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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO, 2016. Progress report on the elimination of human onchocerciasis, 2015–2016. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 91: 505–514.
-
2.
WHO, 2011. African programme for onchocerciasis control: meeting of National Task Forces, September 2011. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 86: 541–549.
-
3.
Cupp EW, Sauerbrey M, Richards F, 2011. Elimination of human onchocerciasis: history of progress and current feasibility using ivermectin (Mectizan((R))) monotherapy. Acta Trop 120 (Suppl 1): S100–S108.
-
4.
Roberts JM, Neumann E, Gockel CW, Highton RB, 1967. Onchocerciasis in Kenya 9, 11 and 18 years after elimination of the vector. Bull World Health Organ 37: 195–212.
-
5.
Turner HC, Walker M, Churcher TS, Basanez MG, 2014. Modelling the impact of ivermectin on River Blindness and its burden of morbidity and mortality in African Savannah: EpiOncho projections. Parasit Vectors 7: 241.
-
6.
Turner HC, Walker M, Churcher TS, Osei-Atweneboana MY, Biritwum NK, Hopkins A, Prichard RK, Basanez MG, 2014. Reaching the london declaration on neglected tropical diseases goals for onchocerciasis: an economic evaluation of increasing the frequency of ivermectin treatment in Africa. Clin Infect Dis 59: 923–932.
-
7.
Unnasch TR, Meredith SE, 1996. The use of degenerate primers in conjunction with strain and species oligonucleotides to classify Onchocerca volvulus. Methods Mol Biol 50: 293–303.
-
8.
Fink DL, Fahle GA, Fischer S, Fedorko DF, Nutman TB, 2011. Toward molecular parasitologic diagnosis: enhanced diagnostic sensitivity for filarial infections in mobile populations. J Clin Microbiol 49: 42–47.
-
9.
Zimmerman PA, Guderian RH, Aruajo E, Elson L, Phadke P, Kubofcik J, Nutman TB, 1994. Polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis of Onchocerca volvulus infection: improved detection of patients with onchocerciasis. J Infect Dis 169: 686–689.
-
10.
Toe L, Boatin BA, Adjami A, Back C, Merriweather A, Unnasch TR, 1998. Detection of Onchocerca volvulus infection by O-150 polymerase chain reaction analysis of skin scratches. J Infect Dis 178: 282–285.
-
11.
Lloyd MM, Gilbert R, Taha NT, Weil GJ, Meite A, Kouakou IM, Fischer PU, 2015. Conventional parasitology and DNA-based diagnostic methods for onchocerciasis elimination programmes. Acta Trop 146: 114–118.
-
12.
Thiele EA, Cama VA, Lakwo T, Mekasha S, Abanyie F, Sleshi M, Kebede A, Cantey PT, 2016. Detection of Onchocerca volvulus in skin snips by microscopy and real-time polymerase chain reaction: implications for monitoring and evaluation activities. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94: 906–911.
-
13.
Lipner EM, Dembele N, Souleymane S, Alley WS, Prevots DR, Toe L, Boatin B, Weil GJ, Nutman TB, 2006. Field applicability of a rapid-format anti-Ov-16 antibody test for the assessment of onchocerciasis control measures in regions of endemicity. J Infect Dis 194: 216–221.
-
14.
Lobos E, Weiss N, Karam M, Taylor HR, Ottesen EA, Nutman TB, 1991. An immunogenic Onchocerca volvulus antigen: a specific and early marker of infection. Science 251: 1603–1605.
-
15.
Gopal H, Hassan HK, Rodriguez-Perez MA, Toe LD, Lustigman S, Unnasch TR, 2012. Oligonucleotide based magnetic bead capture of Onchocerca volvulus DNA for PCR pool screening of vector black flies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1712.
-
16.
Downes BL, Jacobsen KH, 2010. A systematic review of the epidemiology of mansonelliasis. Afr J Infect Dis 4: 7–14.
-
17.
Hawking F, 1977. The distribution of human filariasis throughout the world. Part III. Africa. Trop Dis Bull 74: 649–679.
-
18.
Simonsen PE, Onapa AW, Asio SM, 2011. Mansonella perstans filariasis in Africa. Acta Trop 120 (Suppl 1): S109–S120.
-
19.
