Authors:
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1.
Richardson ET, Barrie MB, Kelly JD, Dibba Y, Koedoyoma S, Farmer P, 2016. Biosocial approaches to the 2013–2016 Ebola pandemic. Health Hum Rights 18: 167–179.
-
2.
Richardson ET, Barrie MB, Nutt CT, Kelly JD, Frankfurter R, Fallah MP, Farmer PE, 2017. The Ebola suspect’s dilemma. Lancet Glob Health 5: e254–e256.
-
3.
Richardson ET, Kelly JD, Sesay O, Drasher MD, Desai IK, Frankfurter R, Farmer PE, Barrie MB, 2017. The symbolic violence of ‘outbreak’: a mixed methods, quasi-experimental impact evaluation of social protection on Ebola survivor wellbeing. Soc Sci Med 195: 77–82.
-
4.
The World Bank, 2018. Data. Sierra Leone. Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/country/sierra-leone. Accessed February 28, 2018.
-
5.
Weiser SD, Palar K, Frongillo EA, Tsai AC, Kumbakumba E, Depee S, Hunt PW, Ragland K, Martin J, Bangsberg DR, 2014. Longitudinal assessment of associations between food insecurity, antiretroviral adherence and HIV treatment outcomes in rural Uganda. AIDS 28: 115–120.
-
6.
Weiser SD, Young SL, Cohen CR, Kushel MB, Tsai AC, Tien PC, Hatcher AM, Frongillo EA, Bangsberg DR, 2011. Conceptual framework for understanding the bidirectional links between food insecurity and HIV/AIDS. Am J Clin Nutr 94: 1729S–1739S.
-
7.
Radimer KL, Olson CM, Campbell CC, 1990. Development of indicators to assess hunger. J Nutr 120 (Suppl 11): 1544–1548.
-
8.
Hamelin AM, Habicht JP, Beaudry M, 1999. Food insecurity: consequences for the household and broader social implications. J Nutr 129: 525S–528S.
-
9.
World Food Programme, Republic of Sierra Leone, 2011. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in Sierra Leone 2011, 1–63. Available at: https://www.wfp.org/content/sierra-leone-state-food-security-and-nutrition-2011. Accessed February 28, 2018.
-
10.
Wirth JP et al. 2016. Anemia, micronutrient deficiencies, and malaria in children and women in Sierra Leone prior to the Ebola outbreak–findings of a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 11: e0155031.
-
11.
World Food Programme, 2014. How Can We Estimate the Impact of Ebola on Food Security in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone? Special Focus. Available at: http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp268882.pdf. Accessed February 28, 2018.
-
12.
Palar K, Laraia B, Tsai AC, Johnson MO, Weiser SD, 2016. Food insecurity is associated with HIV, sexually transmitted infections and drug use among men in the United States. AIDS 30: 1457–1465.
-
13.
Burke SJ, Lass E, Thistle P, Katumbe L, Jetha A, Schwarz D, Bolotin S, Barker RD, Simor A, Silverman M, 2014. Increased incidence of tuberculosis in Zimbabwe, in association with food insecurity, and economic collapse: an ecological analysis. PLoS One 9: e83387.
-
14.
Seligman HK, Davis TC, Schillinger D, Wolf MS, 2010. Food insecurity is associated with hypoglycemia and poor diabetes self-management in a low-income sample with diabetes. J Health Care Poor Underserved 21: 1227–1233.
-
15.
Asiimwe SB, Muzoora C, Wilson LA, Moore CC, 2015. Bedside measures of malnutrition and association with mortality in hospitalized adults. Clin Nutr 34: 252–256.
-
16.
Reid MJA et al. Womenʼs Interagency HIV Study, 2017. Higher body mass index is associated with greater proportions of effector CD8+ T cells expressing CD57 in women living with HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 75: e132–e141.
-
17.
Harthill M, 2011. Review: micronutrient selenium deficiency influences evolution of some viral infectious diseases. Biol Trace Elem Res 143: 1325–1336.
-
18.
Qian B, Shen S, Zhang J, Jing P, 2017. Effects of vitamin B6 deficiency on the composition and functional potential of T cell populations. J Immunol Res 2017: 2197975.
-
19.
Huang Y, Fu L, Yang Y, 2017. Age-related vitamin D deficiency is associated with the immune response in children with community-acquired pneumonia. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 63: 1–7.
-
20.
