Authors:
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and
ProCite
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1.
Msuya J, 2005. Horizontal and Vertical Delivery of Health Services: What Are the Tradeoffs? Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2003/10/15/000160016_20031015125129/additional/310436360_200502761000211.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2015.
-
2.
Bhutta ZA, Black RE, 2013. Global maternal, newborn, and child health—so near and yet so far. N Engl J Med 369: 2226–2235.
-
3.
WHO, 2014. Trends in Maternal Mortality, 1990–2013. Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, The World Bank and the United Nations Population Division. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112682/2/9789241507226_eng.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2015.
-
4.
UNICEF, 2013. Levels and Trends in Child Mortality, Report 2013. Estimates Developed by the UN Interagency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. Available at: http://www.childinfo.org/files/Child_Mortality_Report_2013.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2015.
-
5.
National Statistical Office Zomba, Malawi, 2011. Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, 2010. Available at: http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR247/FR247.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2015.
-
6.
WHO, 2011. Global HIV/AIDS Response: Epidemic Update and Health Sector Progress Towards Universal Access, Progress Report, 2011. World Health Organization. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241502986_eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed February 9, 2015.
-
7.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 2012. Together We Will End AIDS. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/aids/files/aids__togetherwewillendaids_en.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2014.
-
8.
World Health Organization, 2013. Cholera, 2012. Weekly Epidemiolical Record 88: 321–336. Available at: http://www.who.int/wer/2013/wer8831.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2015.
-
9.
Sheth AN, Russo ET, Menon M, Wannemuehler K, Weinger M, Kudzala AC, Tauzie B, Masuku HD, Msowoya TE, Quick R, 2010. Impact of the integration of water treatment and handwashing incentives with antenatal services on hygiene practices of pregnant women in Malawi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 1315–1321.
-
10.
Loharikar A, Russo E, Sheth A, Menon M, Kudzala A, Tauzie B, Masuku HD, Ayers T, Hoekstra RM, Quick R, 2013. Long-term impact of integration of household water treatment and hygiene promotion with antenatal services on maternal water treatment and hygiene practices in Malawi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 267–274.
-
11.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013. Impact of an innovative approach to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV—Malawi, July 2011–September 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 62: 148–151.
-
12.
Becker S, Mlay R, Schwandt HM, Lyamuya E, 2010. Comparing couples’ and individual voluntary counseling and testing for HIV at antenatal clinics in Tanzania: a randomized trial. AIDS Behav 14: 558–566.
-
13.
Farquhar C, Kiarie JN, Richardson BA, Kabura MN, John FN, Nduati RW, Mbori-Ngacha DA, John-Stewart GC, 2004. Antenatal couple counseling increases uptake of interventions to prevent HIV-1 transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 37: 1620–1626.
-
14.
Alusio A, Richardson BA, Bosire R, John-Stewart G, Mbori-Ngacha D, Farquhar C, 2011. Male antenatal attendance and HIV testing are associated with decreased infant HIV infection and increased HIV-free survival. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 56: 76–82.
-
15.
Jones DL, Peltzer K, Villar-Loubet O, Shikwane E, Cook R, Vamos S, Weiss SM, 2014. Reducing the risk of HIV infection during pregnancy among South African women: a randomized controlled trial. AIDS Care 25: 702–709.
-
16.
Xue J et al. 2010. Use of nutritional and water hygiene packages for diarrhoeal prevention among HIV-exposed infants in Lilongwe, Malawi: an evaluation of a pilot prevention of mother-to-child transmission post-natal care service. Trop Med Int Health 15: 1156–1162.
-
17.
Lugada E, Millar D, Haskew J, Grabowsky M, Garg N, Vestergaard M, Kahn JG, Muraguri N, Mermin J, 2010. Rapid implementation of an integrated large-scale HIV counseling and testing, malaria, and diarrhea prevention campaign in rural Kenya. PLoS One 5: e12435.
-
18.
Kalembo FW, Zgambo M, Mulaga AN, Yukai D, Ahmed NI, 2013. Association between male partner involvement and the uptake of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) interventions in Mwanza district, Malawi: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 8: e66517.
-
19.
Al Jazeera, 2014. Life and Death in Malawi. Al Jazeera. Available at: http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/lifelines/2014/05/life-death-malawi-2014520111738767922.html. Accessed January 14, 2015.
-
20.
Torpey K, Kabaso M, Kasonde P, Dirks R, Bweupe M, Thompson C, Mukadi YD, 2010. Increasing the uptake of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV services in a resource-limited setting. BMC Health Serv Res 10: 29.
-
21.
Russo ET, Sheth A, Menon M, Wannemuehler K, Weinger M, Kudzala AC, Tauzie B, Masuku HD, Msowoya TE, Quick R, 2012. Water treatment and handwashing behaviors among non-pregnant friends and relatives of participants in an antenatal hygiene promotion program in Malawi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 860–865.
