of the hand). Epidemiol Infect 133: 653–657.
-
21.
Vora NM et al. 2015. Human infection with a zoonotic orthopoxvirus in the country of Georgia. N Engl J Med 372: 1223–1230.
-
22.
Wahl TG, Burdakov AV, Oukharov AO, Zhilokov AK, 2012. Electronic integrated disease surveillance system and pathogen asset control system. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 79.
-
23.
Electronic Integrated Disease Surveillance System (EIDSS). Available at: https://eidss.codeplex.com/. Accessed March 16, 2017.
-
24.
NCDC. Electronic Integrated Disease Surveillance System (EIDSS), 2018. EIDSS Project Description. Available at: http://www.ncdc.ge/en-US/ProgramsAndProjects/EIDSS. Accessed September 27, 2017.
-
25.
Zhao H, Wilkins K, Damon IK, Li Y, 2013. Specific qPCR assays for the detection of orf virus, pseudocowpox virus and bovine papular stomatitis virus. J Virol Methods 194: 229–234.
-
26.
World Health Organization, 2016. Antimicrobial Resistance. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en/. Accessed August 5, 2017.
-
27.
Ecthyma C, 2015. Iowa State University, The Center for Food Security and Public Health (CFSPH). Available at: http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/contagious_ecthyma.pdf. Accessed August 5, 2017.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Full Text Views | 572 | 122 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 82 | 18 | 2 |
Parapoxvirus Infections in the Country of Georgia: A Case Series
Infections caused by viruses of the parapoxvirus (PPV) genus, including orf and pseudocowpox viruses, are frequently seen in both humans and animals in many regions of the world. These infections are often misdiagnosed or neglected because of the lack of clinician awareness, inadequate diagnostic capacity, and their relatively mild disease presentation, which may result in affected individuals not seeking medical attention. Although PPV infections should be routinely considered in patients with cutaneous lesions, especially in those who have occupational exposure to farm animals, they are often excluded from the differential diagnosis because they are not perceived as serious, resulting in underestimation of the burden of disease. Since 2014, significant enhancements to Georgia’s epidemiologic and laboratory capacity have made PPV surveillance and detection possible. In this study, we present information on 27 confirmed cases of PPV infection reported to Georgia’s national surveillance system from January 2016 through January 2017.
Author Notes
Financial support: This publication is sponsored by the U.S. government and Cooperative Biological Engagement Program with support from CRDF Global. The content of the information does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the federal government and no official endorsement should be inferred.
Authors’ addresses: Giorgi Chakhunashvili and Khatuna Zakhashvili, Communicable Disease Department, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia, E-mails: g.chakhunashvili@ncdc.ge and episurv@ncdc.ge. Bradley F. Carlson, Laura Power, and Matthew L. Boulton, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, E-mails: bcarlson@umich.edu, lejohns@umich.edu, and mboulton@umich.edu. Ekaterine Khmaladze, Davit Tsaguria, and Mari Gavashelidze, Department of Virology, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Molecular Biology and Genome Research, Tbilisi, Georgia, E-mails: e.khmaladze@ncdc.ge, d.tsaguria@ncdc.ge, and m.gavashelidze@ncdc.ge. Paata Imnadze, Department of Epidemiology, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia, E-mail: pimnadze@ncdc.ge.