Baize S, Leroy EM, Georges AJ, Georges-Courbot MC, Capron M, Bedjabaga I, Lansoud-Soukate J, Mavoungou E, 2002. Inflammatory responses in Ebola virus-infected patients. Clin Exp Immunol 128: 163–168.
-
21.
Leroy EM, Baize S, Volchkov VE, Fisher-Hoch SP, Georges-Courbot MC, Lansoud-Soukate J, Capron M, Debré P, McCormick JB, Georges AJ, 2000. Human asymptomatic Ebola infection and strong inflammatory response. Lancet 355: 2210–2215.
-
22.
Weiser SD et al. 2012. Food insecurity is associated with morbidity and patterns of healthcare utilization among HIV-infected individuals in a resource-poor setting. AIDS 26: 67–75.
-
23.
Whittle HJ, Palar K, Seligman HK, Napoles T, Frongillo EA, Weiser SD, 2016. How food insecurity contributes to poor HIV health outcomes: qualitative evidence from the San Francisco Bay Area. Soc Sci Med 170: 228–236.
-
24.
Lindblade KA et al. 2016. Secondary infections with Ebola virus in rural communities, Liberia and Guinea, 2014–2015. Emerg Infect Dis 22: 1653–1655.
-
25.
Theocharopoulos G et al. 2017. Ebola management centre proximity associated with reduced delays of healthcare of Ebola virus disease (EVD) patients, Tonkolili, Sierra Leone, 2014–15. PLoS One 12: e0176692.
-
26.
Kelly JD et al. 2018. Anatomy of a hotspot: chain and seroepidemiology of Ebola virus transmission, Sukudu, Sierra Leone, 2015-16. J Infect Dis, PMID: 29325149.
-
27.
Richardson ET et al. 2016. Minimally symptomatic infection in an Ebola ‘hotspot’: a cross-sectional serosurvey. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0005087.
-
28.
Ferme MC, 2001. The Underneath of Things: Violence, History, and the Everyday in Sierra Leone. Berkeley, CA: The University Press of California.
-
29.
Coates J, Swindale A, Bilinsky P, 2007. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for Measurement of Household Food Access: Indicator Guide (v. 3). Washington, DC: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project, Academy for Educational Development.
-
30.
Ballard T, Coates J, Swindale A, Deitchler M, 2011. Household Hunger Scale: Indicator Definition and Measurement Guide. Washington, DC: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance II Project, FHI 360.
-
31.
World Health Organization, 2014. Case Definition Recommendations for Ebola or Marburg Virus Diseases. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/146397/1/WHO_EVD_CaseDef_14.1_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1. Accessed February 28, 2018.
-
32.
Bickel G, Nord M, Price C, Hamilton WL, Cook JT, 2000. Guide to Measuring Household Food Security, Revised 2000. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service.
-
33.
Wilken JA et al. 2017. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices among members of households actively monitored or quarantined to prevent transmission of Ebola virus disease–Margibi County, Liberia: February–March 2015. Prehosp Disaster Med 32: 673–678.
-
34.
Cancedda C et al. 2016. Strengthening health systems while responding to a health crisis: lessons learned by a nongovernmental organization during the Ebola virus disease epidemic in Sierra Leone. J Infect Dis 214(suppl 3): S153–S163.
-
35.
Stehling-Ariza T et al. 2016. The impact of active surveillance and health education on an Ebola virus disease cluster–Kono district, Sierra Leone, 2014–2015. BMC Infect Dis 16: 611.
-
36.
Smit MA, Michelow IC, Glavis-Bloom J, Wolfman V, Levine AC, 2017. Characteristics and outcomes of pediatric patients with Ebola virus disease admitted to treatment units in Liberia and Sierra Leone: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 64: 243–249.
-
37.
Dhillon RS, Kelly JD, 2015. Community trust and the Ebola endgame. N Engl J Med 373: 787–789.
-
38.
Kelly JD, 2014. Make diagnostic centres a priority for Ebola crisis. Nature 513: 145.
-
39.
Yamanis T, Nolan E, Shepler S, 2016. Fears and misperceptions of the Ebola response system during the 2014–2015 outbreak in Sierra Leone. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0005077.
-
40.
Bharmal FY, 2000. Inequity and health. Is malnutrition really caused by poor nutrition? J Pak Med Assoc 50: 273–275.
-
41.
