ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Calisher CH, 1994. Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada. Clin Microbiol Rev 7: 89–116.
-
2.
Morris CD, 1988. Eastern equine encephalitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, Vol. 3. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1–20.
-
3.
Mukherjee S, Moody EE, Lewokzco K, Huddleston DB, Huang J, Rowland ME, Wilson R, Dunn JR, Jones TF, Moncayo AC, 2012. Eastern equine encephalitis in Tennessee: 2002–2008. J Med Entomol 49: 731–738.
-
4.
Cupp EW, Klingler K, Hassan HK, Viguers LM, Unnasch TR, 2003. Transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in central Alabama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 495–500.
-
5.
Molaei G, Armstrong PM, Abadam CF, Akaratovic KI, Kiser JP, Andreadis TG, 2015. Vector-host interactions of Culiseta melanura in a focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus activity in southeastern Virginia. PLoS One 10: e0136743.
-
6.
Bingham AM, Burkett-Cadena ND, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, 2016. Vector competence and capacity of Culex erraticus (Diptera: Culicidae) for eastern equine encephalitis virus in the southeastern United States. J Med Entomol 53: 473–476.
-
7.
Goldfield M, Welsh JN, Taylor BF, 1968. The 1959 outbreak of eastern encephalitis in New Jersey. The inapparent infection:disease ratio. Am J Epidemiol 87: 32–38.
-
8.
Feemster RF, 1938. Outbreak of encephalitis in man due to the eastern virus of equine encephalomyelitis. Am J Public Health Nations Health 28: 1403–1410.
-
9.
Przelomski MM, O’Rourke E, Grady GF, Berardi VP, Markley HG, 1988. Eastern equine encephalitis in Massachusetts: a report of 16 cases, 1970–1984. Neurology 38: 736–739.
-
10.
Deresiewicz RL, Thaler SJ, Hsu L, Zamani AA, 1997. Clinical and neuroradiographic manifestations of eastern equine encephalitis. N Engl J Med 336: 1867–1874.
-
11.
Goldfield M, Sussman O, 1968. The 1959 outbreak of eastern encephalitis in New Jersey. I. Introduction and description of outbreak. Am J Epidemiol 87: 1–10.
-
12.
Ayres JC, Feemster RF, 1949. The sequelae of eastern equine encephalomyelitis. N Engl J Med 240: 960–962.
-
13.
Gaensbauer JT, Lindsey NP, Messacar K, Staples JE, Fischer M, 2014. Neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States: 2003 to 2012. Pediatrics 134: e642–e650.
-
14.
CDC, 2006. Eastern equine encephalitis–New Hampshire and Massachusetts, August–September 2005. MMWR 55: 697–700.
-
15.
Reimann CA, Hayes EB, DiGuiseppi C, Hoffman R, Lehman JA, Lindsey NP, Campbell GL, Fischer M, 2008. Epidemiology of neuroinvasive arboviral disease–United States, 1999–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 974–979.
-
16.
CDC, 2015. Arboviral Diseases, Neuroinvasive and Non-Neuroinvasive: 2015 Case Definition. Available at: http://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/arboviral-diseases-neuroinvasive-and-non-neuroinvasive/case-definition/2015/. Accessed October 23, 2015.
-
17.
US Census Bureau, 2010. Population Estimates: Intercensal Estimates 2000–2010. Available at: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html. Accessed October 23, 2015.
-
18.
Villari P, Spielman A, Komar N, McDowell M, Timperi RJ, 1995. The economic burden imposed by a residual case of eastern encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52: 8–13.
-
19.
Farber S, Hill A, Connerly ML, Dingle JH, 1940. Encephalitis in infants and children caused by the virus of the eastern variety of equine encephalitis. JAMA 114: 1725–1731.
-
20.
Letson GW, Bailey RE, Pearson J, Tsai TF, 1993. Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE): a description of the 1989 outbreak, recent epidemiologic trends, and the association of rainfall with EEE occurrence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49: 677–685.
-
21.
Gibney KB, Robinson S, Mutebi JP, Hoenig DE, Bernier BJ, Webber L, Lubelczyk C, Nett RJ, Fischer M, 2011. Eastern equine encephalitis: an emerging arboviral disease threat, Maine, 2009. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 637–639.
-
22.
Lindsey NP, Lehman JA, Staples JE, Fischer M, 2014. West Nile virus and other arboviral diseases–United States, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 63: 521–526.
-
23.
Lindsey NP, Lehman JA, Staples JE, Fischer M, 2015. West Nile virus and other nationally notifiable arboviral diseases–United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 64: 929–934.
-
24.
Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG, 2013. Eastern equine encephalitis virus–old enemy, new threat. N Engl J Med 368: 1670–1673.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in the United States, 2003–2016
Nicole P. Lindsey
Nicole P. Lindsey
Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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J. Erin Staples
J. Erin Staples
Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Marc Fischer
Marc Fischer
Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus found in the eastern United States. Eastern equine encephalitis virus disease in humans is rare but can result in severe, often fatal, illness. This report summarizes the national EEEV surveillance data for 2003 through 2016, including human disease cases and nonhuman infections. Over the 14-year period, 633 counties from 33 states reported EEEV activity; 88% of those counties reported EEEV activity only in nonhuman species. A total of 121 human cases of EEEV disease were reported, with a median of eight cases reported annually. The national average annual incidence of EEEV neuroinvasive disease was 0.03 cases per million population. States with the highest average annual incidence included New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Vermont, Maine, and Alabama. Eastern equine encephalitis virus neuroinvasive disease incidence was highest among males and among persons aged < 5 and > 60 years. Overall, 118 (98%) case patients were hospitalized and 50 (41%) died. The case fatality ratio was highest among case patients aged ≥ 70 years. Nonhuman surveillance data indicate that the geographic range of EEEV is much greater than human cases alone might suggest. In areas where the virus circulates, health-care providers should consider EEEV infection in the differential diagnosis for meningitis and encephalitis. Providers are encouraged to report suspected cases to their public health department to facilitate diagnosis and consider interventions to mitigate the risk of further transmission. Because human vaccines against EEEV are not available, prevention depends on community efforts to reduce mosquito populations and personal protective measures to decrease exposure to mosquitoes.
