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1.
WHO, 2009. Dengue: Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control: New Edition. Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Available at: http://www.who.int/tdr/publications/documents/dengue-diagnosis.pdf. Accessed June 13, 2017.
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2.
WHO, 2013. Dengue Fever in Pakistan. WHO Surveillance, Forecasting and Response. Available at: http://www.emro.who.int/surveillance-forecasting-response/outbreaks/dengue-fever-in-pakistan.html. Accessed June 13, 2017.
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3.
Cecilia D, 2014. Current status of dengue and chikungunya in India. WHO South-East Asia J Public Health 3: 24–27.
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Elyan DS, Moustafa L, Noormal B, Jacobs JS, Aziz MA, Hassan KS, Wasfy MO, Monestersky JH, Oyofo BA, 2014. Serological evidence of flaviviruses infection among acute febrile illness patients in Afghanistan. J Infect Dev Ctries 8: 1176–1180.
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Mardani M, Abbasi F, Aghahasani M, Ghavam B, 2013. First Iranian imported case of dengue. Int J Prev Med 4: 1075–1077.
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6.
Chinikar S et al.., 2013. Preliminary study of dengue virus infection in Iran. Travel Med Infect Dis 11: 166–169.
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7.
Hii YL, Zhu H, Ng N, Ng LC, Rocklöv J, 2012. Forecast of dengue incidence using temperature and rainfall. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1908.
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8.
Bostan N, Javed S, Nabgha-E-Amen, Eqani SA, Tahir F, Bokhari H, 2017. Dengue fever virus in Pakistan: effects of seasonal pattern and temperature change on distribution of vector and virus. Rev Med Virol 27: e1899.
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9.
Nunes MR et al.., 2014. Air travel is associated with intracontinental spread of dengue virus serotypes 1–3 in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2769.
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Stoddard ST, Morrison AC, Vazquez-Prokopec GM, Paz Soldan V, Kochel TJ, Kitron U, Elder JP, Scott TW, 2009. The role of human movement in the transmission of vector-borne pathogens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e481.
-
11.
Wesolowski A, Qureshi T, Boni MF, Sundsøy PR, Johansson MA, Rasheed SB, Engø-Monsen K, Buckee CO, 2015. Impact of human mobility on the emergence of dengue epidemics in Pakistan. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112: 11887–11892.
-
12.
Zubair M, Ashraf M, Ahsan A, Nazir NU, Hanif H, Khan HA, 2016. Dengue viral infections in Pakistan and other Asian countries: a comprehensive review. J Pak Med Assoc 66: 884–888.
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13.
Ali A et al.., 2013. Seroepidemiology of dengue fever in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, Pakistan. Int J Infect Dis 17: e518–e523.
-
14.
Chinikar S, Javadi A, Ataei B, Shakeri H, Moradi M, Mostafavi E, Ghiasi SM, 2012. Detection of West Nile virus genome and specific antibodies in Iranian encephalitis patients. Epidemiol Infect 140: 1525–1529.
-
15.
Aghaie A, Aaskov J, Chinikar S, Niedrig M, Banazadeh S, Mohammadpour HK, 2016. Frequency of West Nile virus infection in Iranian blood donors. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 32: 343–346.
-
16.
Chinikar S, Shah-Hosseini N, Mostafavi E, Moradi M, Khakifirouz S, Jalali T, Goya MM, Shirzadi MR, Zainali M, Fooks AR, 2013. Seroprevalence of West Nile virus in Iran. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 13: 586–589.
-
17.
Doosti S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Schaffner F, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Akbarzadeh K, Gooya MM, Vatandoost H, Shirzadi MR, Mosta-Favi E, 2016. Mosquito surveillance and the first record of the invasive mosquito species Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern Iran. Iran J Public Health 45: 1064–1073.
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18.
Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Doosti S, Schaffner F, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Akbarzadeh K, Yaghoobi-Ershadi N, 2017. Morphological studies on adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and first report of the potential Zika virus vector Aedes (Stegomyia) unilineatus (Theobald, 1906) in Iran. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 110: 116–121.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 1915 | 1744 | 26 |
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Dengue Fever as an Emerging Infection in Southeast Iran
Mostafa Heydari
Mostafa Heydari
Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran;
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Maliheh Metanat
Maliheh Metanat
Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran;
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Mohammad-Ali Rouzbeh-Far
Mohammad-Ali Rouzbeh-Far
Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran;
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Seyed Mehdi Tabatabaei
Seyed Mehdi Tabatabaei
Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran;
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Mohammad Rakhshani
Mohammad Rakhshani
Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran;
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Nahid Sepehri-Rad
Nahid Sepehri-Rad
Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran;
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Maryam Keshtkar-Jahromi
Maryam Keshtkar-Jahromi
Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Dengue fever (DF) is a mosquito-borne acute viral disease presenting with hemorrhagic manifestations in severe cases. Southeast Iran is in close proximity to Pakistan, an endemic country for DF. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Sistan and Baluchestan province in the southeast of Iran to investigate possibility of DF (immunoglobulin M [IgM], immunoglobulin G [IgG], and nonstructural protein 1 [NS1] antigen tests) in 60 clinically suspected patients (April 2013 to August 2015). NS1 protein was detected in 5% (N = 3), at least one of the antibodies (IgM and/ or IgG) was detected in 11% (N = 7) of the samples. Five patients identified as of acutely infected. There was a simultaneous presence of NS1 protein and IgG or IgM antibodies in 4% (N = 2) of patients. Previous studies show establishment of potential vectors in this area. These evidences support the hypothesis that DF can be a health concern in Southeast Iran with potential future outbreaks.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study has been funded by Zahedan University of Medical Sciences.
