Author:
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-
1.
Robinson MC, 1955. An epidemic of virus disease in southern province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952–53 I. Clinical features. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 49: 28–32.
-
2.
Lumsden WH, 1955. An epidemic of virus disease in southern province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952–53 II. General description and epidemiology. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 49: 33–57.
-
3.
Staples JE, Breiman RF, Powers AM, 2009. Chikungunya fever: an epidemiological review of a re-emerging infectious disease. Clin Infect Dis 49: 942–948.
-
4.
Weaver SC, 2014. Arrival of chikungunya virus in the new world: prospects for spread and impact on public health. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2921.
-
5.
Powers AM, Brault AC, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, 2000. Re-emergence of chikungunya and O’nyong-nyong viruses: evidence for distinct geographical lineages and distant evolutionary relationships. J Gen Virol 81: 471–479.
-
6.
Sam I-C, Chua CL, Rovie-Ryan JJ, Fu JYL, Tong C, Sitam FT, Chan YF, 2015. Chikungunya virus in Macaques, Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 1683–1685.
-
7.
Heatwole H, Shine R, 1976. Mosquitoes feeding on ectothermic vertebrates: a review and new data. Aust Zool 19: 69–75.
-
8.
Ahne W, 1993. Viruses of chelonia. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 40: 35–45.
-
9.
Burton AN, McLintock J, Rempel JG, 1966. Western equine encephalitis virus in Saskatchewan garter snakes and leopard frogs. Science 154: 1029–1031.
-
10.
Chastel C, 1966. Arborvirus infections in Cambodia. Serological survey in reptiles. Bull World Health Organ 34: 701–707.
-
11.
Shortridge KF, Oya A, Kobayashi M, Duggan R, 1977. Japanese encephalitis virus antibody in cold-blooded animals. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 71: 261–262.
-
12.
Cupp EW, Zhang D, Yue X, Cupp MS, Guyer C, Sprenger TR, Unnasch TR, 2004. Identification of reptilian and amphibian blood meals from mosquitoes in an eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus focus in central Alabama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 272–276.
-
13.
Burkett-Cadena ND, Graham SP, Hassan HK, Guyer C, Eubanks MD, Katholi CR, Unnasch TR, 2008. Blood feeding patterns of potential arbovirus vectors of the genus Culex targeting ectothermic hosts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 809–815.
-
14.
Barrera R, Amador M, Young G, Komar N, 2011. Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) bloodmeal sources during a period of West Nile virus transmission in Puerto Rico. J Med Entomol 48: 701–704.
-
15.
Bingham AM, Graham SP, Burkett-Cadena ND, White GS, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, 2012. Detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus RNA in North American snakes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 1140–1144.
-
16.
White G, Ottendorfer C, Graham S, Unnasch TR, 2011. Competency and reptiles and amphibians for eastern equine encephalitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 421–425.
-
17.
Thomas LA, Eklund CM, 1960. Overwintering of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in experimentally infected garter snakes and transmission to mosquitoes. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 105: 52–55.
-
18.
Thomas LA, Eklund CM, 1962. Overwintering of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in garter snakes experimentally infected by Culex tarsalis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 109: 421–424.
-
19.
Bowen GW, 1977. Prolonged western equine encephalitis viremia in the Texas tortoise (Gopherus Berlandieri). Am J Trop Med Hyg 26: 171–175.
-
20.
Oya A, Doi R, Shirasaka A, Yabe S, Sasa M, 1983. Studies on Japanese encephalitis virus infection of reptiles. I. Experimental infection of snakes and lizards. Jpn J Exp Med 53: 117–123.
-
21.
Klenk K, Komar N, 2003. Poor replication of West Nile virus (New York 1999 strain) in three reptilian and one amphibian species. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 260–262.
-
22.
Klenk K et al. 2004. Alligators as West Nile virus amplifiers. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 2150–2155.
-
23.
Steinman A, Banet-Noach C, Simanov L, Grinfeld N, Aizenberg Z, Levi O, Lahay D, Malkinson M, Perk S, Shpigel NY, 2006. Experimental infection of common garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) with West Nile virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 6: 361–368.
