ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Division of Malaria Control, 2010. National Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Malaria in Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2010. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation.
-
3.
Desai M, ter Kuile FO, Nosten F, McGready R, Asamoa K, Brabin B, Newman RD, 2007. Epidemiology and burden of malaria in pregnancy. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 93–104.
-
4.
Kovacs S, van Eijk AM, Sevene E, Dellicour S, Weiss NS, Emerson S, Steketee R, ter Kuile FO, Stergachis A, 2016. The safety of artemisinin derivatives for the treatment of malaria in the 2nd or 3rd trimester of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 11: e0164963.
-
5.
Norwitz ER, Greenberg JA, 2009. Antibiotics in pregnancy: are they safe? Rev Obstet Gynecol 2: 135–136.
-
6.
Nyandigisi A, Memusi D, Mbithi A, Ang’wa N, Shieshia M, Muturi A, Sudoi R, Githinji S, Juma E, Zurovac D, 2011. Malaria case-management following change of policy to universal parasitological diagnosis and targeted artemisinin-based combination therapy in Kenya. PLoS One 6: e24781.
-
7.
Nyandigisi A et al. 2013. Monitoring Outpatient Malaria Case Management Under the 2010 Diagnostic and Treatment Policy in Kenya-2010–2013 Progress Report. Nairobi, Kenya: Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health.
-
8.
Hill J, D’Mello-Guyett L, Hoyt J, van Eijk AM, ter Kuile FO, Webster J, 2014. Women’s access and provider practices for the case management of malaria during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 11: e1001688.
-
9.
Bigogo G, Audi A, Aura B, Aol G, Breiman RF, Feikin DR, 2010. Health-seeking patterns among participants of population-based morbidity surveillance in rural western Kenya: implications for calculating disease rates. Int J Infect Dis 14: e967–e973.
-
10.
Chuma J, Abuya T, Memusi D, Juma E, Akhwale W, Ntwiga J, Nyandigisi A, Tetteh G, Shretta R, Amin A, 2009. Reviewing the literature on access to prompt and effective malaria treatment in Kenya: implications for meeting the Abuja targets. Malar J 8: 243.
-
11.
Cohen J, Dupas P, Schaner S, 2015. Price subsidies, diagnostic tests, and targeting of malaria treatment: evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Am Econ Rev 105: 609–645.
-
12.
Odhiambo FO et al. 2012. Profile: the KEMRI/CDC health and demographic surveillance system—western Kenya. Int J Epidemiol 41: 977–987.
-
13.
Desai M et al. 2015. Intermittent screening and treatment or intermittent preventive treatment with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine versus intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the control of malaria during pregnancy in western Kenya: an open-label, three-group, randomised controlled superiority trial. Lancet 386: 2507–2519.
-
14.
Desai M et al. 2016. Impact of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance on effectiveness of intermittent preventive therapy for malaria in pregnancy at clearing infections and preventing low birth weight. Clin Infect Dis 62: 323–333.
-
15.
Huntington D, Schuler SR, 1993. The simulated client method: evaluating client-provider interactions in family planning clinics. Stud Fam Plann 24: 187–193.
-
16.
Madden JM, Quick JD, Ross-Degnan D, Kafle KK, 1997. Undercover careseekers: simulated clients in the study of health provider behavior in developing countries. Soc Sci Med 45: 1465–1482.
-
17.
Riley C, Dellicour S, Ouma P, Kioko U, ter Kuile FO, Omar A, Kariuki S, Buff AM, Desai M, Gutman J, 2016. Knowledge and adherence to the national guidelines for malaria case management in pregnancy among healthcare providers and drug outlet dispensers in rural, western Kenya. PLoS One 11: e0145616.
-
18.
Kioko U, Riley C, Dellicour S, Were V, Ouma P, Gutman J, Kariuki S, Omar A, Desai M, Buff AM, 2016. Availability and cost of antimalarial medications in drug outlets in rural Siaya County, western Kenya. Malar J 15: 359.
