Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Petersen LR, Brault AC, Nasci RS, 2013. West Nile virus: review of the literature. JAMA 310: 308–315.
-
2.
Pesko KN, Ebel GD, 2012. West Nile virus population genetics and evolution. Infect Genet Evol 12: 181–190.
-
3.
Venter M et al. 2009. Lineage 2 West Nile virus as cause of fatal neurologic disease in horses, South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 877–884.
-
4.
Venter M, Swanepoel R, 2010. West Nile virus lineage 2 as a cause of zoonotic neurological disease in humans and horses in southern Africa. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10: 659–664.
-
5.
Jupp PG, 2001. The ecology of West Nile virus in South Africa and the occurrence of outbreaks in humans. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951: 143–152.
-
6.
Platonov AE et al. 2011. Genotyping of West Nile fever virus strains circulating in southern Russia as an epidemiological investigation method: principles and results. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 103 (Suppl 1): 29–37.
-
7.
Platonov AE, Fedorova MV, Karan LS, Shopenskaya TA, Platonova OV, Zhuravlev VI, 2008. Epidemiology of West Nile infection in Volgograd, Russia, in relation to climate change and mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) bionomics. Parasitol Res 103: 45–53.
-
8.
Rizzoli A et al. 2015. The challenge of West Nile virus in Europe: knowledge gaps and research priorities. Euro Surveill 20: 21135.
-
9.
Bakonyi T, Ivanics E, Erdelyi K, Ursu K, Ferenczi E, Weissenbock H, Nowotny N, 2006. Lineage 1 and 2 strains of encephalitic West Nile virus, central Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 618–623.
-
10.
Papa A, Xanthopoulou K, Gewehr S, Mourelatos S, 2011. Detection of West Nile virus lineage 2 in mosquitoes during a human outbreak in Greece. Clin Microbiol Infect 17: 1176–1180.
-
11.
Wodak E, Richter S, Bagó Z, Revilla-Fernández S, Weissenböck H, Nowotny N, Winter P, 2011. Detection and molecular analysis of West Nile virus infections in birds of prey in the eastern part of Austria in 2008 and 2009. Vet Microbiol 149: 358–366.
-
12.
Lustig Y, Hindiyeh M, Orshan L, Weiss L, Koren R, Katz-Likvornik S, Zadka H, Glatman-Freedman A, Mendelson E, Shulman LM, 2016. Mosquito surveillance for 15 years reveals high genetic diversity among West Nile viruses in Israel. J Infect Dis 213: 1107–1114.
-
13.
Danis K et al. 2011. Outbreak of West Nile virus infection in Greece, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 1868–1872.
-
14.
Papa A et al. 2010. Ongoing outbreak of West Nile virus infections in humans in Greece, July–August 2010. Euro Surveill 15: 19644.
-
15.
Papa A, 2012. West Nile virus infections in Greece: an update. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 10: 743–750.
-
16.
Pervanidou D et al. 2014. West Nile virus outbreak in humans, Greece, 2012: third consecutive year of local transmission. Euro Surveill 19: 20758.
-
17.
Papa A, Papadopoulou E, Kalaitzopoulou S, Tsioka K, Mourelatos S, 2014. Detection of West Nile virus and insect-specific flavivirus RNA in Culex mosquitoes, central Macedonia, Greece. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 108: 555–559.
-
18.
Popović N, Milošević B, Urošević A, Poluga J, Lavadinović L, Nedelijković J, Jevtović D, Dulović O, 2013. Outbreak of West Nile virus infection among humans in Serbia, August to October 2012. Euro Surveill 18: 20613.
-
19.
Magurano F et al. 2012. Circulation of West Nile virus lineage 1 and 2 during an outbreak in Italy. Clin Microbiol Infect 18: E545–E547.
-
20.
Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, Sardelis MR, O’guinn ML, Andreadis TG, Blow JA, 2005. An update on the potential of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 42: 57–62.
-
21.
Andreadis TG, 2012. The contribution of Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes to transmission and persistence of West Nile virus in North America. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 28: 137–151.
-
22.
