Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Azad AF, Radulovic S, Higgins JA, Noden BH, Troyer JM, 1997. Flea-borne rickettsioses: ecologic considerations. Emerg Infect Dis 3: 319–327.
-
2.
Adams WH, Emmons RW, Brooks JE, 1970. The changing ecology of murine (endemic) typhus in southern California. Am J Trop Med Hyg 19: 311–318.
-
3.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. Murine typhus–Hawaii, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52: 1224–1226.
-
4.
Taylor JP, Betz TG, Rawlings JA, 1986. Epidemiology of murine typhus in Texas, 1980 through 1984. JAMA 255: 2173–2176.
-
5.
Older JJ, 1970. The epidemiology of murine typhus in Texas, 1969. JAMA 214: 2011–2017.
-
6.
Blanton LS, Vohra RF, Bouyer DH, Walker DH, 2015. Reemergence of murine typhus in Galveston, Texas, USA, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 484–486.
-
7.
Adjemian J, Parks S, McElroy K, Campbell J, Eremeeva ME, Nicholson WL, McQuiston J, Taylor J, 2010. Murine typhus in Austin, Texas, USA, 2008. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 412–417.
-
8.
Murray KO, Evert N, Mayes B, Fonken E, Erickson T, Garcia MN, Sidwa T, 2017. Typhus group rickettsiosis, Texas, USA, 2003–2013. Emerg Infect Dis 23: 645–648.
-
9.
Dumler JS, Taylor JP, Walker DH, 1991. Clinical and laboratory features of murine typhus in south Texas, 1980 through 1987. JAMA 266: 1365–1370.
-
10.
Bernabeu-Wittel M, Pachon J, Alarcon A, Lopez-Cortes LF, Viciana P, Jimenez-Mejias ME, Villanueva JL, Torronteras R, Caballero-Granado FJ, 1999. Murine typhus as a common cause of fever of intermediate duration: a 17-year study in the south of Spain. Arch Intern Med 159: 872–876.
-
11.
Chaliotis G, Kritsotakis EI, Psaroulaki A, Tselentis Y, Gikas A, 2012. Murine typhus in central Greece: epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic-response features of 90 cases. Int J Infect Dis 16: e591–e596.
-
12.
Gikas A, Doukakis S, Pediaditis J, Kastanakis S, Psaroulaki A, Tselentis Y, 2002. Murine typhus in Greece: epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic data from 83 cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96: 250–253.
-
13.
Miller ES, Beeson PB, 1946. Murine typhus fever. Medicine (Baltimore) 25: 1–15.
-
14.
Phongmany S et al. 2006. Rickettsial infections and fever, Vientiane, Laos. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 256–262.
-
15.
Shaked Y, Samra Y, Maeir MK, Rubinstein E, 1988. Murine typhus and spotted fever in Israel in the eighties: retrospective analysis. Infection 16: 283–287.
-
16.
Stuart BM, Pullen RL, 1945. Endemic (murine) typhus fever: clinical observations of 180 cases. Ann Intern Med 23: 17.
-
17.
Tselentis Y, Babalis TL, Chrysanthis D, Gikas A, Chaliotis G, Raoult D, 1992. Clinicoepidemiological study of murine typhus on the Greek island of Evia. Eur J Epidemiol 8: 268–272.
-
18.
Zimmerman MD, Murdoch DR, Rozmajzl PJ, Basnyat B, Woods CW, Richards AL, Belbase RH, Hammer DA, Anderson TP, Reller LB, 2008. Murine typhus and febrile illness, Nepal. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1656–1659.
-
19.
Whiteford SF, Taylor JP, Dumler JS, 2001. Clinical, laboratory, and epidemiologic features of murine typhus in 97 Texas children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 155: 396–400.
-
20.
Dumler JS, 2012. Clincial disease: current treatment and new challenges. Palmer GH, Azad AF, eds. Intracellular Pathogens II: Rickettsiales. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 1–39.
-
21.
Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE, 1985. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med 13: 818–829.
-
22.
Blanton LS, Lea AS, Kelly BC, Walker DH, 2015. An unusual cutaneous manifestation in a patient with murine typhus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 1164–1167.
-
23.
Pratt HD, 1958. The changing picture of murine typhus in the United States. Ann N Y Acad Sci 70: 516–527.
-
24.
Strandtmann RW, Eben DJ, 1953. A survey of typhus in rats and rat ectoparasites in Galveston, Texas. Tex Rep Biol Med 11: 144–151.
-
25.
Blanton LS, Idowu BM, Tatsch TN, Henderson JM, Bouyer DH, Walker DH, 2016. Opossums and cat fleas: new insights in the ecology of murine typhus in Galveston, Texas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95: 457–461.
