Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Murray HW, Berman JD, Davies CR, Saravia NG, 2005. Advances in leishmaniasis. Lancet 366: 1561–1577.
-
2.
Llanos-Cuentas A et al. 2008. Clinical and parasite species risk factors for pentavalent antimonial treatment failure in cutaneous leishmaniasis in Peru. Clin Infect Dis 46: 223–231.
-
3.
Reithinger R, Dujardin JC, Louzir H, Pirmez C, Alexander B, Brooker S, 2007. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 581–596.
-
4.
Belkaid Y, 2007. Regulatory T cells and infection: a dangerous necessity. Nat Rev Immunol 7: 875–888.
-
5.
Rudensky AY, 2011. Regulatory T cells and Foxp3. Immunol Rev 241: 260–268.
-
6.
Campbell DJ, Koch MA, 2011. Phenotypical and functional specialization of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. Nat Rev Immunol 11: 119–130.
-
7.
Belkaid Y, Piccirillo CA, Mendez S, Shevach EM, Sacks DL, 2002. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells control Leishmania major persistence and immunity. Nature 420: 502–507.
-
8.
Mendez S, Reckling SK, Piccirillo CA, Sacks D, Belkaid Y, 2004. Role for CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells in reactivation of persistent leishmaniasis and control of concomitant immunity. J Exp Med 200: 201–210.
-
9.
Suffia IJ, Reckling SK, Piccirillo CA, Goldszmid RS, Belkaid Y, 2006. Infected site-restricted Foxp3+ natural regulatory T cells are specific for microbial antigens. J Exp Med 203: 777–788.
-
10.
Xu D, Liu H, Komai-Koma M, Campbell C, McSharry C, Alexander J, Liew FY, 2003. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells suppress differentiation and functions of Th1 and Th2 cells, Leishmania major infection, and colitis in mice. J Immunol 170: 394–399.
-
11.
Sacks D, Noben-Trauth N, 2002. The immunology of susceptibility and resistance to Leishmania major in mice. Nat Rev Immunol 2: 845–858.
-
12.
Ji J, Masterson J, Sun J, Soong L, 2005. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells restrain pathogenic responses during Leishmania amazonensis infection. J Immunol 174: 7147–7153.
-
13.
Campanelli AP et al. 2006. CD4+CD25+ T cells in skin lesions of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis exhibit phenotypic and functional characteristics of natural regulatory T cells. J Infect Dis 193: 1313–1322.
-
14.
Bourreau E, Ronet C, Darcissac E, Lise MC, Sainte Marie D, Clity E, Tacchini-Cottier F, Couppie P, Launois P, 2009. Intralesional regulatory T-cell suppressive function during human acute and chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania guyanensis. Infect Immun 77: 1465–1474.
-
15.
Nylen S, Maurya R, Eidsmo L, Manandhar KD, Sundar S, Sacks D, 2007. Splenic accumulation of IL-10 mRNA in T cells distinct from CD4+CD25+ (Foxp3) regulatory T cells in human visceral leishmaniasis. J Exp Med 204: 805–817.
-
16.
Teixeira MJ, Teixeira CR, Andrade BB, Barral-Netto M, Barral A, 2006. Chemokines in host-parasite interactions in leishmaniasis. Trends Parasitol 22: 32–40.
-
17.
Handman E, Bullen DV, 2002. Interaction of Leishmania with the host macrophage. Trends Parasitol 18: 332–334.
-
18.
Oghumu S, Lezama-Davila CM, Isaac-Marquez AP, Satoskar AR, 2010. Role of chemokines in regulation of immunity against leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 126: 389–396.
-
19.
Sharma M, 2010. Chemokines and their receptors: orchestrating a fine balance between health and disease. Crit Rev Biotechnol 30: 1–22.
-
20.
Mailloux AW, Young MR, 2010. Regulatory T-cell trafficking: from thymic development to tumor-induced immune suppression. Crit Rev Immunol 30: 435–447.
-
21.
Moreira AP, Cavassani KA, Massafera Tristao FS, Campanelli AP, Martinez R, Rossi MA, Silva JS, 2008. CCR5-dependent regulatory T cell migration mediates fungal survival and severe immunosuppression. J Immunol 180: 3049–3056.
-
22.
Tan MC, Goedegebuure PS, Belt BA, Flaherty B, Sankpal N, Gillanders WE, Eberlein TJ, Hsieh CS, Linehan DC, 2009. Disruption of CCR5-dependent homing of regulatory T cells inhibits tumor growth in a murine model of pancreatic cancer. J Immunol 182: 1746–1755.