Hubalek Z, Halouzka J, 1999. West Nile fever–a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 5: 643–650.
-
23.
Fyodorova MV, Savage HM, Lopatina JV, Bulgakova TA, Ivanitsky AV, Platonova OV, Platonov AE, 2006. Evaluation of potential West Nile virus vectors in Volgograd region, Russia, 2003 (Diptera: Culicidae): species composition, bloodmeal host utilization, and virus infection rates of mosquitoes. J Med Entomol 43: 552–563.
-
24.
Higgs S, Snow K, Gould EA, 2004. The potential for West Nile virus to establish outside of its natural range: a consideration of potential mosquito vectors in the United Kingdom. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98: 82–87.
-
25.
Brustolin M et al. 2016. Culex pipiens and Stegomyia albopicta (Aedes albopictus) populations as vectors for lineage 1 and 2 West Nile virus in Europe. Med Vet Entomol 30: 166–173.
-
26.
Fros JJ, Geertsema C, Vogels CB, Roosjen PP, Failloux A-B, Vlak JM, Koenraadt CJ, Takken W, Pijlman GP, 2015. West Nile virus: high transmission rate in north-western European mosquitoes indicates its epidemic potential and warrants increased surveillance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003956.
-
27.
Motayo BO, Onoja BA, Faneye AO, Adeniji JA, 2016. Seasonal abundance and molecular identification of West Nile virus vectors, Culex pipens and Culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) in Abeokuta, south-west, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 16: 135–140.
-
28.
Mutebi J-P, Crabtree MB, Kading RC, Powers AM, Lutwama JJ, Miller BR, 2012. Mosquitoes of western Uganda. J Med Entomol 49: 1289–1306.
-
29.
Muturi EJ, Muriu S, Shililu J, Mwangangi JM, Jacob BG, Mbogo C, Githure J, Novak RJ, 2008. Blood-feeding patterns of Culex quinquefasciatus and other culicines and implications for disease transmission in Mwea rice scheme, Kenya. Parasitol Res 102: 1329.
-
30.
Mossel EC, Crabtree MB, Mutebi J-P, Lutwama JJ, Borland EM, Powers AM, Miller BR, 2017. Arboviruses isolated from mosquitoes collected in Uganda, 2008–2012. J Med Entomol 54: 1403–1409.
-
31.
Papa A, Politis C, Tsoukala A, Eglezou A, Bakaloudi V, Hatzitaki M, Tsergouli K, 2012. West Nile virus lineage 2 from blood donor, Greece. Emerg Infect Dis 18: 688–689.
-
32.
Papa A, Bakonyi T, Xanthopoulou K, Vázquez A, Tenorio A, Nowotny N, 2011. Genetic characterization of West Nile virus lineage 2, Greece, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 920–922.
-
33.
Brault AC, Langevin SA, Bowen RA, Panella NA, Biggerstaff BJ, Miller BR, Komar N, 2004. Differential virulence of West Nile strains for American crows. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 2161–2168.
-
34.
Moudy RM, Meola MA, Morin L-LL, Ebel GD, Kramer LD, 2007. A newly emergent genotype of West Nile virus is transmitted earlier and more efficiently by Culex mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 365–370.
-
35.
Kilpatrick AM, Fonseca DM, Ebel GD, Reddy MR, Kramer LD, 2010. Spatial and temporal variation in vector competence of Culex pipiens and Cx. restuans mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 607–613.
-
36.
Kilpatrick AM, Meola MA, Moudy RM, Kramer LD, 2008. Temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens mosquitoes. PLoS Pathog 4: e1000092.
-
37.
Maharaj PD, Bolling BG, Anishchenko M, Reisen WK, Brault AC, 2014. Genetic determinants of differential oral infection phenotypes of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis viruses in Culex spp. mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 91: 1066–1072.
-
38.
Crockett RK et al. 2012. Culex flavivirus and West Nile virus in Culex quinquefasciatus populations in the southeastern United States. J Med Entomol 49: 165–174.
-
39.