Authors’ addresses: Mostafa Heydari, Maliheh Metanat, Mohammad-Ali Rouzbeh-Far, Seyed Mehdi Tabatabaei, Mohammad Rakhshani, and Nahid Sepehri-Rad, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran, E-mails: mostafaheydari.m@gmail.com, mmetanat16@gmail.com, mashhadi172@gmail.com, zu.healthdeputy@gmail.com, rakhshani_dr@yahoo.com, and nahid_sepehri@yahoo.com. Maryam Keshtkar-Jahromi, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, E-mail: maryam.keshtkar@jhmi.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO, 2009. Dengue: Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control: New Edition. Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Available at: http://www.who.int/tdr/publications/documents/dengue-diagnosis.pdf. Accessed June 13, 2017.
-
2.
WHO, 2013. Dengue Fever in Pakistan. WHO Surveillance, Forecasting and Response. Available at: http://www.emro.who.int/surveillance-forecasting-response/outbreaks/dengue-fever-in-pakistan.html. Accessed June 13, 2017.
-
3.
Cecilia D, 2014. Current status of dengue and chikungunya in India. WHO South-East Asia J Public Health 3: 24–27.
-
4.
Elyan DS, Moustafa L, Noormal B, Jacobs JS, Aziz MA, Hassan KS, Wasfy MO, Monestersky JH, Oyofo BA, 2014. Serological evidence of flaviviruses infection among acute febrile illness patients in Afghanistan. J Infect Dev Ctries 8: 1176–1180.
-
5.
Mardani M, Abbasi F, Aghahasani M, Ghavam B, 2013. First Iranian imported case of dengue. Int J Prev Med 4: 1075–1077.
-
6.
Chinikar S et al.., 2013. Preliminary study of dengue virus infection in Iran. Travel Med Infect Dis 11: 166–169.
-
7.
Hii YL, Zhu H, Ng N, Ng LC, Rocklöv J, 2012. Forecast of dengue incidence using temperature and rainfall. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1908.
-
8.
Bostan N, Javed S, Nabgha-E-Amen, Eqani SA, Tahir F, Bokhari H, 2017. Dengue fever virus in Pakistan: effects of seasonal pattern and temperature change on distribution of vector and virus. Rev Med Virol 27: e1899.
-
9.
Nunes MR et al.., 2014. Air travel is associated with intracontinental spread of dengue virus serotypes 1–3 in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2769.
-
10.
Stoddard ST, Morrison AC, Vazquez-Prokopec GM, Paz Soldan V, Kochel TJ, Kitron U, Elder JP, Scott TW, 2009. The role of human movement in the transmission of vector-borne pathogens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e481.
-
11.
Wesolowski A, Qureshi T, Boni MF, Sundsøy PR, Johansson MA, Rasheed SB, Engø-Monsen K, Buckee CO, 2015. Impact of human mobility on the emergence of dengue epidemics in Pakistan. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112: 11887–11892.
-
12.
Zubair M, Ashraf M, Ahsan A, Nazir NU, Hanif H, Khan HA, 2016. Dengue viral infections in Pakistan and other Asian countries: a comprehensive review. J Pak Med Assoc 66: 884–888.
-
13.
Ali A et al.., 2013. Seroepidemiology of dengue fever in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, Pakistan. Int J Infect Dis 17: e518–e523.
-
14.
Chinikar S, Javadi A, Ataei B, Shakeri H, Moradi M, Mostafavi E, Ghiasi SM, 2012. Detection of West Nile virus genome and specific antibodies in Iranian encephalitis patients. Epidemiol Infect 140: 1525–1529.
-
15.
Aghaie A, Aaskov J, Chinikar S, Niedrig M, Banazadeh S, Mohammadpour HK, 2016. Frequency of West Nile virus infection in Iranian blood donors. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 32: 343–346.
-
16.
Chinikar S, Shah-Hosseini N, Mostafavi E, Moradi M, Khakifirouz S, Jalali T, Goya MM, Shirzadi MR, Zainali M, Fooks AR, 2013. Seroprevalence of West Nile virus in Iran. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 13: 586–589.
-
17.
Doosti S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Schaffner F, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Akbarzadeh K, Gooya MM, Vatandoost H, Shirzadi MR, Mosta-Favi E, 2016. Mosquito surveillance and the first record of the invasive mosquito species Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern Iran. Iran J Public Health 45: 1064–1073.
-
18.
Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Doosti S, Schaffner F, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Akbarzadeh K, Yaghoobi-Ershadi N, 2017. Morphological studies on adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and first report of the potential Zika virus vector Aedes (Stegomyia) unilineatus (Theobald, 1906) in Iran. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 110: 116–121.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1915 | 1744 | 26 |
| Full Text Views | 591 | 6 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 113 | 10 | 0 |