-
23.
Dobaczewski M, Xia Y, Bujak M, Gonzalez-Quesada C, Frangogiannis NG, 2010. CCR5 signaling suppresses inflammation and reduces adverse remodeling of the infarcted heart, mediating recruitment of regulatory T cells. Am J Pathol 176: 2177–2187.
-
24.
Yurchenko E, Tritt M, Hay V, Shevach EM, Belkaid Y, Piccirillo CA, 2006. CCR5-dependent homing of naturally occurring CD4+ regulatory T cells to sites of Leishmania major infection favors pathogen persistence. J Exp Med 203: 2451–2460.
-
25.
Sato N, Kuziel WA, Melby PC, Reddick RL, Kostecki V, Zhao W, Maeda N, Ahuja SK, Ahuja SS, 1999. Defects in the generation of IFN-gamma are overcome to control infection with Leishmania donovani in CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 5-, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha-, or CCR2-deficient mice. J Immunol 163: 5519–5525.
-
26.
Brajao de Oliveira K, Reiche EM, Kaminami Morimoto H, Pelegrinelli Fungaro MH, Estevao D, Pontello R, Franco Nasser T, Watanabe MA, 2007. Analysis of the CC chemokine receptor 5 delta32 polymorphism in a Brazilian population with cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Cutan Pathol 34: 27–32.
-
27.
Botelho AC, Mayrink W, Oliveira RC, 2009. Alterations in phenotypic profiles of peripheral blood cells from patients with human American cutaneous leishmaniasis following treatment with an antimonial drug and a vaccine. Acta Trop 112: 143–148.
-
28.
Reis LC, Brito ME, Souza MA, Medeiros AC, Silva CJ, Luna CF, Pereira VR, 2009. Cellular immune response profile in patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis prior and post chemotherapy treatment. J Clin Lab Anal 23: 63–69.
-
29.
Coutinho SG, Pirmez C, Da-Cruz AM, 2002. Parasitological and immunological follow-up of American tegumentary leishmaniasis patients. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 (Suppl 1): S173–S178.
-
30.
Veland N, Boggild AK, Valencia C, Valencia BM, Llanos-Cuentas A, Van der Auwera G, Dujardin JC, Arevalo J, 2012. Leishmania (Viannia) species identification on clinical samples from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients in Peru: assessment of a molecular stepwise approach. J Clin Microbiol 50: 495–498.
-
31.
Scott P, Pearce E, Natovitz P, Sher A, 1987. Vaccination against cutaneous leishmaniasis in a murine model. I. Induction of protective immunity with a soluble extract of promastigotes. J Immunol 139: 221–227.
-
32.
Carvalho LP, Passos S, Bacellar O, Lessa M, Almeida RP, Magalhaes A, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ, Machado P, de Jesus AR, 2007. Differential immune regulation of activated T cells between cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis as a model for pathogenesis. Parasite Immunol 29: 251–258.
-
33.
Tuon FF, Gomes-Silva A, Da-Cruz AM, Duarte MI, Neto VA, Amato VS, 2008. Local immunological factors associated with recurrence of mucosal leishmaniasis. Clin Immunol 128: 442–446.
-
34.
Salhi A et al. 2008. Immunological and genetic evidence for a crucial role of IL-10 in cutaneous lesions in humans infected with Leishmania braziliensis. J Immunol 180: 6139–6148.
-
35.
Castellano LR, Filho DC, Argiro L, Dessein H, Prata A, Dessein A, Rodrigues V, 2009. Th1/Th2 immune responses are associated with active cutaneous leishmaniasis and clinical cure is associated with strong interferon-gamma production. Hum Immunol 70: 383–390.
-
36.
Bourreau E, Prevot G, Gardon J, Pradinaud R, Launois P, 2001. High intralesional interleukin-10 messenger RNA expression in localized cutaneous leishmaniasis is associated with unresponsiveness to treatment. J Infect Dis 184: 1628–1630.
-
37.
Bourreau E, Ronet C, Darsissac E, Lise MC, Marie DS, Clity E, Tacchini-Cottier F, Couppie P, Launois P, 2009. In leishmaniasis due to Leishmania guyanensis infection, distinct intralesional interleukin-10 and Foxp3 mRNA expression are associated with unresponsiveness to treatment. J Infect Dis 199: 576–579.
-
38.
Tripathi P, Singh V, Naik S, 2007. Immune response to Leishmania: paradox rather than paradigm. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 51: 229–242.