Zoure HG, Wanji S, Noma M, Amazigo UV, Diggle PJ, Tekle AH, Remme JH, 2011. The geographic distribution of Loa loa in Africa: results of large-scale implementation of the Rapid Assessment Procedure for Loiasis (RAPLOA). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1210.
-
20.
Fischer P, Buttner DW, Bamuhiiga J, Williams SA, 1998. Detection of the filarial parasite Mansonella streptocerca in skin biopsies by a nested polymerase chain reaction-based assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58: 816–820.
-
21.
Padgett JJ, Jacobsen KH, 2008. Loiasis: African eye worm. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 983–989.
-
22.
Wilson NO et al. 2016. Evaluation of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis in three senegalese districts treated for onchocerciasis with ivermectin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0005198.
-
23.
Steel C, Golden A, Stevens E, Yokobe L, Domingo GJ, de los Santos T, Nutman TB, 2015. Rapid point-of-contact tool for mapping and integrated surveillance of Wuchereria bancrofti and Onchocerca volvulus infection. Clin Vaccine Immunol 22: 896–901.
-
24.
Moya L et al. 2016. Evidence for suppression of onchocerciasis transmission in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004829.
-
25.
Katabarwa MN et al. 2012. Transmission of onchocerciasis in wadelai focus of northwestern Uganda has been interrupted and the disease eliminated. J Parasitol Res 2012: 748540.
-
26.
Golden A et al. 2013. Extended result reading window in lateral flow tests detecting exposure to Onchocerca volvulus: a new technology to improve epidemiological surveillance tools. PLoS One 8: e69231.
-
27.
Evans DS et al. 2014. Status of onchocerciasis transmission after more than a decade of mass drug administration for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis elimination in central Nigeria: challenges in coordinating the stop MDA decision. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e3113.
-
28.
WHO, 2016. Guidelines for Stopping Mass Drug Administration and Verifying Elimination of Human Onchocerciasis: Criteria and Procedures. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
29.
Taylor HR, Munoz B, Keyvan-Larijani E, Greene BM, 1989. Reliability of detection of microfilariae in skin snips in the diagnosis of onchocerciasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41: 467–471.
-
30.
Alhassan A, Makepeace BL, LaCourse EJ, Osei-Atweneboana MY, Carlow CK, 2014. A simple isothermal DNA amplification method to screen black flies for Onchocerca volvulus infection. PLoS One 9: e108927.
-
31.
Mourembou G et al. 2015. Mansonella, including a potential new species, as common parasites in children in Gabon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0004155.
-
32.
Fink DL, Kamgno J, Nutman TB, 2011. Rapid molecular assays for specific detection and quantitation of Loa loa microfilaremia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1299.
-
33.
Howe KL et al. 2016. WormBase 2016: expanding to enable helminth genomic research. Nucleic Acids Res 44: D774–D780.
-
34.
Howe KL, Bolt BJ, Shafie M, Kersey P, Berriman M, 2017. WormBase ParaSite—a comprehensive resource for helminth genomics. Mol Biochem Parasitol 215: 2–10.
-
35.
Eisenbarth A, Achukwi MD, Renz A, 2016. Ongoing transmission of Onchocerca volvulus after 25 years of annual ivermectin mass treatments in the Vina du Nord River Valley, in North Cameroon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004392.
-
36.
Eisenbarth A, Ekale D, Hildebrandt J, Achukwi MD, Streit A, Renz A, 2013. Molecular evidence of ‘Siisa form’, a new genotype related to Onchocerca ochengi in cattle from north Cameroon. Acta Trop 127: 261–265.
-
37.
Krueger A, Fischer P, Morales-Hojas R, 2007. Molecular phylogeny of the filaria genus Onchocerca with special emphasis on Afrotropical human and bovine parasites. Acta Trop 101: 1–14.
-
38.