-
22.
Quick R, 2003. Changing community behaviour: experience from three African countries. Int J Environ Health Res 13: S115–S121.
-
23.
Phelan S, 2010. Obesity in the American population: calories, cost and culture. Am J Obstet Gynecol 203: 522–524.
-
24.
Parker AA, Stephenson R, Riley PL, Ombeki S, Komolleh C, Sibley L, Quick R, 2006. Sustained high levels of stored drinking water treatment and retention of hand-washing knowledge in rural Kenyan households following a clinic-based intervention. Epidemiol Infect 134: 1029–1036.
-
25.
Wood S, Foster J, Kols A, 2012. Understanding why women adopt and sustain home water treatment: insights from the Malawi antenatal care program. Soc Sci Med 75: 634–642.
-
26.
Arnold BF, Khush RS, Ramaswamy P, Rajkumar P, Durairaj N, Ramaprabha P, Balakrishnan K, Colford JM Jr., 2015. Reactivity in rapidly collected hygiene and toilet spot check measurements: a cautionary note for longitudinal studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 92: 159–162.
-
27.
Mphatswe W, Mate KS, Bennett B, Ngidi H, Reddy J, Barker PM, Rollins N, 2012. Improving public health information: a data quality intervention in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Bull World Health Organ 90: 176–182.
-
28.
Arnold BF, Colford JM Jr., 2007. Treating water with chlorine at point-of-use to improve water quality and reduce child diarrhea in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 354–364.
-
29.
Pavlinac PB, Naulikha JM, Chaba L, Kimani N, Sangaré LR, Yuhas K, Singa BO, John-Stewart G, Walson JL, 2014. Water filter provision and home-based filter reinforcement reduce diarrhea in Kenyan HIV-infected adults and their household members. Am J Trop Med Hyg 91: 273–280.
-
30.
Lule JR et al. 2005. Effect of home-based water chlorination and safe storage on diarrhea among persons with human immunodeficiency virus in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 926–933.
-
31.
Peletz R, Simunyama M, Sarenje K, Baisley K, Filteau S, Kelly P, Clasen T, 2012. Assessing water filtration and safe storage in households with young children of HIV-positive mothers: a randomized, controlled trial in Zambia. PLoS One 7: e46548.
-
32.
O’Reilly C et al. 2014. Improved health among people living with HIV/AIDS who received packages of proven preventive health interventions, Amhara, Ethiopia. PLoS One 9: e107662.
-
33.
Morgan L et al. 2013. Financial incentives and maternal health: where do we go from here? J Health Popul Nutr 31 (Suppl 2): S8–S22.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 424 | 226 | 20 |
| Full Text Views | 621 | 15 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 141 | 18 | 2 |
Safe Water and Hygiene Integration with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Antenatal Services: Leveraging Opportunities for Public Health Interventions and Improved Service Uptake
Janell A. Routh
Janell A. Routh
Epidemic Intelligence Service, Scientific Education and Professional Development Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Anagha Loharikar
Anagha Loharikar
Epidemic Intelligence Service, Scientific Education and Professional Development Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Elly Chemey
Elly Chemey
Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Machinga District Hospital, Liwonde, Malawi;
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Aulive Msoma
Aulive Msoma
Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Machinga District Hospital, Liwonde, Malawi;
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Maureen Ntambo
Maureen Ntambo
Malawi Ministry of Health, Machinga District Hospital, Liwonde, Malawi;
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Richard Mvula
Richard Mvula
Malawi Ministry of Health, Machinga District Hospital, Liwonde, Malawi;
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Tracy Ayers
Tracy Ayers
Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Waterborne Diseases Prevention Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Andrews Gunda
Andrews Gunda
Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Machinga District Hospital, Liwonde, Malawi;
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Elizabeth T. Russo
Elizabeth T. Russo
Epidemic Intelligence Service, Scientific Education and Professional Development Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Beth Tippett Barr
Beth Tippett Barr
Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi;
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Siri Wood
Siri Wood
Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), Seattle, Washington
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Robert Quick
Robert Quick
Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Waterborne Diseases Prevention Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Integrating public health interventions with antenatal clinic (ANC) visits may motivate women to attend ANC, thereby improving maternal and neonatal health, particularly for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons. In 2009, in an integrated ANC/Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission program, we provided free hygiene kits (safe storage containers, WaterGuard water treatment solution, soap, and oral rehydration salts) to women at their first ANC visit and refills at subsequent visits. To increase fathers’ participation, we required partners’ presence for women to receive hygiene kits. We surveyed pregnant women at baseline and at 12-month follow-up to assess ANC service