-
24.
Ragan IK, Blizzard EL, Gordy P, Bowen RA, 2017. Investigating the potential role of North American animals as hosts for Zika virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 17: 161–164.
-
25.
Bosco-Lauth AM, Nemeth NM, Kohler DJ, Bowen RA, 2016. Viremia in North American mammals and birds after experimental infection with chikungunya viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94: 504–506.
-
26.
Plante K et al. 2011. Novel chikungunya vaccine candidate with an IRES-based attenuation and host range alteration mechanism. PLoS Pathog 7: e1002142.
-
27.
Pesko K, Westbrook CJ, Mores CN, Lounibos LP, Reiskind MH, 2009. Effects of infectious virus dose and bloodmeal delivery method on susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to chikungunya virus. J Med Entomol 46: 395–399.
-
28.
Ledermann JP, Borland EM, Powers AM, 2017. Minimum infectious dose for chikungunya virus in Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. Rev Panam Salud Publica 41: 1–5.
-
29.
Reiskind MH, Pesko K, Westbrook CJ, Mores CN, 2008. Susceptibility of Florida mosquitoes to infection with chikungunya virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 422–425.
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Reptiles and Amphibians as Potential Reservoir Hosts of Chikungunya Virus
Angela M. Bosco-Lauth
Angela M. Bosco-Lauth
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Airn E. Hartwig
Airn E. Hartwig
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Richard A. Bowen
Richard A. Bowen
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Chikungunya virus is an emerging arbovirus of significant human-health concern. Little is known about its sylvatic cycle, including whether ectothermic vertebrates are permissive to infection. In this study, individuals from ten species of reptiles and amphibians were inoculated with chikungunya virus and samples of blood were tested to characterize viremia and seroconversion. Viremia was not detected in cane toads, house geckos, or American alligators, but most of the green iguanas, red-eared sliders, ball and Burmese pythons, leopard frogs, Texas toads, and garter snakes developed viremia. Peak virus titers in serum of up to 4.5, 4.7, and 5.1 log10 plaque-forming units per milliliter were observed for garter snakes, ball pythons, and Texas toads, respectively. These results add to those of other studies that have suggested a possible role for ectothermic vertebrates in the ecology of arbovirus maintenance and transmission in nature.
Author Notes
Financial support: Funding for this work was provided by the Animal Models Core of Colorado State University.
Authors’ address: Angela M. Bosco-Lauth, Airn E. Hartwig, and Richard A. Bowen, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, CO 80523, E-mails: angela.bosco-lauth@colostate.edu, airn.tolnay@colostate.edu, and richard.bowen@colostate.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Robinson MC, 1955. An epidemic of virus disease in southern province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952–53 I. Clinical features. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 49: 28–32.
-
2.
Lumsden WH, 1955. An epidemic of virus disease in southern province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952–53 II. General description and epidemiology. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 49: 33–57.
-
3.
Staples JE, Breiman RF, Powers AM, 2009. Chikungunya fever: an epidemiological review of a re-emerging infectious disease. Clin Infect Dis 49: 942–948.
-
4.
Weaver SC, 2014. Arrival of chikungunya virus in the new world: prospects for spread and impact on public health. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2921.
-
5.
Powers AM, Brault AC, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, 2000. Re-emergence of chikungunya and O’nyong-nyong viruses: evidence for distinct geographical lineages and distant evolutionary relationships. J Gen Virol 81: 471–479.
-
6.
Sam I-C, Chua CL, Rovie-Ryan JJ, Fu JYL, Tong C, Sitam FT, Chan YF, 2015. Chikungunya virus in Macaques, Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 1683–1685.
-
7.
Heatwole H, Shine R, 1976. Mosquitoes feeding on ectothermic vertebrates: a review and new data. Aust Zool 19: 69–75.
-
8.
Ahne W, 1993. Viruses of chelonia. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 40: 35–45.
-
9.
