ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Principi N, Esposito S, 2016. Antimicrobial stewardship in paediatrics. BMC Infect Dis 16: 424.
-
2.
Spellberg B, Guidos R, Gilbert D, Bradley J, Boucher HW, Scheld WM, Bartlett JG, Edwards J Jr., 2008. The epidemic of antibiotic-resistant infections: a call to action for the medical community from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 46: 155–164.
-
3.
Rousounidis A, Papaevangelou V, Hadjipanayis A, Panagakou S, Theodoridou M, Syrogiannopoulos G, Hadjichristodoulou C, 2011. Descriptive study on parents’ knowledge, attitudes and practices on antibiotic use and misuse in children with upper respiratory tract infections in Cyprus. Int J Environ Res Public Health 8: 3246–3262.
-
4.
Costelloe C, Metcalfe C, Lovering A, Mant D, Hay AD, 2010. Effect of antibiotic prescribing in primary care on antimicrobial resistance in individual patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 340: c2096.
-
5.
Yagupsky P, 2006. Selection of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in the community. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25: 974–976.
-
6.
Holloway K, Van Dijk L, 2011. The World Medicines Situation 2011—Rational Use of Medicines. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
7.
World Health Organization, 2013. Antimicrobial Use. Drug resistance. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
8.
Kotloff KL et al. 2013. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet 382: 209–222.
-
9.
World Health Organization, 2014. Diarrhoea Treatment Guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
10.
Ahmed S, Farzana FD, Ferdous F, Chisti MJ, Malek MA, Faruque ASG, Das SK, 2013. Urban-rural differentials in using antimicrobials at home among under-5 children with diarrhea. Sci J Clin Med 2: 81–86.
-
11.
Nyquist AC, Gonzales R, Steiner JF, Sande MA, 1998. Antibiotic prescribing for children with colds, upper respiratory tract infections, and bronchitis. JAMA 279: 875–877.
-
12.
Mangione-Smith R, McGlynn EA, Elliott MN, McDonald L, Franz CE, Kravitz RL, 2001. Parent expectations for antibiotics, physician-parent communication, and satisfaction. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 155: 800–806.
-
13.
Coco AS, Horst MA, Gambler AS, 2009. Trends in broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing for children with acute otitis media in the United States, 1998–2004. BMC Pediatr 9: 41.
-
14.
Pechere JC, 2001. Patients’ interviews and misuse of antibiotics. Clin Infect Dis 33 (Suppl 3): S170–S173.
-
15.
Sami AB, Islam M, Halim F, Akter N, Sadique T, Hossain MS, Elahi MSB, Hossain MA, Rahman MM, Ahmed D, 2015. Follow-up trends of bacterial etiology of diarrhoea and antimicrobial resistance in urban areas of Bangladesh. Avicenna J Clin Microbiol Infect 2: e32087.
-
16.
Ahmed S, Ferdous F, Das J, Farzana F, Chisti M, 2015. Shigellosis among breastfed children: a facility based observational study in rural Bangladesh. J Gastrointest Dig Syst 5: 2.
-
17.
Rahman M, De Leener K, Goegebuer T, Wollants E, Van der Donck I, Van Hoovels L, Van Ranst M, 2003. Genetic characterization of a novel, naturally occurring recombinant human G6P [6] rotavirus. J Clin Microbiol 41: 2088–2095.
-
18.
Qadri F, Khan AI, Faruque ASG, Begum YA, Chowdhury F, Nair GB, Salam MA, Sack DA, Svennerholm A-M, 2005. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae diarrhea, Bangladesh, 2004. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1104.
-
19.
Moyenuddin M, Rahman KM, Sack DA, 1987. The aetiology of diarrhoea in children at an urban hospital in Bangladesh. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81: 299–302.
-
20.
Qadri F, Das SK, Faruque A, Fuchs GJ, Albert MJ, Sack RB, Svennerholm A-M, 2000. Prevalence of toxin types and colonization factors in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated during a 2-year period from diarrheal patients in Bangladesh. J Clin Microbiol 38: 27–31.
-
21.
Kotloff KL et al. 2012. The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) of diarrheal disease in infants and young children in developing countries: epidemiologic and clinical methods of the case/control study. Clin Infect Dis 55 (Suppl 4): S232–S245.
-
22.
Ferdous F, Ahmed S, Das SK, Farzana FD, Latham JR, Chisti MJ, Faruque AS, 2014. Aetiology and clinical features of dysentery in children aged < 5 years in rural Bangladesh. Epidemiol Infect 142: 90–98.
-
23.
Ferdous F, Das SK, Ahmed S, Farzana FD, Latham JR, Chisti MJ, Ud-Din AI, Azmi IJ, Talukder KA, Faruque AS, 2013. Severity of diarrhea and malnutrition among under five-year-old children in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 223–228.