Waxman M, Aluisio AR, Rege S, Levine AC, 2017. Characteristics and survival of patients with Ebola virus infection, malaria, or both in Sierra Leone: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 17: 654–660.
-
42.
Rosenke K et al. 2016. Plasmodium parasitemia associated with increased survival in Ebola virus-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 63: 1026–1033.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 724 | 479 | 27 |
| Full Text Views | 930 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 322 | 16 | 2 |
Food Insecurity as a Risk Factor for Outcomes Related to Ebola Virus Disease in Kono District, Sierra Leone: A Cross-Sectional Study
J. Daniel Kelly
J. Daniel Kelly
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California;
Partners In Health, Freetown, Sierra Leone;
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Partners In Health, Freetown, Sierra Leone;
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Eugene T. Richardson
Eugene T. Richardson
Partners In Health, Freetown, Sierra Leone;
Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Michael Drasher
Michael Drasher
Partners In Health, Freetown, Sierra Leone;
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M. Bailor Barrie
M. Bailor Barrie
Partners In Health, Freetown, Sierra Leone;
Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Sahr Karku
Sahr Karku
Partners In Health, Freetown, Sierra Leone;
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Mohamed Kamara
Mohamed Kamara
Partners In Health, Freetown, Sierra Leone;
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Katrina Hann
Katrina Hann
Partners In Health, Freetown, Sierra Leone;
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Kerry Dierberg
Kerry Dierberg
Partners In Health, Freetown, Sierra Leone;
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Allan Hubbard
Allan Hubbard
Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California;
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Christina P. Lindan
Christina P. Lindan
Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Paul E. Farmer
Paul E. Farmer
Partners In Health, Freetown, Sierra Leone;
Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;
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George W. Rutherford
George W. Rutherford
Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Sheri D. Weiser
Sheri D. Weiser
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California;
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Studies have shown that people suffering from food insecurity are at higher risk for infectious and noncommunicable diseases and have poorer health outcomes. No study, however, has examined the association between food insecurity and outcomes related to Ebola virus disease (EVD). We conducted a cross-sectional study in two Ebola-affected communities in Kono district, Sierra Leone, from November 2015 to September 2016. We enrolled persons who were determined to have been exposed to Ebola virus. We assessed the association of food insecurity, using an adapted version of the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale, a nine-item scale well validated across Africa, with having been diagnosed with EVD and having died of EVD, using logistic regression models with cluster-adjusted standard errors. We interviewed 326 persons who were exposed to Ebola virus; 61 (19%) were diagnosed with EVD and 45/61 (74%) died. We found high levels (87%) of food insecurity, but there was no association between food insecurity and having been diagnosed with EVD. Among EVD cases, those who were food insecure had 18.3 times the adjusted odds of death than those who were food secure (P = 0.03). This is the first study to demonstrate a potential relationship between food insecurity and having died of EVD, although larger prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by UC Office of the President Global Food Initiative, UCSF Global Health Sciences, and Partners In Health—Sierra Leone.
Authors’ addresses: J. Daniel Kelly, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, and Partners In Health, Freetown, Sierra Leone, E-mail: dan.kelly@ucsf.edu. Eugene T. Richardson, Partners In Health, Freetown, Sierra Leone, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, E-mail: erichardson@bwh.harvard.edu. Michael Drasher, Sahr Karku, Mohamed Kamara, Katrina Hann, and Kerry Dierberg, Partners In Health, Freetown, Sierra Leone, E-mails: drasher003@gmail.com, sahrlukarku@gmail.com, kamaram04@gmail.com, hann.katrina@gmail.com, and kdierberg@gmail.com. M. Bailor Barrie and Paul E. Farmer, Partners In Health, Freetown, Sierra Leone, and Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, E-mails: bailor@wellbodyalliance.org and paul.e.farmer@gmail.com. Allan Hubbard, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, E-mail: hubbard@berkeley.edu. Christina P. Lindan and George W. Rutherford, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, E-mails: krysia.lindan@ucsf.edu and george.rutherford@ucsf.edu. Sheri D. Weiser, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, E-mail: sheri.weiser@ucsf.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Richardson ET, Barrie MB, Kelly JD, Dibba Y, Koedoyoma S, Farmer P, 2016. Biosocial approaches to the 2013–2016 Ebola pandemic. Health Hum Rights 18: 167–179.
-
2.