Lagatie O, Merino M, Batsa Debrah L, Debrah AY, Stuyver LJ, 2016. An isothermal DNA amplification method for detection of Onchocerca volvulus infection in skin biopsies. Parasit Vectors 9: 624.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2798 | 2340 | 624 |
| Full Text Views | 672 | 16 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 325 | 21 | 2 |
Comparison of PCR Methods for Onchocerca volvulus Detection in Skin Snip Biopsies from the Tshopo Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Jessica L. Prince-Guerra
Jessica L. Prince-Guerra
American Society for Microbiology/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Postdoctoral Research Fellowship, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Vitaliano A. Cama
Vitaliano A. Cama
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Nana Wilson
Nana Wilson
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Elizabeth A. Thiele
Elizabeth A. Thiele
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Josias Likwela
Josias Likwela
Programme National de la Lutte contre l’Onchocercose, Kisangani, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
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Nestor Ndakala
Nestor Ndakala
Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
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Jacques Muzinga wa Muzinga
Jacques Muzinga wa Muzinga
Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
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Nicholas Ayebazibwe
Nicholas Ayebazibwe
African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda;
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Yassa D. Ndjakani
Yassa D. Ndjakani
Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
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Naomi A. Pitchouna
Naomi A. Pitchouna
Programme Nationale de la Lutte contre l’Onchocercose, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
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Dieudonne Mumba
Dieudonne Mumba
Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
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Antoinette K. Tshefu
Antoinette K. Tshefu
Ecole de Santé Publique, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Guilherme Ogawa
Guilherme Ogawa
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Paul T. Cantey
Paul T. Cantey
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Defining the optimal diagnostic tools for evaluating onchocerciasis elimination efforts in areas co-endemic for other filarial nematodes is imperative. This study compared three published polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods: the Onchocerca volvulus–specific qPCR-O150, the pan-filarial qPCR melt curve analysis (MCA), and the O150-PCR enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) currently used for vector surveillance in skin snip biopsies (skin snips) collected from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The pan-filarial qPCR-MCA was compared with species-specific qPCRs for Loa loa and Mansonella perstans. Among the 471 skin snips, 47.5%, 43.5%, and 27.0% were O. volvulus positive by qPCR-O150, qPCR-MCA, and O150-PCR ELISA, respectively. Using qPCR-O150 as the comparator, the sensitivity and specificity of qPCR-MCA were 89.3% and 98.0%, respectively, whereas for O150-PCR ELISA, they were 56.7% and 100%, respectively. Although qPCR-MCA identified the presence of L. loa and Mansonella spp. in skin snips, species-specific qPCRs had greater sensitivity and were needed to identify M. perstans. Most of the qPCR-MCA misclassifications occurred in mixed infections. The reduced sensitivity of O150-PCR ELISA was associated with lower microfilaria burden and with lower amounts of O. volvulus DNA. Although qPCR-MCA identified most of the O. volvulus–positive skin snips, it is not sufficiently robust to be used for stop-mass drug administration (MDA) evaluations in areas co-endemic for other filariae. Because O150-PCR ELISA missed 43.3% of qPCR-O150–positive skin snips, the qPCR-O150 assay is more appropriate for evaluating skin snips of OV-16 + children in stop-MDA assessments. Although improving the sensitivity of the O150-PCR ELISA as an alternative to qPCR might be possible, qPCR-O150 offers distinct advantages aside from increased sensitivity.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 169 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported in part by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Jessica Prince-Guerra was funded through a competitive award from the ASM/CDC Program in Infectious Disease and Public Health Microbiology Postdoctoral Research Fellowship.
Authors’ addresses: Jessica Prince-Guerra, Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: jprinc2@emory.edu. Vitaliano Cama, Nana Wilson, Guilherme Ogawa, and Paul T. Cantey, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: vcama@cdc.gov, wie4@cdc.gov, yfb9@cdc.gov, and canteyp@who.int. Elizabeth A. Thiele, Biology Department, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY, E-mail: elthiele@vassar.edu. Josias Likwela and Naomi A. Pitchouna, Programme National de la Lute Contre les Maladies Tropicales Negligees, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, E-mails: josiaslikwelabb@gmail.com and naopitchouna@gmail.com. Nestor Ndakala, Jacques Muzinga wa Muzinga, and Yassa D. Ndjakani, Field Epidemiology Training Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, E-mails: drnestndakala@gmail.com, jacquesmuzinga27@gmail.com, and xzt7@cdc.gov. Nicholas Ayebazibwe, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda, E-mail: nayebazibw@afenet.net. Dieudonne Mumba, Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, E-mail: mumbadieudonne@yahoo.fr. Antoinette K. Tshefu, Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, E-mail: antotshe@yahoo.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO, 2016. Progress report on the elimination of human onchocerciasis, 2015–2016. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 91: 505–514.