-
19.
Kamuhabwa A, Jalal R, 2011. Drug use in pregnancy: knowledge of drug dispensers and pregnant women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Indian J Pharmacol 43: 345–349.
-
20.
Mubi M, Kakoko D, Ngasala B, Premji Z, Peterson S, Björkman A, Mårtensson A, 2013. Malaria diagnosis and treatment practices following introduction of rapid diagnostic tests in Kibaha District, Coast Region, Tanzania. Malar J 12: 293.
-
21.
Katambo KD, 2013. Factors Influencing the Use of Evidence Based Guidelines in the Management of Malaria in Pregnancy among Health Workers at Garissa Provincial Hospital, Kenya. Master’s Thesis, School of Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya. Available at: http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/59187/Factors%20Influencing%20The%20Use%20Of%20Evidence%20Based%20Guidelines%20in%20the%20Management%20of%20Malaria%20in%20Pregnancies%20Among%20Health%20Workers%20at%20Garissa%20Provincial%20Hospital%20Kenya.pdf?sequence=3. Accessed June 5, 2017.
-
22.
AMFm Independent Evaluation Team, 2012. Independent Evaluation of Phase 1 of the Affordable Medicines Facility—Malaria (AMFm), Multi-country Independent Evaluation Report: Technical Report. Calverton, Md, and London: ICF International and London School of Hygiene.
-
23.
Population Services International, 2017. Transforming the Private Sector to Support Universal Malaria Diagnostic Coverage: Lessons Learned from Kenya, Madagascar, and Tanzania. Washington, DC: UNITAID Brief.
-
24
Roll Back Malaria Partnership, 2013. Diagnostic Testing in the Retail Private Sector: Lessons Learned. Report from RBM Case Management Working Group Meeting, April 29–30, 2013, London: Roll Back Malaria Partnership.
-
25.
Njagi P, Makoyo J, Njoki N, Ochako R, Poyer S, Lussiana C, Dale M, Dolan S, 2015. A tale of two providers: differences in fever case management practices and performance among private clinicians and private pharmacy providers on the Kenyan coast. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 298.
-
26.
Mbonye AK, Magnussen P, Lal S, Hansen SK, Cundil B, Chandler C, Clarke SE, 2015. A cluster randomised trial introducing rapid diagnostic tests into registered drug shops in Uganda: impact on appropriate treatment of malaria. PLoS One 10: e0129545.
-
27.
Chandler CIR, Meta J, Ponzo C, Nasuwa F, Kessy J, Mbakilwa H, Haaland A, Reyburn H, 2014. The development of effective behaviour change interventions to support the use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests by Tanzanian clinicians. Implement Sci 9: 83.
-
28.
Mbonye AK, Ndyomugyenyi R, Turinde A, Magnussen P, Clarke S, Chandler C, 2010. The feasibility of introducing rapid diagnostic tests for malaria in drug shops in Uganda. Malar J 9: 367.
-
29.
Willey BA et al. 2014. Communicating the AMFm message: exploring the effect of communication and training interventions on private for-profit provider awareness and knowledge related to a multi-country anti-malarial subsidy intervention. Malar J 13: 46.
-
30.
Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, 2013. Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests: An Implementation Guide. Geneva, Switzwerland: FIND.
-
31.
World Health Organization, 2015. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria, 3rd edition. Geneva, Switzwerland: World Health Organization.
-
32.
Zurovac D, Midia B, Ochola SA, English M, Snow RW, 2006. Microscopy and outpatient malaria case management among older children and adults in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 11: 432–440.
-
33.
Steinhardt LC, Chinkhumba J, Wolkon A, Luka M, Luhanga M, Sande J, Oyugi J, Ali D, Mathanga D, Skarbinski J, 2014. Quality of malaria case management in Malawi: results from a nationally representative health facility survey. PLoS One 9: e89050.
-
34.