Author Notes
Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Authors’ addresses: Nicole P. Lindsey, J. Erin Staples, and Marc Fischer, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, E-mails: nplindsey@cdc.gov, estaples@cdc.gov, and mfischer@cdc.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Calisher CH, 1994. Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada. Clin Microbiol Rev 7: 89–116.
-
2.
Morris CD, 1988. Eastern equine encephalitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, Vol. 3. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1–20.
-
3.
Mukherjee S, Moody EE, Lewokzco K, Huddleston DB, Huang J, Rowland ME, Wilson R, Dunn JR, Jones TF, Moncayo AC, 2012. Eastern equine encephalitis in Tennessee: 2002–2008. J Med Entomol 49: 731–738.
-
4.
Cupp EW, Klingler K, Hassan HK, Viguers LM, Unnasch TR, 2003. Transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in central Alabama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 495–500.
-
5.
Molaei G, Armstrong PM, Abadam CF, Akaratovic KI, Kiser JP, Andreadis TG, 2015. Vector-host interactions of Culiseta melanura in a focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus activity in southeastern Virginia. PLoS One 10: e0136743.
-
6.
Bingham AM, Burkett-Cadena ND, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, 2016. Vector competence and capacity of Culex erraticus (Diptera: Culicidae) for eastern equine encephalitis virus in the southeastern United States. J Med Entomol 53: 473–476.
-
7.
Goldfield M, Welsh JN, Taylor BF, 1968. The 1959 outbreak of eastern encephalitis in New Jersey. The inapparent infection:disease ratio. Am J Epidemiol 87: 32–38.
-
8.
Feemster RF, 1938. Outbreak of encephalitis in man due to the eastern virus of equine encephalomyelitis. Am J Public Health Nations Health 28: 1403–1410.
-
9.
Przelomski MM, O’Rourke E, Grady GF, Berardi VP, Markley HG, 1988. Eastern equine encephalitis in Massachusetts: a report of 16 cases, 1970–1984. Neurology 38: 736–739.
-
10.
Deresiewicz RL, Thaler SJ, Hsu L, Zamani AA, 1997. Clinical and neuroradiographic manifestations of eastern equine encephalitis. N Engl J Med 336: 1867–1874.
-
11.
Goldfield M, Sussman O, 1968. The 1959 outbreak of eastern encephalitis in New Jersey. I. Introduction and description of outbreak. Am J Epidemiol 87: 1–10.
-
12.
Ayres JC, Feemster RF, 1949. The sequelae of eastern equine encephalomyelitis. N Engl J Med 240: 960–962.
-
13.
Gaensbauer JT, Lindsey NP, Messacar K, Staples JE, Fischer M, 2014. Neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States: 2003 to 2012. Pediatrics 134: e642–e650.
-
14.
CDC, 2006. Eastern equine encephalitis–New Hampshire and Massachusetts, August–September 2005. MMWR 55: 697–700.
-
15.
Reimann CA, Hayes EB, DiGuiseppi C, Hoffman R, Lehman JA, Lindsey NP, Campbell GL, Fischer M, 2008. Epidemiology of neuroinvasive arboviral disease–United States, 1999–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 974–979.
-
16.
CDC, 2015. Arboviral Diseases, Neuroinvasive and Non-Neuroinvasive: 2015 Case Definition. Available at: http://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/arboviral-diseases-neuroinvasive-and-non-neuroinvasive/case-definition/2015/. Accessed October 23, 2015.
-
17.
US Census Bureau, 2010. Population Estimates: Intercensal Estimates 2000–2010. Available at: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html. Accessed October 23, 2015.
-
18.
Villari P, Spielman A, Komar N, McDowell M, Timperi RJ, 1995. The economic burden imposed by a residual case of eastern encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52: 8–13.
-
19.
Farber S, Hill A, Connerly ML, Dingle JH, 1940. Encephalitis in infants and children caused by the virus of the eastern variety of equine encephalitis. JAMA 114: 1725–1731.
-
20.
Letson GW, Bailey RE, Pearson J, Tsai TF, 1993. Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE): a description of the 1989 outbreak, recent epidemiologic trends, and the association of rainfall with EEE occurrence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49: 677–685.
-
21.
Gibney KB, Robinson S, Mutebi JP, Hoenig DE, Bernier BJ, Webber L, Lubelczyk C, Nett RJ, Fischer M, 2011. Eastern equine encephalitis: an emerging arboviral disease threat, Maine, 2009. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 637–639.
-
22.
Lindsey NP, Lehman JA, Staples JE, Fischer M, 2014. West Nile virus and other arboviral diseases–United States, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 63: 521–526.
-
23.
Lindsey NP, Lehman JA, Staples JE, Fischer M, 2015. West Nile virus and other nationally notifiable arboviral diseases–United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 64: 929–934.
-
24.
Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG, 2013. Eastern equine encephalitis virus–old enemy, new threat. N Engl J Med 368: 1670–1673.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 945 | 781 | 219 |
| Full Text Views | 1451 | 49 | 7 |
| PDF Downloads | 591 | 35 | 6 |