Burton AN, McLintock J, Rempel JG, 1966. Western equine encephalitis virus in Saskatchewan garter snakes and leopard frogs. Science 154: 1029–1031.
-
10.
Chastel C, 1966. Arborvirus infections in Cambodia. Serological survey in reptiles. Bull World Health Organ 34: 701–707.
-
11.
Shortridge KF, Oya A, Kobayashi M, Duggan R, 1977. Japanese encephalitis virus antibody in cold-blooded animals. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 71: 261–262.
-
12.
Cupp EW, Zhang D, Yue X, Cupp MS, Guyer C, Sprenger TR, Unnasch TR, 2004. Identification of reptilian and amphibian blood meals from mosquitoes in an eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus focus in central Alabama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 272–276.
-
13.
Burkett-Cadena ND, Graham SP, Hassan HK, Guyer C, Eubanks MD, Katholi CR, Unnasch TR, 2008. Blood feeding patterns of potential arbovirus vectors of the genus Culex targeting ectothermic hosts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 809–815.
-
14.
Barrera R, Amador M, Young G, Komar N, 2011. Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) bloodmeal sources during a period of West Nile virus transmission in Puerto Rico. J Med Entomol 48: 701–704.
-
15.
Bingham AM, Graham SP, Burkett-Cadena ND, White GS, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, 2012. Detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus RNA in North American snakes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 1140–1144.
-
16.
White G, Ottendorfer C, Graham S, Unnasch TR, 2011. Competency and reptiles and amphibians for eastern equine encephalitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 421–425.
-
17.
Thomas LA, Eklund CM, 1960. Overwintering of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in experimentally infected garter snakes and transmission to mosquitoes. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 105: 52–55.
-
18.
Thomas LA, Eklund CM, 1962. Overwintering of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in garter snakes experimentally infected by Culex tarsalis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 109: 421–424.
-
19.
Bowen GW, 1977. Prolonged western equine encephalitis viremia in the Texas tortoise (Gopherus Berlandieri). Am J Trop Med Hyg 26: 171–175.
-
20.
Oya A, Doi R, Shirasaka A, Yabe S, Sasa M, 1983. Studies on Japanese encephalitis virus infection of reptiles. I. Experimental infection of snakes and lizards. Jpn J Exp Med 53: 117–123.
-
21.
Klenk K, Komar N, 2003. Poor replication of West Nile virus (New York 1999 strain) in three reptilian and one amphibian species. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 260–262.
-
22.
Klenk K et al. 2004. Alligators as West Nile virus amplifiers. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 2150–2155.
-
23.
Steinman A, Banet-Noach C, Simanov L, Grinfeld N, Aizenberg Z, Levi O, Lahay D, Malkinson M, Perk S, Shpigel NY, 2006. Experimental infection of common garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) with West Nile virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 6: 361–368.
-
24.
Ragan IK, Blizzard EL, Gordy P, Bowen RA, 2017. Investigating the potential role of North American animals as hosts for Zika virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 17: 161–164.
-
25.
Bosco-Lauth AM, Nemeth NM, Kohler DJ, Bowen RA, 2016. Viremia in North American mammals and birds after experimental infection with chikungunya viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94: 504–506.
-
26.
Plante K et al. 2011. Novel chikungunya vaccine candidate with an IRES-based attenuation and host range alteration mechanism. PLoS Pathog 7: e1002142.
-
27.
Pesko K, Westbrook CJ, Mores CN, Lounibos LP, Reiskind MH, 2009. Effects of infectious virus dose and bloodmeal delivery method on susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to chikungunya virus. J Med Entomol 46: 395–399.
-
28.
Ledermann JP, Borland EM, Powers AM, 2017. Minimum infectious dose for chikungunya virus in Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. Rev Panam Salud Publica 41: 1–5.
-
29.
Reiskind MH, Pesko K, Westbrook CJ, Mores CN, 2008. Susceptibility of Florida mosquitoes to infection with chikungunya virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 422–425.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1565 | 1280 | 51 |
| Full Text Views | 660 | 10 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 260 | 16 | 0 |