-
26.
Maina AN et al. 2016. Rickettsial infections among Ctenocephalides felis and host animals during a flea-borne rickettsioses outbreak in Orange County, California. PLoS One 11: e0160604.
-
27.
Eremeeva ME et al. 2012. Two pathogens and one disease: detection and identification of flea-borne rickettsiae in areas endemic for murine typhus in California. J Med Entomol 49: 1485–1494.
-
28.
Paris DH, Dumler JS, 2016. State of the art of diagnosis of rickettsial diseases: the use of blood specimens for diagnosis of scrub typhus, spotted fever group rickettsiosis, and murine typhus. Curr Opin Infect Dis 29: 433–439.
-
29.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012. Update: influenza activity—United States, October 2, 2011–February 11, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 61: 123–128.
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30.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013. Influenza activity–United States, 2012–13 season and composition of the 2013–14 influenza vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 62: 473–479.
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31.
Appiah GD et al. Centers for Disease C, Prevention, 2015. Influenza activity—United States, 2014–15 season and composition of the 2015–16 influenza vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 64: 583–590.
-
32.
Epperson S et al. Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, 2014. Influenza activity—United States, 2013–14 season and composition of the 2014–15 influenza vaccines. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 63: 483–490.
-
33.
Davlin SL et al. 2016. Influenza activity—United States, 2015–16 season and composition of the 2016–17 influenza vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65: 567–575.
-
34.
Tsioutis C, Zafeiri M, Avramopoulos A, Prousali E, Miligkos M, Karageorgos SA, 2017. Clinical and laboratory characteristics, epidemiology, and outcomes of murine typhus: a systematic review. Acta Trop 166: 16–24.
-
35.
Pieracci EG, Evert N, Drexler NA, Mayes B, Vilcins I, Huang P, Campbell J, Behravesh CB, Paddock CD, 2017. Fatal flea-borne typhus in Texas: a retrospective case series, 1985–2015. Am J Trop Med Hyg 96: 1088–1093.
-
36.
Rolfes MAFI, Garg S, Flannery B, Brammer L, Singleton JA, 2016. Estimated Influenza Illnesses, Medical Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths Averted by Vaccination in the United States. Available at: https://www.cdc/flu/about/disease/2015-16.htm. Accessed December 1, 2017.
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37.
Brundage JF, 2006. Cases and deaths during influenza pandemics in the United States. Am J Prev Med 31: 252–256.
-
38.
Ellis SE, Coffey CS, Mitchel EF Jr., Dittus RS, Griffin MR, 2003. Influenza- and respiratory syncytial virus-associated morbidity and mortality in the nursing home population. J Am Geriatr Soc 51: 761–767.
-
39.
Kilbourne ED, Loge JP, 1950. Influenza A prime: a clinical study of an epidemic caused by a new strain of virus. Ann Intern Med 33: 371–379.
-
40.
John TJ, 2015. Influenza (including avian influenza and swine influenza). Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders, 2000–2024.
-
41.
Binnicker MJ, 2015. Multiplex molecular panels for diagnosis of gastrointestinal infection: performance, result interpretation, and cost-effectiveness. J Clin Microbiol 53: 3723–3728.
-
42.
Nigrovic LE, Chiang VW, 2000. Cost analysis of enteroviral polymerase chain reaction in infants with fever and cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 154: 817–821.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 608 | 533 | 15 |
| Full Text Views | 1060 | 10 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 111 | 18 | 4 |
Analysis of Health-Care Charges in Murine Typhus: Need for Improved Clinical Recognition and Diagnostics for Acute Disease
Rahat F. Vohra
Rahat F. Vohra
Department of Internal Medicine—Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas;
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David H. Walker
David H. Walker
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Lucas S. Blanton
Lucas S. Blanton
Department of Internal Medicine—Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas;
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PubMed
Search for other papers by Lucas S. Blanton in
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Murine typhus, caused by Rickettsia typhi, is an undifferentiated febrile illness with no available rapid and sensitive diagnostic assay for use during early disease. We aimed to compare the health-care charges in those diagnosed with murine typhus to those with influenza, a febrile illness with an available rapid diagnostic test. A comparison of health-care–associated charges at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston demonstrated a median of $817 for influenza versus $16,760 for murine typhus (P < 0.0001). Median laboratory ($184 versus $3,254 [P < 0.0001]) and imaging charges ($0 versus $514 [P < 0.0001]) were also higher in those with murine typhus. Those receiving at least one imaging study during their illness were greater in the murine typhus group (91.3% versus 20.3%) (P < 0.0001). The median time needed to establish a confirmed or presumptive diagnosis was 2 days for influenza compared with 9 days for murine typhus (P < 0.0001). The median number of health-care encounters was greater for those with murine typhus (2 versus 1) (P < 0.0001). Eleven patients (15.9%) with influenza were hospitalized as a result of their illness compared with 16 (69.6%) with murine typhus (P < 0.0001). The estimated mortality based on disease severity at presentation by Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scoring was similar in the two groups—both had a median 4% mortality risk (P = 0.0893). These results highlight the need for improved clinical recognition and diagnostics for acute rickettsioses such as murine typhus.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was conducted with the support of the Institute for Translational Sciences at the University of Texas Medical Branch, supported in part by a CTSA Mentored Career Development (KL2) Award (KL2TR001441) from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health.