Richardson ET, Barrie MB, Nutt CT, Kelly JD, Frankfurter R, Fallah MP, Farmer PE, 2017. The Ebola suspect’s dilemma. Lancet Glob Health 5: e254–e256.
-
3.
Richardson ET, Kelly JD, Sesay O, Drasher MD, Desai IK, Frankfurter R, Farmer PE, Barrie MB, 2017. The symbolic violence of ‘outbreak’: a mixed methods, quasi-experimental impact evaluation of social protection on Ebola survivor wellbeing. Soc Sci Med 195: 77–82.
-
4.
The World Bank, 2018. Data. Sierra Leone. Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/country/sierra-leone. Accessed February 28, 2018.
-
5.
Weiser SD, Palar K, Frongillo EA, Tsai AC, Kumbakumba E, Depee S, Hunt PW, Ragland K, Martin J, Bangsberg DR, 2014. Longitudinal assessment of associations between food insecurity, antiretroviral adherence and HIV treatment outcomes in rural Uganda. AIDS 28: 115–120.
-
6.
Weiser SD, Young SL, Cohen CR, Kushel MB, Tsai AC, Tien PC, Hatcher AM, Frongillo EA, Bangsberg DR, 2011. Conceptual framework for understanding the bidirectional links between food insecurity and HIV/AIDS. Am J Clin Nutr 94: 1729S–1739S.
-
7.
Radimer KL, Olson CM, Campbell CC, 1990. Development of indicators to assess hunger. J Nutr 120 (Suppl 11): 1544–1548.
-
8.
Hamelin AM, Habicht JP, Beaudry M, 1999. Food insecurity: consequences for the household and broader social implications. J Nutr 129: 525S–528S.
-
9.
World Food Programme, Republic of Sierra Leone, 2011. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in Sierra Leone 2011, 1–63. Available at: https://www.wfp.org/content/sierra-leone-state-food-security-and-nutrition-2011. Accessed February 28, 2018.
-
10.
Wirth JP et al. 2016. Anemia, micronutrient deficiencies, and malaria in children and women in Sierra Leone prior to the Ebola outbreak–findings of a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 11: e0155031.
-
11.
World Food Programme, 2014. How Can We Estimate the Impact of Ebola on Food Security in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone? Special Focus. Available at: http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp268882.pdf. Accessed February 28, 2018.
-
12.
Palar K, Laraia B, Tsai AC, Johnson MO, Weiser SD, 2016. Food insecurity is associated with HIV, sexually transmitted infections and drug use among men in the United States. AIDS 30: 1457–1465.
-
13.
Burke SJ, Lass E, Thistle P, Katumbe L, Jetha A, Schwarz D, Bolotin S, Barker RD, Simor A, Silverman M, 2014. Increased incidence of tuberculosis in Zimbabwe, in association with food insecurity, and economic collapse: an ecological analysis. PLoS One 9: e83387.
-
14.
Seligman HK, Davis TC, Schillinger D, Wolf MS, 2010. Food insecurity is associated with hypoglycemia and poor diabetes self-management in a low-income sample with diabetes. J Health Care Poor Underserved 21: 1227–1233.
-
15.
Asiimwe SB, Muzoora C, Wilson LA, Moore CC, 2015. Bedside measures of malnutrition and association with mortality in hospitalized adults. Clin Nutr 34: 252–256.
-
16.
Reid MJA et al. Womenʼs Interagency HIV Study, 2017. Higher body mass index is associated with greater proportions of effector CD8+ T cells expressing CD57 in women living with HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 75: e132–e141.
-
17.
Harthill M, 2011. Review: micronutrient selenium deficiency influences evolution of some viral infectious diseases. Biol Trace Elem Res 143: 1325–1336.
-
18.
Qian B, Shen S, Zhang J, Jing P, 2017. Effects of vitamin B6 deficiency on the composition and functional potential of T cell populations. J Immunol Res 2017: 2197975.
-
19.
Huang Y, Fu L, Yang Y, 2017. Age-related vitamin D deficiency is associated with the immune response in children with community-acquired pneumonia. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 63: 1–7.
-
20.
Baize S, Leroy EM, Georges AJ, Georges-Courbot MC, Capron M, Bedjabaga I, Lansoud-Soukate J, Mavoungou E, 2002. Inflammatory responses in Ebola virus-infected patients. Clin Exp Immunol 128: 163–168.
-
21.