-
24.
Chowdhury MA, 2012. Evolving antibiotic resistance: a great threat to medical practice. Bangladesh J Med Sci 11: 1–3.
-
25.
Sharma M, Eriksson B, Marrone G, Dhaneria S, Lundborg CS, 2012. Antibiotic prescribing in two private sector hospitals; one teaching and one non-teaching: a cross-sectional study in Ujjain, India. BMC Infect Dis 12: 155.
-
26.
Ahmad A, Khan MU, Malik S, Mohanta GP, Parimalakrishnan S, Patel I, Dhingra S, 2016. Prescription patterns and appropriateness of antibiotics in the management of cough/cold and diarrhea in a rural tertiary care teaching hospital. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 8: 335.
-
27.
Biswas M, Roy MN, Manik MI, Hossain MS, Tapu SM, Moniruzzaman M, Sultana S, 2014. Self medicated antibiotics in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional health survey conducted in the Rajshahi city. BMC Public Health 14: 847.
-
28.
Saha S, Hossain MT, 2017. Evaluation of medicines dispensing pattern of private pharmacies in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. BMC Health Serv Res 17: 136.
-
29.
Togoobaatar G, Ikeda N, Ali M, Sonomjamts M, Dashdemberel S, Mori R, Shibuya K, 2010. Survey of non-prescribed use of antibiotics for children in an urban community in Mongolia. Bull World Health Organ 88: 930–936.
-
30.
Roy SK, Hossain MJ, Khatun W, Chowdhury R, 2008. Zinc supplementation in children with cholera in Bangladesh: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 336: 266–268.
-
31.
World Health Organization, 2012. The Pursuit of Responsible Use of Medicines: Sharing and Learning from Country Experiences, Medicine. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
32.
Onwukwe SC, 2014. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Mothers/Caregivers Regarding Oral Rehydration Therapy at Johan Heyns Community Health Center, Sedibeng District. Master’s Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
-
33.
Lazzerini M, Wanzira H, 2016. Oral zinc for treating diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12: CD005436.
-
34.
Carter E, Bryce J, Perin J, Newby H, 2015. Harmful practices in the management of childhood diarrhea in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 15: 788.
-
35.
Alkoshi S, Ernst K, Maimaiti N, Dahlui M, 2014. Rota viral infection: a significant disease burden to Libya. Iran J Public Health 43: 1356.
-
36.
Ekwochi U, Chinawa JM, Obi I, Obu HA, Agwu S, 2013. Use and/or misuse of antibiotics in management of diarrhea among children in Enugu, southeast Nigeria. J Trop Pediatr 59: 314–316.
-
37.
Wongsaroj T, Thavornnunth J, Charanasri U, 1997. Study on the management of diarrhea in young children at community level in Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai 80: 178–182.
-
38.
Rheinländer T, Samuelsen H, Dalsgaard A, Konradsen F, 2011. Perspectives on child diarrhoea management and health service use among ethnic minority caregivers in Vietnam. BMC Public Health 11: 690.
-
39.
Gebeyehu E, Bantie L, Azage M, 2015. Inappropriate use of antibiotics and its associated factors among urban and rural communities of Bahir Dar city administration, northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 10: e0138179.
-
40.
Lina TT, Rahman SR, Gomes DJ, 2007. Multiple-antibiotic resistance mediated by plasmids and integrons in uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bangladesh J Microbiol 24: 19–23.
-
41.
Limaye D, Limaye V, Krause G, Fortwengel G, 2017. A systematic review of the literature on survey questionnaires to assess self-medication practices. Int J Community Med Public Health 4: 2620–2631.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2484 | 2189 | 64 |
| Full Text Views | 892 | 14 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 217 | 13 | 0 |
Burden and Risk Factors of Antimicrobial Use in Children Less Than 5 Years of Age with Diarrheal Illness in Rural Bangladesh
Shahnawaz Ahmed
Shahnawaz Ahmed
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;
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Poonum Korpe
Poonum Korpe
Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Tahmeed Ahmed
Tahmeed Ahmed
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;
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Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;
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Abu Syed Golam Faruque
Abu Syed Golam Faruque
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;
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Antimicrobial overuse contributes to antimicrobial resistance. Empiric use of antimicrobials for diarrheal illness is warranted only in a minority of cases, because of its self-limiting nature and multifactorial etiology. This study aims to describe the factors contributing to antimicrobial overuse for diarrheal disease among children less than 5 years of age in rural Bangladesh. A total of 3,570 children less than 5 years of age presenting with diarrhea in a tertiary level hospital were enrolled in the study. The rate of antimicrobial use at home was 1,395 (39%), compared with 2,084 (89%) during a hospital visit. In a multivariate analysis, factors associated with antimicrobial use at home included residence located more than 5 miles from a hospital; use of zinc and oral rehydration salts at home; vomiting; greater than 10 stools per 24 hours; diarrheal duration greater than 3 days; and rotavirus diarrhea (P < 0.05 for all). Characteristics of children more likely to be given antimicrobials in a health-care setting included greater than 10 stools per 24 hours; duration of diarrhea greater than 3 days; use of antimicrobials before hospital presentation; fever (≥ 37.8°C); rectal straining; and Shigella infection (P < 0.05 for all). The most commonly used drugs in rotavirus diarrhea were azithromycin and erythromycin, both before hospital presentation and during hospital admission. Our study underscores the importance of diligent vigilance on the rationale use of antimicrobials both at home and in health-care facilities with a special concern for children less than 5 years of age living in rural Bangladesh.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Shahnawaz Ahmed, Tahmeed Ahmed, Mohammod Jobayer Chisti, and Abu Syed Golam Faruque, Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mails: shahnawz@icddrb.org, tahmeed@icddrb.org, chisti@icddrb.org, and gfaruque@icddrb.org. Poonum Korpe, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, E-mail: poonumkorpe@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Principi N, Esposito S, 2016. Antimicrobial stewardship in paediatrics. BMC Infect Dis 16: 424.