Authors’ addresses: Rahat F. Vohra and Lucas S. Blanton, Department of Internal Medicine—Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, E-mails: rahatvohra@gmail.com and lsblanto@utmb.edu. David H. Walker, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, E-mail: dwalker@utmb.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Azad AF, Radulovic S, Higgins JA, Noden BH, Troyer JM, 1997. Flea-borne rickettsioses: ecologic considerations. Emerg Infect Dis 3: 319–327.
-
2.
Adams WH, Emmons RW, Brooks JE, 1970. The changing ecology of murine (endemic) typhus in southern California. Am J Trop Med Hyg 19: 311–318.
-
3.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. Murine typhus–Hawaii, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52: 1224–1226.
-
4.
Taylor JP, Betz TG, Rawlings JA, 1986. Epidemiology of murine typhus in Texas, 1980 through 1984. JAMA 255: 2173–2176.
-
5.
Older JJ, 1970. The epidemiology of murine typhus in Texas, 1969. JAMA 214: 2011–2017.
-
6.
Blanton LS, Vohra RF, Bouyer DH, Walker DH, 2015. Reemergence of murine typhus in Galveston, Texas, USA, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 484–486.
-
7.
Adjemian J, Parks S, McElroy K, Campbell J, Eremeeva ME, Nicholson WL, McQuiston J, Taylor J, 2010. Murine typhus in Austin, Texas, USA, 2008. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 412–417.
-
8.
Murray KO, Evert N, Mayes B, Fonken E, Erickson T, Garcia MN, Sidwa T, 2017. Typhus group rickettsiosis, Texas, USA, 2003–2013. Emerg Infect Dis 23: 645–648.
-
9.
Dumler JS, Taylor JP, Walker DH, 1991. Clinical and laboratory features of murine typhus in south Texas, 1980 through 1987. JAMA 266: 1365–1370.
-
10.
Bernabeu-Wittel M, Pachon J, Alarcon A, Lopez-Cortes LF, Viciana P, Jimenez-Mejias ME, Villanueva JL, Torronteras R, Caballero-Granado FJ, 1999. Murine typhus as a common cause of fever of intermediate duration: a 17-year study in the south of Spain. Arch Intern Med 159: 872–876.
-
11.
Chaliotis G, Kritsotakis EI, Psaroulaki A, Tselentis Y, Gikas A, 2012. Murine typhus in central Greece: epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic-response features of 90 cases. Int J Infect Dis 16: e591–e596.
-
12.
Gikas A, Doukakis S, Pediaditis J, Kastanakis S, Psaroulaki A, Tselentis Y, 2002. Murine typhus in Greece: epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic data from 83 cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96: 250–253.
-
13.
Miller ES, Beeson PB, 1946. Murine typhus fever. Medicine (Baltimore) 25: 1–15.
-
14.
Phongmany S et al. 2006. Rickettsial infections and fever, Vientiane, Laos. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 256–262.
-
15.
Shaked Y, Samra Y, Maeir MK, Rubinstein E, 1988. Murine typhus and spotted fever in Israel in the eighties: retrospective analysis. Infection 16: 283–287.
-
16.
Stuart BM, Pullen RL, 1945. Endemic (murine) typhus fever: clinical observations of 180 cases. Ann Intern Med 23: 17.
-
17.
Tselentis Y, Babalis TL, Chrysanthis D, Gikas A, Chaliotis G, Raoult D, 1992. Clinicoepidemiological study of murine typhus on the Greek island of Evia. Eur J Epidemiol 8: 268–272.
-
18.
Zimmerman MD, Murdoch DR, Rozmajzl PJ, Basnyat B, Woods CW, Richards AL, Belbase RH, Hammer DA, Anderson TP, Reller LB, 2008. Murine typhus and febrile illness, Nepal. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1656–1659.