President’s Malaria Initiative, 2015. President’s Malaria Initiative, Kenya Malaria Operational Plan FY 2015. Available at: https://www.pmi.gov/docs/default-source/default-document-library/malaria-operational-plans/fy-15/fy-2015-kenya-malaria-operational-plan.pdf?sfvrsn=3. Accessed November 1, 2017.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1957 | 1834 | 421 |
| Full Text Views | 1444 | 15 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 157 | 7 | 1 |
Knowledge and Adherence to the National Guidelines for Malaria Diagnosis in Pregnancy among Health-Care Providers and Drug-Outlet Dispensers in Rural Western Kenya
Christina Riley
Christina Riley
Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Stephanie Dellicour
Stephanie Dellicour
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom;
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Peter Ouma
Peter Ouma
KEMRI, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya;
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Urbanus Kioko
Urbanus Kioko
Malaria Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya;
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Ahmeddin Omar
Ahmeddin Omar
Malaria Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya;
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Simon Kariuki
Simon Kariuki
KEMRI, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya;
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Zipporah Ng'ang'a
Zipporah Ng'ang'a
College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya;
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Meghna Desai
Meghna Desai
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia and Kenya;
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Ann M. Buff
Ann M. Buff
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia and Kenya;
U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative, Nairobi, Kenya
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U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative, Nairobi, Kenya
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Julie R. Gutman
Julie R. Gutman
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia and Kenya;
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Prompt diagnosis and effective treatment of acute malaria in pregnancy (MiP) is important for the mother and fetus; data on health-care provider adherence to diagnostic guidelines in pregnancy are limited. From September to November 2013, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in 51 health facilities and 39 drug outlets in Western Kenya. Provider knowledge of national diagnostic guidelines for uncomplicated MiP were assessed using standardized questionnaires. The use of parasitologic testing was assessed in health facilities via exit interviews with febrile women of childbearing age and in drug outlets via simulated-client scenarios, posing as pregnant women or their spouses. Overall, 93% of providers tested for malaria or accurately described signs and symptoms consistent with clinical malaria. Malaria was parasitologically confirmed in 77% of all patients presenting with febrile illness at health facilities and 5% of simulated clients at drug outlets. Parasitological testing was available in 80% of health facilities; 92% of patients evaluated at these facilities were tested. Only 23% of drug outlets had malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs); at these outlets, RDTs were offered in 17% of client simulations. No differences were observed in testing rates by pregnancy trimester. The study highlights gaps among health providers in diagnostic knowledge and practice related to MiP, and the lack of malaria diagnostic capacity, particularly in drug outlets. The most important factor associated with malaria testing of pregnant women was the availability of diagnostics at the point of service. Interventions that increase the availability of malaria diagnostic services might improve malaria case management in pregnant women.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 20 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: This publication was made possible through support provided by the U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), under the terms of an interagency agreement between USAID and CDC and through a cooperative agreement, #1U01GH000048, between CDC and the Kenya Medical Research Institute. The sponsor of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. The corresponding author had full access to all of the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.
Authors’ addresses: Christina Riley, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: riley.christinam@gmail.com. Stephanie Dellicour, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, E-mail: steph.dellicour@gmail.com. Peter Ouma and Simon Kariuki, KEMRI, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya, E-mails: oumapet2015@gmail.com and skariuki@kemricdc.org. Urbanus Kioko and Ahmeddin Omar, Malaria Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mails: ukioks@gmail.com and deen_omar@hotmail.com. Zipporah Ng'ang'a, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: zipnganga@gmail.com. Meghna Desai and Julie R. Gutman, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: mud8@cdc.gov and fff2@cdc.gov. Ann M. Buff, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, and U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: ali3@cdc.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Division of Malaria Control, 2010. National Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Malaria in Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2010. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation.
-
3.
Desai M, ter Kuile FO, Nosten F, McGready R, Asamoa K, Brabin B, Newman RD, 2007. Epidemiology and burden of malaria in pregnancy. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 93–104.
-
4.