Leroy EM, Baize S, Volchkov VE, Fisher-Hoch SP, Georges-Courbot MC, Lansoud-Soukate J, Capron M, Debré P, McCormick JB, Georges AJ, 2000. Human asymptomatic Ebola infection and strong inflammatory response. Lancet 355: 2210–2215.
-
22.
Weiser SD et al. 2012. Food insecurity is associated with morbidity and patterns of healthcare utilization among HIV-infected individuals in a resource-poor setting. AIDS 26: 67–75.
-
23.
Whittle HJ, Palar K, Seligman HK, Napoles T, Frongillo EA, Weiser SD, 2016. How food insecurity contributes to poor HIV health outcomes: qualitative evidence from the San Francisco Bay Area. Soc Sci Med 170: 228–236.
-
24.
Lindblade KA et al. 2016. Secondary infections with Ebola virus in rural communities, Liberia and Guinea, 2014–2015. Emerg Infect Dis 22: 1653–1655.
-
25.
Theocharopoulos G et al. 2017. Ebola management centre proximity associated with reduced delays of healthcare of Ebola virus disease (EVD) patients, Tonkolili, Sierra Leone, 2014–15. PLoS One 12: e0176692.
-
26.
Kelly JD et al. 2018. Anatomy of a hotspot: chain and seroepidemiology of Ebola virus transmission, Sukudu, Sierra Leone, 2015-16. J Infect Dis, PMID: 29325149.
-
27.
Richardson ET et al. 2016. Minimally symptomatic infection in an Ebola ‘hotspot’: a cross-sectional serosurvey. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0005087.
-
28.
Ferme MC, 2001. The Underneath of Things: Violence, History, and the Everyday in Sierra Leone. Berkeley, CA: The University Press of California.
-
29.
Coates J, Swindale A, Bilinsky P, 2007. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for Measurement of Household Food Access: Indicator Guide (v. 3). Washington, DC: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project, Academy for Educational Development.
-
30.
Ballard T, Coates J, Swindale A, Deitchler M, 2011. Household Hunger Scale: Indicator Definition and Measurement Guide. Washington, DC: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance II Project, FHI 360.
-
31.
World Health Organization, 2014. Case Definition Recommendations for Ebola or Marburg Virus Diseases. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/146397/1/WHO_EVD_CaseDef_14.1_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1. Accessed February 28, 2018.
-
32.
Bickel G, Nord M, Price C, Hamilton WL, Cook JT, 2000. Guide to Measuring Household Food Security, Revised 2000. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service.
-
33.
Wilken JA et al. 2017. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices among members of households actively monitored or quarantined to prevent transmission of Ebola virus disease–Margibi County, Liberia: February–March 2015. Prehosp Disaster Med 32: 673–678.
-
34.
Cancedda C et al. 2016. Strengthening health systems while responding to a health crisis: lessons learned by a nongovernmental organization during the Ebola virus disease epidemic in Sierra Leone. J Infect Dis 214(suppl 3): S153–S163.
-
35.
Stehling-Ariza T et al. 2016. The impact of active surveillance and health education on an Ebola virus disease cluster–Kono district, Sierra Leone, 2014–2015. BMC Infect Dis 16: 611.
-
36.
Smit MA, Michelow IC, Glavis-Bloom J, Wolfman V, Levine AC, 2017. Characteristics and outcomes of pediatric patients with Ebola virus disease admitted to treatment units in Liberia and Sierra Leone: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 64: 243–249.
-
37.
Dhillon RS, Kelly JD, 2015. Community trust and the Ebola endgame. N Engl J Med 373: 787–789.
-
38.
Kelly JD, 2014. Make diagnostic centres a priority for Ebola crisis. Nature 513: 145.
-
39.
Yamanis T, Nolan E, Shepler S, 2016. Fears and misperceptions of the Ebola response system during the 2014–2015 outbreak in Sierra Leone. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0005077.
-
40.
Bharmal FY, 2000. Inequity and health. Is malnutrition really caused by poor nutrition? J Pak Med Assoc 50: 273–275.
-
41.
Waxman M, Aluisio AR, Rege S, Levine AC, 2017. Characteristics and survival of patients with Ebola virus infection, malaria, or both in Sierra Leone: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 17: 654–660.
-
42.
Rosenke K et al. 2016. Plasmodium parasitemia associated with increased survival in Ebola virus-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 63: 1026–1033.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 724 | 479 | 27 |
| Full Text Views | 930 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 322 | 16 | 2 |