-
2.
Spellberg B, Guidos R, Gilbert D, Bradley J, Boucher HW, Scheld WM, Bartlett JG, Edwards J Jr., 2008. The epidemic of antibiotic-resistant infections: a call to action for the medical community from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 46: 155–164.
-
3.
Rousounidis A, Papaevangelou V, Hadjipanayis A, Panagakou S, Theodoridou M, Syrogiannopoulos G, Hadjichristodoulou C, 2011. Descriptive study on parents’ knowledge, attitudes and practices on antibiotic use and misuse in children with upper respiratory tract infections in Cyprus. Int J Environ Res Public Health 8: 3246–3262.
-
4.
Costelloe C, Metcalfe C, Lovering A, Mant D, Hay AD, 2010. Effect of antibiotic prescribing in primary care on antimicrobial resistance in individual patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 340: c2096.
-
5.
Yagupsky P, 2006. Selection of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in the community. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25: 974–976.
-
6.
Holloway K, Van Dijk L, 2011. The World Medicines Situation 2011—Rational Use of Medicines. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
7.
World Health Organization, 2013. Antimicrobial Use. Drug resistance. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
8.
Kotloff KL et al. 2013. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet 382: 209–222.
-
9.
World Health Organization, 2014. Diarrhoea Treatment Guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
10.
Ahmed S, Farzana FD, Ferdous F, Chisti MJ, Malek MA, Faruque ASG, Das SK, 2013. Urban-rural differentials in using antimicrobials at home among under-5 children with diarrhea. Sci J Clin Med 2: 81–86.
-
11.
Nyquist AC, Gonzales R, Steiner JF, Sande MA, 1998. Antibiotic prescribing for children with colds, upper respiratory tract infections, and bronchitis. JAMA 279: 875–877.
-
12.
Mangione-Smith R, McGlynn EA, Elliott MN, McDonald L, Franz CE, Kravitz RL, 2001. Parent expectations for antibiotics, physician-parent communication, and satisfaction. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 155: 800–806.
-
13.
Coco AS, Horst MA, Gambler AS, 2009. Trends in broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing for children with acute otitis media in the United States, 1998–2004. BMC Pediatr 9: 41.
-
14.
Pechere JC, 2001. Patients’ interviews and misuse of antibiotics. Clin Infect Dis 33 (Suppl 3): S170–S173.
-
15.
Sami AB, Islam M, Halim F, Akter N, Sadique T, Hossain MS, Elahi MSB, Hossain MA, Rahman MM, Ahmed D, 2015. Follow-up trends of bacterial etiology of diarrhoea and antimicrobial resistance in urban areas of Bangladesh. Avicenna J Clin Microbiol Infect 2: e32087.
-
16.
Ahmed S, Ferdous F, Das J, Farzana F, Chisti M, 2015. Shigellosis among breastfed children: a facility based observational study in rural Bangladesh. J Gastrointest Dig Syst 5: 2.
-
17.
Rahman M, De Leener K, Goegebuer T, Wollants E, Van der Donck I, Van Hoovels L, Van Ranst M, 2003. Genetic characterization of a novel, naturally occurring recombinant human G6P [6] rotavirus. J Clin Microbiol 41: 2088–2095.
-
18.
Qadri F, Khan AI, Faruque ASG, Begum YA, Chowdhury F, Nair GB, Salam MA, Sack DA, Svennerholm A-M, 2005. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae diarrhea, Bangladesh, 2004. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1104.
-
19.
Moyenuddin M, Rahman KM, Sack DA, 1987. The aetiology of diarrhoea in children at an urban hospital in Bangladesh. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81: 299–302.