-
2.
WHO, 2011. African programme for onchocerciasis control: meeting of National Task Forces, September 2011. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 86: 541–549.
-
3.
Cupp EW, Sauerbrey M, Richards F, 2011. Elimination of human onchocerciasis: history of progress and current feasibility using ivermectin (Mectizan((R))) monotherapy. Acta Trop 120 (Suppl 1): S100–S108.
-
4.
Roberts JM, Neumann E, Gockel CW, Highton RB, 1967. Onchocerciasis in Kenya 9, 11 and 18 years after elimination of the vector. Bull World Health Organ 37: 195–212.
-
5.
Turner HC, Walker M, Churcher TS, Basanez MG, 2014. Modelling the impact of ivermectin on River Blindness and its burden of morbidity and mortality in African Savannah: EpiOncho projections. Parasit Vectors 7: 241.
-
6.
Turner HC, Walker M, Churcher TS, Osei-Atweneboana MY, Biritwum NK, Hopkins A, Prichard RK, Basanez MG, 2014. Reaching the london declaration on neglected tropical diseases goals for onchocerciasis: an economic evaluation of increasing the frequency of ivermectin treatment in Africa. Clin Infect Dis 59: 923–932.
-
7.
Unnasch TR, Meredith SE, 1996. The use of degenerate primers in conjunction with strain and species oligonucleotides to classify Onchocerca volvulus. Methods Mol Biol 50: 293–303.
-
8.
Fink DL, Fahle GA, Fischer S, Fedorko DF, Nutman TB, 2011. Toward molecular parasitologic diagnosis: enhanced diagnostic sensitivity for filarial infections in mobile populations. J Clin Microbiol 49: 42–47.
-
9.
Zimmerman PA, Guderian RH, Aruajo E, Elson L, Phadke P, Kubofcik J, Nutman TB, 1994. Polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis of Onchocerca volvulus infection: improved detection of patients with onchocerciasis. J Infect Dis 169: 686–689.
-
10.
Toe L, Boatin BA, Adjami A, Back C, Merriweather A, Unnasch TR, 1998. Detection of Onchocerca volvulus infection by O-150 polymerase chain reaction analysis of skin scratches. J Infect Dis 178: 282–285.
-
11.
Lloyd MM, Gilbert R, Taha NT, Weil GJ, Meite A, Kouakou IM, Fischer PU, 2015. Conventional parasitology and DNA-based diagnostic methods for onchocerciasis elimination programmes. Acta Trop 146: 114–118.
-
12.
Thiele EA, Cama VA, Lakwo T, Mekasha S, Abanyie F, Sleshi M, Kebede A, Cantey PT, 2016. Detection of Onchocerca volvulus in skin snips by microscopy and real-time polymerase chain reaction: implications for monitoring and evaluation activities. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94: 906–911.
-
13.
Lipner EM, Dembele N, Souleymane S, Alley WS, Prevots DR, Toe L, Boatin B, Weil GJ, Nutman TB, 2006. Field applicability of a rapid-format anti-Ov-16 antibody test for the assessment of onchocerciasis control measures in regions of endemicity. J Infect Dis 194: 216–221.
-
14.
Lobos E, Weiss N, Karam M, Taylor HR, Ottesen EA, Nutman TB, 1991. An immunogenic Onchocerca volvulus antigen: a specific and early marker of infection. Science 251: 1603–1605.
-
15.
Gopal H, Hassan HK, Rodriguez-Perez MA, Toe LD, Lustigman S, Unnasch TR, 2012. Oligonucleotide based magnetic bead capture of Onchocerca volvulus DNA for PCR pool screening of vector black flies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1712.
-
16.
Downes BL, Jacobsen KH, 2010. A systematic review of the epidemiology of mansonelliasis. Afr J Infect Dis 4: 7–14.
-
17.
Hawking F, 1977. The distribution of human filariasis throughout the world. Part III. Africa. Trop Dis Bull 74: 649–679.
-
18.
Simonsen PE, Onapa AW, Asio SM, 2011. Mansonella perstans filariasis in Africa. Acta Trop 120 (Suppl 1): S109–S120.