Kovacs S, van Eijk AM, Sevene E, Dellicour S, Weiss NS, Emerson S, Steketee R, ter Kuile FO, Stergachis A, 2016. The safety of artemisinin derivatives for the treatment of malaria in the 2nd or 3rd trimester of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 11: e0164963.
-
5.
Norwitz ER, Greenberg JA, 2009. Antibiotics in pregnancy: are they safe? Rev Obstet Gynecol 2: 135–136.
-
6.
Nyandigisi A, Memusi D, Mbithi A, Ang’wa N, Shieshia M, Muturi A, Sudoi R, Githinji S, Juma E, Zurovac D, 2011. Malaria case-management following change of policy to universal parasitological diagnosis and targeted artemisinin-based combination therapy in Kenya. PLoS One 6: e24781.
-
7.
Nyandigisi A et al. 2013. Monitoring Outpatient Malaria Case Management Under the 2010 Diagnostic and Treatment Policy in Kenya-2010–2013 Progress Report. Nairobi, Kenya: Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health.
-
8.
Hill J, D’Mello-Guyett L, Hoyt J, van Eijk AM, ter Kuile FO, Webster J, 2014. Women’s access and provider practices for the case management of malaria during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 11: e1001688.
-
9.
Bigogo G, Audi A, Aura B, Aol G, Breiman RF, Feikin DR, 2010. Health-seeking patterns among participants of population-based morbidity surveillance in rural western Kenya: implications for calculating disease rates. Int J Infect Dis 14: e967–e973.
-
10.
Chuma J, Abuya T, Memusi D, Juma E, Akhwale W, Ntwiga J, Nyandigisi A, Tetteh G, Shretta R, Amin A, 2009. Reviewing the literature on access to prompt and effective malaria treatment in Kenya: implications for meeting the Abuja targets. Malar J 8: 243.
-
11.
Cohen J, Dupas P, Schaner S, 2015. Price subsidies, diagnostic tests, and targeting of malaria treatment: evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Am Econ Rev 105: 609–645.
-
12.
Odhiambo FO et al. 2012. Profile: the KEMRI/CDC health and demographic surveillance system—western Kenya. Int J Epidemiol 41: 977–987.
-
13.
Desai M et al. 2015. Intermittent screening and treatment or intermittent preventive treatment with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine versus intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the control of malaria during pregnancy in western Kenya: an open-label, three-group, randomised controlled superiority trial. Lancet 386: 2507–2519.
-
14.
Desai M et al. 2016. Impact of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance on effectiveness of intermittent preventive therapy for malaria in pregnancy at clearing infections and preventing low birth weight. Clin Infect Dis 62: 323–333.
-
15.
Huntington D, Schuler SR, 1993. The simulated client method: evaluating client-provider interactions in family planning clinics. Stud Fam Plann 24: 187–193.
-
16.
Madden JM, Quick JD, Ross-Degnan D, Kafle KK, 1997. Undercover careseekers: simulated clients in the study of health provider behavior in developing countries. Soc Sci Med 45: 1465–1482.
-
17.
Riley C, Dellicour S, Ouma P, Kioko U, ter Kuile FO, Omar A, Kariuki S, Buff AM, Desai M, Gutman J, 2016. Knowledge and adherence to the national guidelines for malaria case management in pregnancy among healthcare providers and drug outlet dispensers in rural, western Kenya. PLoS One 11: e0145616.
-
18.
Kioko U, Riley C, Dellicour S, Were V, Ouma P, Gutman J, Kariuki S, Omar A, Desai M, Buff AM, 2016. Availability and cost of antimalarial medications in drug outlets in rural Siaya County, western Kenya. Malar J 15: 359.
-
19.
Kamuhabwa A, Jalal R, 2011. Drug use in pregnancy: knowledge of drug dispensers and pregnant women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Indian J Pharmacol 43: 345–349.
-
20.
Mubi M, Kakoko D, Ngasala B, Premji Z, Peterson S, Björkman A, Mårtensson A, 2013. Malaria diagnosis and treatment practices following introduction of rapid diagnostic tests in Kibaha District, Coast Region, Tanzania. Malar J 12: 293.