utilization, HIV counseling and testing (HCT), test drinking water for residual chlorine, and observe handwashing. We conducted in-depth interviews with pregnant women, partners, and health workers. We enrolled 106 participants; 97 (92%) were found at follow-up. During the program, 99% of pregnant women and their partners received HCT, and 99% mutually disclosed. Fifty-six percent of respondents had ≥ 4 ANC visits and 90% delivered at health facilities. From baseline to follow-up, the percentage of women who knew how to use WaterGuard (23% versus 80%, P < 0.0001), had residual chlorine in stored water (0% versus 73%, P < 0.0001), had confirmed WaterGuard use (0% versus 70%, P < 0.0003), and demonstrated proper handwashing technique (21% versus 64% P < 0.0001) increased. Program participants showed significant improvements in water treatment and hygiene, and high use of ANC services and HCT. This evaluation suggests that integration of hygiene kits, refills, and HIV testing during ANC is feasible and may help improve household hygiene and increase use of health services.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Janell A. Routh, Anagha Loharikar, Elizabeth T. Russo, and Robert Quick, Waterborne Diseases Prevention Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: iyp1@cdc.gov, igd2@cdc.gov, elizabeth.russo@gmail.com, and rxq1@cdc.gov. Elly Chemey, Aulive Msoma, and Andrews Gunda, Clinton Health Access Initiative, Machinga, Malawi, E-mails: ellykip@yahoo.com, agunda@clintonhealthaccess.org, and agunda@clintonhealthaccess.org. Maureen Ntambo and Richard Mvula, Malawi Ministry of Health, Machinga District Hospital, Liwonde, Malawi, E-mails: agunda@clintonhealthaccess.org and agunda@clintonhealthaccess.org. Tracy Ayers, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: eyk6@cdc.gov. Beth Tippett Barr, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Harare, Zimbabwe, E-mail: btippettbarr@cdc.gov. Siri Wood, Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), Reproductive Health Global Program, Seattle, WA, E-mail: swood@path.org.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Msuya J, 2005. Horizontal and Vertical Delivery of Health Services: What Are the Tradeoffs? Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2003/10/15/000160016_20031015125129/additional/310436360_200502761000211.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2015.
-
2.
Bhutta ZA, Black RE, 2013. Global maternal, newborn, and child health—so near and yet so far. N Engl J Med 369: 2226–2235.
-
3.
WHO, 2014. Trends in Maternal Mortality, 1990–2013. Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, The World Bank and the United Nations Population Division. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112682/2/9789241507226_eng.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2015.
-
4.
UNICEF, 2013. Levels and Trends in Child Mortality, Report 2013. Estimates Developed by the UN Interagency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. Available at: http://www.childinfo.org/files/Child_Mortality_Report_2013.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2015.
-
5.
National Statistical Office Zomba, Malawi, 2011. Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, 2010. Available at: http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR247/FR247.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2015.
-
6.
WHO, 2011. Global HIV/AIDS Response: Epidemic Update and Health Sector Progress Towards Universal Access, Progress Report, 2011. World Health Organization. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241502986_eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed February 9, 2015.
-
7.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 2012. Together We Will End AIDS. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/aids/files/aids__togetherwewillendaids_en.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2014.
-
8.
World Health Organization, 2013. Cholera, 2012. Weekly Epidemiolical Record 88: 321–336. Available at: http://www.who.int/wer/2013/wer8831.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2015.
-
9.
Sheth AN, Russo ET, Menon M, Wannemuehler K, Weinger M, Kudzala AC, Tauzie B, Masuku HD, Msowoya TE, Quick R, 2010. Impact of the integration of water treatment and handwashing incentives with antenatal services on hygiene practices of pregnant women in Malawi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 1315–1321.
-
10.
Loharikar A, Russo E, Sheth A, Menon M, Kudzala A, Tauzie B, Masuku HD, Ayers T, Hoekstra RM, Quick R, 2013. Long-term impact of integration of household water treatment and hygiene promotion with antenatal services on maternal water treatment and hygiene practices in Malawi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 267–274.
-
11.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013. Impact of an innovative approach to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV—Malawi, July 2011–September 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 62: 148–151.
-
12.
Becker S, Mlay R, Schwandt HM, Lyamuya E, 2010. Comparing couples’ and individual voluntary counseling and testing for HIV at antenatal clinics in Tanzania: a randomized trial. AIDS Behav 14: 558–566.
-
13.
Farquhar C, Kiarie JN, Richardson BA, Kabura MN, John FN, Nduati RW, Mbori-Ngacha DA, John-Stewart GC, 2004. Antenatal couple counseling increases uptake of interventions to prevent HIV-1 transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 37: 1620–1626.
-
14.