-
19.
Zoure HG, Wanji S, Noma M, Amazigo UV, Diggle PJ, Tekle AH, Remme JH, 2011. The geographic distribution of Loa loa in Africa: results of large-scale implementation of the Rapid Assessment Procedure for Loiasis (RAPLOA). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1210.
-
20.
Fischer P, Buttner DW, Bamuhiiga J, Williams SA, 1998. Detection of the filarial parasite Mansonella streptocerca in skin biopsies by a nested polymerase chain reaction-based assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58: 816–820.
-
21.
Padgett JJ, Jacobsen KH, 2008. Loiasis: African eye worm. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 983–989.
-
22.
Wilson NO et al. 2016. Evaluation of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis in three senegalese districts treated for onchocerciasis with ivermectin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0005198.
-
23.
Steel C, Golden A, Stevens E, Yokobe L, Domingo GJ, de los Santos T, Nutman TB, 2015. Rapid point-of-contact tool for mapping and integrated surveillance of Wuchereria bancrofti and Onchocerca volvulus infection. Clin Vaccine Immunol 22: 896–901.
-
24.
Moya L et al. 2016. Evidence for suppression of onchocerciasis transmission in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004829.
-
25.
Katabarwa MN et al. 2012. Transmission of onchocerciasis in wadelai focus of northwestern Uganda has been interrupted and the disease eliminated. J Parasitol Res 2012: 748540.
-
26.
Golden A et al. 2013. Extended result reading window in lateral flow tests detecting exposure to Onchocerca volvulus: a new technology to improve epidemiological surveillance tools. PLoS One 8: e69231.
-
27.
Evans DS et al. 2014. Status of onchocerciasis transmission after more than a decade of mass drug administration for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis elimination in central Nigeria: challenges in coordinating the stop MDA decision. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e3113.
-
28.
WHO, 2016. Guidelines for Stopping Mass Drug Administration and Verifying Elimination of Human Onchocerciasis: Criteria and Procedures. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
29.
Taylor HR, Munoz B, Keyvan-Larijani E, Greene BM, 1989. Reliability of detection of microfilariae in skin snips in the diagnosis of onchocerciasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41: 467–471.
-
30.
Alhassan A, Makepeace BL, LaCourse EJ, Osei-Atweneboana MY, Carlow CK, 2014. A simple isothermal DNA amplification method to screen black flies for Onchocerca volvulus infection. PLoS One 9: e108927.
-
31.
Mourembou G et al. 2015. Mansonella, including a potential new species, as common parasites in children in Gabon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0004155.
-
32.
Fink DL, Kamgno J, Nutman TB, 2011. Rapid molecular assays for specific detection and quantitation of Loa loa microfilaremia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1299.
-
33.
Howe KL et al. 2016. WormBase 2016: expanding to enable helminth genomic research. Nucleic Acids Res 44: D774–D780.
-
34.
Howe KL, Bolt BJ, Shafie M, Kersey P, Berriman M, 2017. WormBase ParaSite—a comprehensive resource for helminth genomics. Mol Biochem Parasitol 215: 2–10.
-
35.
Eisenbarth A, Achukwi MD, Renz A, 2016. Ongoing transmission of Onchocerca volvulus after 25 years of annual ivermectin mass treatments in the Vina du Nord River Valley, in North Cameroon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004392.
-
36.
Eisenbarth A, Ekale D, Hildebrandt J, Achukwi MD, Streit A, Renz A, 2013. Molecular evidence of ‘Siisa form’, a new genotype related to Onchocerca ochengi in cattle from north Cameroon. Acta Trop 127: 261–265.
-
37.
Krueger A, Fischer P, Morales-Hojas R, 2007. Molecular phylogeny of the filaria genus Onchocerca with special emphasis on Afrotropical human and bovine parasites. Acta Trop 101: 1–14.
-
38.
Lagatie O, Merino M, Batsa Debrah L, Debrah AY, Stuyver LJ, 2016. An isothermal DNA amplification method for detection of Onchocerca volvulus infection in skin biopsies. Parasit Vectors 9: 624.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2798 | 2340 | 624 |
| Full Text Views | 672 | 16 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 325 | 21 | 2 |