Kent RJ, Crabtree MB, Miller BR, 2010. Transmission of West Nile virus by Culex quinquefasciatus say infected with Culex flavivirus Izabal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e671.
-
40.
Newman CM, Krebs BL, Anderson TK, Hamer GL, Ruiz MO, Brawn JD, Brown WM, Kitron UD, Goldberg TL, 2017. Culex flavivirus during West Nile virus epidemic and interepidemic years in Chicago, United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 17: 567–575.
-
41.
Kothera L, Godsey M, Mutebi J-P, Savage HM, 2010. A comparison of aboveground and belowground populations of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in Chicago, Illinois, and New York City, New York, using microsatellites. J Med Entomol 47: 805–813.
-
42.
Miller BR, Mitchell CJ, Ballinger ME, 1989. Replication, tissue tropisms and transmission of yellow fever virus in Aedes albopictus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83: 252–255.
-
43.
Smith JL, Fonseca DM, 2004. Rapid assays for identification of members of the Culex (Culex) pipiens complex, their hybrids, and other sibling species (diptera: Culicidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 339–345.
-
44.
Langevin SA et al. 2014. Host competence and helicase activity differences exhibited by West Nile viral variants expressing NS3-249 amino acid polymorphisms. PLoS One 9: e100802.
-
45.
Brault AC, Huang CY-H, Langevin SA, Kinney RM, Bowen RA, Ramey WN, Panella NA, Holmes EC, Powers AM, Miller BR, 2007. A single positively selected West Nile viral mutation confers increased virogenesis in American crows. Nat Genet 39: 1162–1166.
-
46.
Lim SM, Brault AC, van Amerongen G, Bosco-Lauth AM, Romo H, Sewbalaksing VD, Bowen RA, Osterhaus A, Koraka P, Martina B, 2015. Susceptibility of carrion crows to experimental infection with lineage 1 and 2 West Nile viruses. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 1357–1365.
-
47.
Lanciotti RS et al. 2000. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 38: 4066–4071.
-
48.
Julian KG, Eidson M, Kipp AM, Weiss E, Petersen LR, Miller JR, Hinten SR, Marfin AA, 2002. Early season crow mortality as a sentinel for West Nile virus disease in humans, northeastern United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2: 145–155.
-
49.
Guptill SC, Julian KG, Campbell GL, Price SD, Marfin AA, 2003. Early-season avian deaths from West Nile virus as warnings of human infection. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 483–484.
-
50.
Mostashari F, Kulldorff M, Hartman JJ, Miller JR, Kulasekera V, 2003. Dead bird clusters as an early warning system for West Nile virus activity. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 641–646.
-
51.
Fall G, Faye M, Weidmann M, Kaiser M, Dupressoir A, Ndiaye EH, Ba Y, Diallo M, Faye O, Sall AA, 2016. Real-time RT-PCR assays for detection and genotyping of West Nile virus lineages circulating in Africa. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 16: 781–789.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1097 | 833 | 46 |
| Full Text Views | 728 | 9 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 147 | 13 | 2 |
Comparative Vector Competence of North American Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefasciatus for African and European Lineage 2 West Nile Viruses
Hannah Romo
Hannah Romo
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado;
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Anna Papa
Anna Papa
Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
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Rebekah Kading
Rebekah Kading
Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Rebecca Clark
Rebecca Clark
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado;
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Mark Delorey
Mark Delorey
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado;
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Aaron C. Brault
Aaron C. Brault
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado;
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West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is phylogenetically separated into distinct lineages. Lineage 1 (L1) and lineage 2 (L2) encompass all WNV isolates associated with human and veterinary disease cases. Although L1 WNV is globally distributed, including North America, L2 WNV only recently emerged out of sub-Saharan Africa into Europe and Russia. The spread of L2 WNV throughout and beyond Europe depends, in part, on availability of competent vectors. The vector competence of mosquitoes within the Culex genus for WNV is well established for L1 WNV but less extensively studied for L2 WNV. Assessing the vector competence of North American Culex mosquitoes for L2 WNV will be critical for predicting the potential for L2 WNV emergence in North America. We address the vector competence of North American Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefasciatus for L2 WNV. Both mosquito species were highly competent for each of the L2 WNV strains assessed, but variation in infection, dissemination, and transmission was observed. An L2 WNV strain (NS10) isolated during the Greek outbreak in 2010 exhibited a reduced capacity to infect Cx. pipiens compared with other L2 WNV strains. In addition, a South African L2 WNV strain (SA89) displayed a significantly shorter extrinsic incubation period in Cx. quinquefasciatus compared with other L2 WNV strains. These results demonstrate that North American Culex mosquito species are competent vectors of African and European L2 WNV and that emergence of L2 WNV is unlikely to be hindered by poor competence of North American vectors.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Hannah Romo, Rebecca Clark, Mark Delorey, and Aaron C. Brault, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, E-mails: vym8@cdc.gov, xjb5@cdc.gov, esy7@cdc.gov, and abrault@cdc.gov. Anna Papa, Department of Microbiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece, E-mail: annap@med.auth.gr. Rebekah Kading, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, E-mail: rebekah.kading@colostate.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Petersen LR, Brault AC, Nasci RS, 2013. West Nile virus: review of the literature. JAMA 310: 308–315.