-
21.
Katambo KD, 2013. Factors Influencing the Use of Evidence Based Guidelines in the Management of Malaria in Pregnancy among Health Workers at Garissa Provincial Hospital, Kenya. Master’s Thesis, School of Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya. Available at: http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/59187/Factors%20Influencing%20The%20Use%20Of%20Evidence%20Based%20Guidelines%20in%20the%20Management%20of%20Malaria%20in%20Pregnancies%20Among%20Health%20Workers%20at%20Garissa%20Provincial%20Hospital%20Kenya.pdf?sequence=3. Accessed June 5, 2017.
-
22.
AMFm Independent Evaluation Team, 2012. Independent Evaluation of Phase 1 of the Affordable Medicines Facility—Malaria (AMFm), Multi-country Independent Evaluation Report: Technical Report. Calverton, Md, and London: ICF International and London School of Hygiene.
-
23.
Population Services International, 2017. Transforming the Private Sector to Support Universal Malaria Diagnostic Coverage: Lessons Learned from Kenya, Madagascar, and Tanzania. Washington, DC: UNITAID Brief.
-
24
Roll Back Malaria Partnership, 2013. Diagnostic Testing in the Retail Private Sector: Lessons Learned. Report from RBM Case Management Working Group Meeting, April 29–30, 2013, London: Roll Back Malaria Partnership.
-
25.
Njagi P, Makoyo J, Njoki N, Ochako R, Poyer S, Lussiana C, Dale M, Dolan S, 2015. A tale of two providers: differences in fever case management practices and performance among private clinicians and private pharmacy providers on the Kenyan coast. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 298.
-
26.
Mbonye AK, Magnussen P, Lal S, Hansen SK, Cundil B, Chandler C, Clarke SE, 2015. A cluster randomised trial introducing rapid diagnostic tests into registered drug shops in Uganda: impact on appropriate treatment of malaria. PLoS One 10: e0129545.
-
27.
Chandler CIR, Meta J, Ponzo C, Nasuwa F, Kessy J, Mbakilwa H, Haaland A, Reyburn H, 2014. The development of effective behaviour change interventions to support the use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests by Tanzanian clinicians. Implement Sci 9: 83.
-
28.
Mbonye AK, Ndyomugyenyi R, Turinde A, Magnussen P, Clarke S, Chandler C, 2010. The feasibility of introducing rapid diagnostic tests for malaria in drug shops in Uganda. Malar J 9: 367.
-
29.
Willey BA et al. 2014. Communicating the AMFm message: exploring the effect of communication and training interventions on private for-profit provider awareness and knowledge related to a multi-country anti-malarial subsidy intervention. Malar J 13: 46.
-
30.
Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, 2013. Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests: An Implementation Guide. Geneva, Switzwerland: FIND.
-
31.
World Health Organization, 2015. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria, 3rd edition. Geneva, Switzwerland: World Health Organization.
-
32.
Zurovac D, Midia B, Ochola SA, English M, Snow RW, 2006. Microscopy and outpatient malaria case management among older children and adults in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 11: 432–440.
-
33.
Steinhardt LC, Chinkhumba J, Wolkon A, Luka M, Luhanga M, Sande J, Oyugi J, Ali D, Mathanga D, Skarbinski J, 2014. Quality of malaria case management in Malawi: results from a nationally representative health facility survey. PLoS One 9: e89050.
-
34.
President’s Malaria Initiative, 2015. President’s Malaria Initiative, Kenya Malaria Operational Plan FY 2015. Available at: https://www.pmi.gov/docs/default-source/default-document-library/malaria-operational-plans/fy-15/fy-2015-kenya-malaria-operational-plan.pdf?sfvrsn=3. Accessed November 1, 2017.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1957 | 1834 | 421 |
| Full Text Views | 1444 | 15 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 157 | 7 | 1 |