-
19.
Whiteford SF, Taylor JP, Dumler JS, 2001. Clinical, laboratory, and epidemiologic features of murine typhus in 97 Texas children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 155: 396–400.
-
20.
Dumler JS, 2012. Clincial disease: current treatment and new challenges. Palmer GH, Azad AF, eds. Intracellular Pathogens II: Rickettsiales. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 1–39.
-
21.
Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE, 1985. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med 13: 818–829.
-
22.
Blanton LS, Lea AS, Kelly BC, Walker DH, 2015. An unusual cutaneous manifestation in a patient with murine typhus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 1164–1167.
-
23.
Pratt HD, 1958. The changing picture of murine typhus in the United States. Ann N Y Acad Sci 70: 516–527.
-
24.
Strandtmann RW, Eben DJ, 1953. A survey of typhus in rats and rat ectoparasites in Galveston, Texas. Tex Rep Biol Med 11: 144–151.
-
25.
Blanton LS, Idowu BM, Tatsch TN, Henderson JM, Bouyer DH, Walker DH, 2016. Opossums and cat fleas: new insights in the ecology of murine typhus in Galveston, Texas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95: 457–461.
-
26.
Maina AN et al. 2016. Rickettsial infections among Ctenocephalides felis and host animals during a flea-borne rickettsioses outbreak in Orange County, California. PLoS One 11: e0160604.
-
27.
Eremeeva ME et al. 2012. Two pathogens and one disease: detection and identification of flea-borne rickettsiae in areas endemic for murine typhus in California. J Med Entomol 49: 1485–1494.
-
28.
Paris DH, Dumler JS, 2016. State of the art of diagnosis of rickettsial diseases: the use of blood specimens for diagnosis of scrub typhus, spotted fever group rickettsiosis, and murine typhus. Curr Opin Infect Dis 29: 433–439.
-
29.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012. Update: influenza activity—United States, October 2, 2011–February 11, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 61: 123–128.
-
30.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013. Influenza activity–United States, 2012–13 season and composition of the 2013–14 influenza vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 62: 473–479.
-
31.
Appiah GD et al. Centers for Disease C, Prevention, 2015. Influenza activity—United States, 2014–15 season and composition of the 2015–16 influenza vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 64: 583–590.
-
32.
Epperson S et al. Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, 2014. Influenza activity—United States, 2013–14 season and composition of the 2014–15 influenza vaccines. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 63: 483–490.
-
33.
Davlin SL et al. 2016. Influenza activity—United States, 2015–16 season and composition of the 2016–17 influenza vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65: 567–575.
-
34.
Tsioutis C, Zafeiri M, Avramopoulos A, Prousali E, Miligkos M, Karageorgos SA, 2017. Clinical and laboratory characteristics, epidemiology, and outcomes of murine typhus: a systematic review. Acta Trop 166: 16–24.
-
35.
Pieracci EG, Evert N, Drexler NA, Mayes B, Vilcins I, Huang P, Campbell J, Behravesh CB, Paddock CD, 2017. Fatal flea-borne typhus in Texas: a retrospective case series, 1985–2015. Am J Trop Med Hyg 96: 1088–1093.
-
36.
Rolfes MAFI, Garg S, Flannery B, Brammer L, Singleton JA, 2016. Estimated Influenza Illnesses, Medical Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths Averted by Vaccination in the United States. Available at: https://www.cdc/flu/about/disease/2015-16.htm. Accessed December 1, 2017.
-
37.
Brundage JF, 2006. Cases and deaths during influenza pandemics in the United States. Am J Prev Med 31: 252–256.
-
38.
Ellis SE, Coffey CS, Mitchel EF Jr., Dittus RS, Griffin MR, 2003. Influenza- and respiratory syncytial virus-associated morbidity and mortality in the nursing home population. J Am Geriatr Soc 51: 761–767.
-
39.
Kilbourne ED, Loge JP, 1950. Influenza A prime: a clinical study of an epidemic caused by a new strain of virus. Ann Intern Med 33: 371–379.
-
40.
John TJ, 2015. Influenza (including avian influenza and swine influenza). Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders, 2000–2024.
-
41.
Binnicker MJ, 2015. Multiplex molecular panels for diagnosis of gastrointestinal infection: performance, result interpretation, and cost-effectiveness. J Clin Microbiol 53: 3723–3728.
-
42.
Nigrovic LE, Chiang VW, 2000. Cost analysis of enteroviral polymerase chain reaction in infants with fever and cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 154: 817–821.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 608 | 533 | 15 |
| Full Text Views | 1060 | 10 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 111 | 18 | 4 |