-
2.
Pesko KN, Ebel GD, 2012. West Nile virus population genetics and evolution. Infect Genet Evol 12: 181–190.
-
3.
Venter M et al. 2009. Lineage 2 West Nile virus as cause of fatal neurologic disease in horses, South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 877–884.
-
4.
Venter M, Swanepoel R, 2010. West Nile virus lineage 2 as a cause of zoonotic neurological disease in humans and horses in southern Africa. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10: 659–664.
-
5.
Jupp PG, 2001. The ecology of West Nile virus in South Africa and the occurrence of outbreaks in humans. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951: 143–152.
-
6.
Platonov AE et al. 2011. Genotyping of West Nile fever virus strains circulating in southern Russia as an epidemiological investigation method: principles and results. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 103 (Suppl 1): 29–37.
-
7.
Platonov AE, Fedorova MV, Karan LS, Shopenskaya TA, Platonova OV, Zhuravlev VI, 2008. Epidemiology of West Nile infection in Volgograd, Russia, in relation to climate change and mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) bionomics. Parasitol Res 103: 45–53.
-
8.
Rizzoli A et al. 2015. The challenge of West Nile virus in Europe: knowledge gaps and research priorities. Euro Surveill 20: 21135.
-
9.
Bakonyi T, Ivanics E, Erdelyi K, Ursu K, Ferenczi E, Weissenbock H, Nowotny N, 2006. Lineage 1 and 2 strains of encephalitic West Nile virus, central Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 618–623.
-
10.
Papa A, Xanthopoulou K, Gewehr S, Mourelatos S, 2011. Detection of West Nile virus lineage 2 in mosquitoes during a human outbreak in Greece. Clin Microbiol Infect 17: 1176–1180.
-
11.
Wodak E, Richter S, Bagó Z, Revilla-Fernández S, Weissenböck H, Nowotny N, Winter P, 2011. Detection and molecular analysis of West Nile virus infections in birds of prey in the eastern part of Austria in 2008 and 2009. Vet Microbiol 149: 358–366.
-
12.
Lustig Y, Hindiyeh M, Orshan L, Weiss L, Koren R, Katz-Likvornik S, Zadka H, Glatman-Freedman A, Mendelson E, Shulman LM, 2016. Mosquito surveillance for 15 years reveals high genetic diversity among West Nile viruses in Israel. J Infect Dis 213: 1107–1114.
-
13.
Danis K et al. 2011. Outbreak of West Nile virus infection in Greece, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 1868–1872.
-
14.
Papa A et al. 2010. Ongoing outbreak of West Nile virus infections in humans in Greece, July–August 2010. Euro Surveill 15: 19644.
-
15.
Papa A, 2012. West Nile virus infections in Greece: an update. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 10: 743–750.
-
16.
Pervanidou D et al. 2014. West Nile virus outbreak in humans, Greece, 2012: third consecutive year of local transmission. Euro Surveill 19: 20758.