-
20.
Qadri F, Das SK, Faruque A, Fuchs GJ, Albert MJ, Sack RB, Svennerholm A-M, 2000. Prevalence of toxin types and colonization factors in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated during a 2-year period from diarrheal patients in Bangladesh. J Clin Microbiol 38: 27–31.
-
21.
Kotloff KL et al. 2012. The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) of diarrheal disease in infants and young children in developing countries: epidemiologic and clinical methods of the case/control study. Clin Infect Dis 55 (Suppl 4): S232–S245.
-
22.
Ferdous F, Ahmed S, Das SK, Farzana FD, Latham JR, Chisti MJ, Faruque AS, 2014. Aetiology and clinical features of dysentery in children aged < 5 years in rural Bangladesh. Epidemiol Infect 142: 90–98.
-
23.
Ferdous F, Das SK, Ahmed S, Farzana FD, Latham JR, Chisti MJ, Ud-Din AI, Azmi IJ, Talukder KA, Faruque AS, 2013. Severity of diarrhea and malnutrition among under five-year-old children in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 223–228.
-
24.
Chowdhury MA, 2012. Evolving antibiotic resistance: a great threat to medical practice. Bangladesh J Med Sci 11: 1–3.
-
25.
Sharma M, Eriksson B, Marrone G, Dhaneria S, Lundborg CS, 2012. Antibiotic prescribing in two private sector hospitals; one teaching and one non-teaching: a cross-sectional study in Ujjain, India. BMC Infect Dis 12: 155.
-
26.
Ahmad A, Khan MU, Malik S, Mohanta GP, Parimalakrishnan S, Patel I, Dhingra S, 2016. Prescription patterns and appropriateness of antibiotics in the management of cough/cold and diarrhea in a rural tertiary care teaching hospital. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 8: 335.
-
27.
Biswas M, Roy MN, Manik MI, Hossain MS, Tapu SM, Moniruzzaman M, Sultana S, 2014. Self medicated antibiotics in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional health survey conducted in the Rajshahi city. BMC Public Health 14: 847.
-
28.
Saha S, Hossain MT, 2017. Evaluation of medicines dispensing pattern of private pharmacies in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. BMC Health Serv Res 17: 136.
-
29.
Togoobaatar G, Ikeda N, Ali M, Sonomjamts M, Dashdemberel S, Mori R, Shibuya K, 2010. Survey of non-prescribed use of antibiotics for children in an urban community in Mongolia. Bull World Health Organ 88: 930–936.
-
30.
Roy SK, Hossain MJ, Khatun W, Chowdhury R, 2008. Zinc supplementation in children with cholera in Bangladesh: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 336: 266–268.
-
31.
World Health Organization, 2012. The Pursuit of Responsible Use of Medicines: Sharing and Learning from Country Experiences, Medicine. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
32.
Onwukwe SC, 2014. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Mothers/Caregivers Regarding Oral Rehydration Therapy at Johan Heyns Community Health Center, Sedibeng District. Master’s Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
-
33.
Lazzerini M, Wanzira H, 2016. Oral zinc for treating diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12: CD005436.
-
34.
Carter E, Bryce J, Perin J, Newby H, 2015. Harmful practices in the management of childhood diarrhea in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 15: 788.
-
35.
Alkoshi S, Ernst K, Maimaiti N, Dahlui M, 2014. Rota viral infection: a significant disease burden to Libya. Iran J Public Health 43: 1356.
-
36.
Ekwochi U, Chinawa JM, Obi I, Obu HA, Agwu S, 2013. Use and/or misuse of antibiotics in management of diarrhea among children in Enugu, southeast Nigeria. J Trop Pediatr 59: 314–316.
-
37.
Wongsaroj T, Thavornnunth J, Charanasri U, 1997. Study on the management of diarrhea in young children at community level in Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai 80: 178–182.
-
38.
Rheinländer T, Samuelsen H, Dalsgaard A, Konradsen F, 2011. Perspectives on child diarrhoea management and health service use among ethnic minority caregivers in Vietnam. BMC Public Health 11: 690.
-
39.
Gebeyehu E, Bantie L, Azage M, 2015. Inappropriate use of antibiotics and its associated factors among urban and rural communities of Bahir Dar city administration, northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 10: e0138179.
-
40.
Lina TT, Rahman SR, Gomes DJ, 2007. Multiple-antibiotic resistance mediated by plasmids and integrons in uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bangladesh J Microbiol 24: 19–23.
-
41.
Limaye D, Limaye V, Krause G, Fortwengel G, 2017. A systematic review of the literature on survey questionnaires to assess self-medication practices. Int J Community Med Public Health 4: 2620–2631.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2484 | 2189 | 64 |
| Full Text Views | 892 | 14 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 217 | 13 | 0 |