Alusio A, Richardson BA, Bosire R, John-Stewart G, Mbori-Ngacha D, Farquhar C, 2011. Male antenatal attendance and HIV testing are associated with decreased infant HIV infection and increased HIV-free survival. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 56: 76–82.
-
15.
Jones DL, Peltzer K, Villar-Loubet O, Shikwane E, Cook R, Vamos S, Weiss SM, 2014. Reducing the risk of HIV infection during pregnancy among South African women: a randomized controlled trial. AIDS Care 25: 702–709.
-
16.
Xue J et al. 2010. Use of nutritional and water hygiene packages for diarrhoeal prevention among HIV-exposed infants in Lilongwe, Malawi: an evaluation of a pilot prevention of mother-to-child transmission post-natal care service. Trop Med Int Health 15: 1156–1162.
-
17.
Lugada E, Millar D, Haskew J, Grabowsky M, Garg N, Vestergaard M, Kahn JG, Muraguri N, Mermin J, 2010. Rapid implementation of an integrated large-scale HIV counseling and testing, malaria, and diarrhea prevention campaign in rural Kenya. PLoS One 5: e12435.
-
18.
Kalembo FW, Zgambo M, Mulaga AN, Yukai D, Ahmed NI, 2013. Association between male partner involvement and the uptake of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) interventions in Mwanza district, Malawi: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 8: e66517.
-
19.
Al Jazeera, 2014. Life and Death in Malawi. Al Jazeera. Available at: http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/lifelines/2014/05/life-death-malawi-2014520111738767922.html. Accessed January 14, 2015.
-
20.
Torpey K, Kabaso M, Kasonde P, Dirks R, Bweupe M, Thompson C, Mukadi YD, 2010. Increasing the uptake of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV services in a resource-limited setting. BMC Health Serv Res 10: 29.
-
21.
Russo ET, Sheth A, Menon M, Wannemuehler K, Weinger M, Kudzala AC, Tauzie B, Masuku HD, Msowoya TE, Quick R, 2012. Water treatment and handwashing behaviors among non-pregnant friends and relatives of participants in an antenatal hygiene promotion program in Malawi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 860–865.
-
22.
Quick R, 2003. Changing community behaviour: experience from three African countries. Int J Environ Health Res 13: S115–S121.
-
23.
Phelan S, 2010. Obesity in the American population: calories, cost and culture. Am J Obstet Gynecol 203: 522–524.
-
24.
Parker AA, Stephenson R, Riley PL, Ombeki S, Komolleh C, Sibley L, Quick R, 2006. Sustained high levels of stored drinking water treatment and retention of hand-washing knowledge in rural Kenyan households following a clinic-based intervention. Epidemiol Infect 134: 1029–1036.
-
25.
Wood S, Foster J, Kols A, 2012. Understanding why women adopt and sustain home water treatment: insights from the Malawi antenatal care program. Soc Sci Med 75: 634–642.
-
26.
Arnold BF, Khush RS, Ramaswamy P, Rajkumar P, Durairaj N, Ramaprabha P, Balakrishnan K, Colford JM Jr., 2015. Reactivity in rapidly collected hygiene and toilet spot check measurements: a cautionary note for longitudinal studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 92: 159–162.
-
27.
Mphatswe W, Mate KS, Bennett B, Ngidi H, Reddy J, Barker PM, Rollins N, 2012. Improving public health information: a data quality intervention in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Bull World Health Organ 90: 176–182.
-
28.
Arnold BF, Colford JM Jr., 2007. Treating water with chlorine at point-of-use to improve water quality and reduce child diarrhea in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 354–364.
-
29.
Pavlinac PB, Naulikha JM, Chaba L, Kimani N, Sangaré LR, Yuhas K, Singa BO, John-Stewart G, Walson JL, 2014. Water filter provision and home-based filter reinforcement reduce diarrhea in Kenyan HIV-infected adults and their household members. Am J Trop Med Hyg 91: 273–280.
-
30.
Lule JR et al. 2005. Effect of home-based water chlorination and safe storage on diarrhea among persons with human immunodeficiency virus in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 926–933.
-
31.
Peletz R, Simunyama M, Sarenje K, Baisley K, Filteau S, Kelly P, Clasen T, 2012. Assessing water filtration and safe storage in households with young children of HIV-positive mothers: a randomized, controlled trial in Zambia. PLoS One 7: e46548.
-
32.
O’Reilly C et al. 2014. Improved health among people living with HIV/AIDS who received packages of proven preventive health interventions, Amhara, Ethiopia. PLoS One 9: e107662.
-
33.
Morgan L et al. 2013. Financial incentives and maternal health: where do we go from here? J Health Popul Nutr 31 (Suppl 2): S8–S22.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 424 | 226 | 20 |
| Full Text Views | 621 | 15 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 141 | 18 | 2 |