-
17.
Papa A, Papadopoulou E, Kalaitzopoulou S, Tsioka K, Mourelatos S, 2014. Detection of West Nile virus and insect-specific flavivirus RNA in Culex mosquitoes, central Macedonia, Greece. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 108: 555–559.
-
18.
Popović N, Milošević B, Urošević A, Poluga J, Lavadinović L, Nedelijković J, Jevtović D, Dulović O, 2013. Outbreak of West Nile virus infection among humans in Serbia, August to October 2012. Euro Surveill 18: 20613.
-
19.
Magurano F et al. 2012. Circulation of West Nile virus lineage 1 and 2 during an outbreak in Italy. Clin Microbiol Infect 18: E545–E547.
-
20.
Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, Sardelis MR, O’guinn ML, Andreadis TG, Blow JA, 2005. An update on the potential of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 42: 57–62.
-
21.
Andreadis TG, 2012. The contribution of Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes to transmission and persistence of West Nile virus in North America. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 28: 137–151.
-
22.
Hubalek Z, Halouzka J, 1999. West Nile fever–a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 5: 643–650.
-
23.
Fyodorova MV, Savage HM, Lopatina JV, Bulgakova TA, Ivanitsky AV, Platonova OV, Platonov AE, 2006. Evaluation of potential West Nile virus vectors in Volgograd region, Russia, 2003 (Diptera: Culicidae): species composition, bloodmeal host utilization, and virus infection rates of mosquitoes. J Med Entomol 43: 552–563.
-
24.
Higgs S, Snow K, Gould EA, 2004. The potential for West Nile virus to establish outside of its natural range: a consideration of potential mosquito vectors in the United Kingdom. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98: 82–87.
-
25.
Brustolin M et al. 2016. Culex pipiens and Stegomyia albopicta (Aedes albopictus) populations as vectors for lineage 1 and 2 West Nile virus in Europe. Med Vet Entomol 30: 166–173.
-
26.
Fros JJ, Geertsema C, Vogels CB, Roosjen PP, Failloux A-B, Vlak JM, Koenraadt CJ, Takken W, Pijlman GP, 2015. West Nile virus: high transmission rate in north-western European mosquitoes indicates its epidemic potential and warrants increased surveillance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003956.
-
27.
Motayo BO, Onoja BA, Faneye AO, Adeniji JA, 2016. Seasonal abundance and molecular identification of West Nile virus vectors, Culex pipens and Culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) in Abeokuta, south-west, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 16: 135–140.
-
28.
Mutebi J-P, Crabtree MB, Kading RC, Powers AM, Lutwama JJ, Miller BR, 2012. Mosquitoes of western Uganda. J Med Entomol 49: 1289–1306.
-
29.
Muturi EJ, Muriu S, Shililu J, Mwangangi JM, Jacob BG, Mbogo C, Githure J, Novak RJ, 2008. Blood-feeding patterns of Culex quinquefasciatus and other culicines and implications for disease transmission in Mwea rice scheme, Kenya. Parasitol Res 102: 1329.
-
30.
Mossel EC, Crabtree MB, Mutebi J-P, Lutwama JJ, Borland EM, Powers AM, Miller BR, 2017. Arboviruses isolated from mosquitoes collected in Uganda, 2008–2012. J Med Entomol 54: 1403–1409.
-
31.
Papa A, Politis C, Tsoukala A, Eglezou A, Bakaloudi V, Hatzitaki M, Tsergouli K, 2012. West Nile virus lineage 2 from blood donor, Greece. Emerg Infect Dis 18: 688–689.
-
32.
Papa A, Bakonyi T, Xanthopoulou K, Vázquez A, Tenorio A, Nowotny N, 2011. Genetic characterization of West Nile virus lineage 2, Greece, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 920–922.
-
33.
Brault AC, Langevin SA, Bowen RA, Panella NA, Biggerstaff BJ, Miller BR, Komar N, 2004. Differential virulence of West Nile strains for American crows. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 2161–2168.
-
34.
Moudy RM, Meola MA, Morin L-LL, Ebel GD, Kramer LD, 2007. A newly emergent genotype of West Nile virus is transmitted earlier and more efficiently by Culex mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 365–370.
-
35.
Kilpatrick AM, Fonseca DM, Ebel GD, Reddy MR, Kramer LD, 2010. Spatial and temporal variation in vector competence of Culex pipiens and Cx. restuans mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 607–613.
-
36.
Kilpatrick AM, Meola MA, Moudy RM, Kramer LD, 2008. Temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens mosquitoes. PLoS Pathog 4: e1000092.
-
37.
Maharaj PD, Bolling BG, Anishchenko M, Reisen WK, Brault AC, 2014. Genetic determinants of differential oral infection phenotypes of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis viruses in Culex spp. mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 91: 1066–1072.
-
38.
Crockett RK et al. 2012. Culex flavivirus and West Nile virus in Culex quinquefasciatus populations in the southeastern United States. J Med Entomol 49: 165–174.
-
39.
Kent RJ, Crabtree MB, Miller BR, 2010. Transmission of West Nile virus by Culex quinquefasciatus say infected with Culex flavivirus Izabal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e671.
-
40.
Newman CM, Krebs BL, Anderson TK, Hamer GL, Ruiz MO, Brawn JD, Brown WM, Kitron UD, Goldberg TL, 2017. Culex flavivirus during West Nile virus epidemic and interepidemic years in Chicago, United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 17: 567–575.
-
41.
Kothera L, Godsey M, Mutebi J-P, Savage HM, 2010. A comparison of aboveground and belowground populations of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in Chicago, Illinois, and New York City, New York, using microsatellites. J Med Entomol 47: 805–813.
-
42.
Miller BR, Mitchell CJ, Ballinger ME, 1989. Replication, tissue tropisms and transmission of yellow fever virus in Aedes albopictus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83: 252–255.
-
43.
Smith JL, Fonseca DM, 2004. Rapid assays for identification of members of the Culex (Culex) pipiens complex, their hybrids, and other sibling species (diptera: Culicidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 339–345.
-
44.
Langevin SA et al. 2014. Host competence and helicase activity differences exhibited by West Nile viral variants expressing NS3-249 amino acid polymorphisms. PLoS One 9: e100802.
-
45.
Brault AC, Huang CY-H, Langevin SA, Kinney RM, Bowen RA, Ramey WN, Panella NA, Holmes EC, Powers AM, Miller BR, 2007. A single positively selected West Nile viral mutation confers increased virogenesis in American crows. Nat Genet 39: 1162–1166.
-
46.
Lim SM, Brault AC, van Amerongen G, Bosco-Lauth AM, Romo H, Sewbalaksing VD, Bowen RA, Osterhaus A, Koraka P, Martina B, 2015. Susceptibility of carrion crows to experimental infection with lineage 1 and 2 West Nile viruses. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 1357–1365.
-
47.
Lanciotti RS et al. 2000. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 38: 4066–4071.
-
48.
Julian KG, Eidson M, Kipp AM, Weiss E, Petersen LR, Miller JR, Hinten SR, Marfin AA, 2002. Early season crow mortality as a sentinel for West Nile virus disease in humans, northeastern United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2: 145–155.
-
49.
Guptill SC, Julian KG, Campbell GL, Price SD, Marfin AA, 2003. Early-season avian deaths from West Nile virus as warnings of human infection. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 483–484.
-
50.
Mostashari F, Kulldorff M, Hartman JJ, Miller JR, Kulasekera V, 2003. Dead bird clusters as an early warning system for West Nile virus activity. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 641–646.
-
51.
Fall G, Faye M, Weidmann M, Kaiser M, Dupressoir A, Ndiaye EH, Ba Y, Diallo M, Faye O, Sall AA, 2016. Real-time RT-PCR assays for detection and genotyping of West Nile virus lineages circulating in Africa. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 16: 781–789.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1097 | 833 | 46 |
| Full Text Views | 728 | 9 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 147 | 13 | 2 |