-
39.
Kaye P, Scott P, 2011. Leishmaniasis: complexity at the host-pathogen interface. Nat Rev Microbiol 9: 604–615.
-
40.
Mougneau E, Bihl F, Glaichenhaus N, 2011. Cell biology and immunology of Leishmania. Immunol Rev 240: 286–296.
-
41.
Da-Cruz AM, Bittar R, Mattos M, Oliveira-Neto MP, Nogueira R, Pinho-Ribeiro V, Azeredo-Coutinho RB, Coutinho SG, 2002. T-cell-mediated immune responses in patients with cutaneous or mucosal leishmaniasis: long-term evaluation after therapy. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9: 251–256.
-
42.
Anderson CF, Oukka M, Kuchroo VJ, Sacks D, 2007. CD4(+)CD25(-)Foxp3(-) Th1 cells are the source of IL-10-mediated immune suppression in chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Exp Med 204: 285–297.
-
43.
Pagan AJ, Peters NC, Debrabant A, Ribeiro-Gomes F, Pepper M, Karp CL, Jenkins MK, Sacks DL, 2013. Tracking antigen-specific CD4+ T cells throughout the course of chronic Leishmania major infection in resistant mice. Eur J Immunol 43: 427–438.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 718 | 627 | 25 |
| Full Text Views | 509 | 13 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 161 | 17 | 0 |
Regulatory T-Cell Dynamics in Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis due to Leishmania braziliensis
Nicolas Barros
Nicolas Barros
Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
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Nestor Vasquez
Nestor Vasquez
Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
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Fernando Woll
Fernando Woll
Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
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Cesar Sanchez
Cesar Sanchez
Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
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Braulio Valencia
Braulio Valencia
Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
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Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
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A. Clinton White Jr.
A. Clinton White Jr.
Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Martin Montes
Martin Montes
Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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To evaluate the dynamics of regulatory T cells (Tregs) during tegumentary leishmaniasis, we assessed peripheral blood and biopsies from 54 patients. Patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) had a decreased proportion of Tregs in the peripheral blood, but the proportion was higher in the biopsies of lesions. During treatment of CL, circulating Tregs increased reaching normal proportions, whereas antigen-specific interferon-γ responses diminished. By contrast, circulating Tregs from mucosal leishmaniasis patients failed to normalize during treatment. C-C chemokine receptor type 5 was expressed on a large proportion of Tregs at the site of infection. These results demonstrate increased Tregs at the site of infection, possibly homing from the peripheral circulation.
Author Notes
Financial support: The experiments reported in this article have been supported by funds from the National Institute of Health (NIH) grant (1RO1 A1075575-01A1), and a Fogarty Training grant (D43TW006569).
Authors’ addresses: Nicolas Barros and Fernando Woll, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, E-mails: nicolas_barros@hotmail.com and fernando.woll@upch.pe. Nestor Vasquez, Braulio Valencia, and Martin Montes, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, E-mails: nvasquez.92@gmail.com, braulio.valencia@upch.pe, and martinmd@mac.com. Cesar Sanchez, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru, E-mail: cesarsanz4@yahoo.com. Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas, Malaria and Leishmaniasis Division, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Lima, Peru, E-mail: alejandro.llanos.c@upch.pe. A. Clinton White Jr., Department of Internal Medicine, UTMB, Galveston, TX, E-mail: acwhite@utmb.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Murray HW, Berman JD, Davies CR, Saravia NG, 2005. Advances in leishmaniasis. Lancet 366: 1561–1577.
-
2.
Llanos-Cuentas A et al. 2008. Clinical and parasite species risk factors for pentavalent antimonial treatment failure in cutaneous leishmaniasis in Peru. Clin Infect Dis 46: 223–231.
-
3.
Reithinger R, Dujardin JC, Louzir H, Pirmez C, Alexander B, Brooker S, 2007. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 581–596.
-
4.
Belkaid Y, 2007. Regulatory T cells and infection: a dangerous necessity. Nat Rev Immunol 7: 875–888.
-
5.
Rudensky AY, 2011. Regulatory T cells and Foxp3. Immunol Rev 241: 260–268.
-
6.
Campbell DJ, Koch MA, 2011. Phenotypical and functional specialization of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. Nat Rev Immunol 11: 119–130.
-
7.
Belkaid Y, Piccirillo CA, Mendez S, Shevach EM, Sacks DL, 2002. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells control Leishmania major persistence and immunity. Nature 420: 502–507.
-
8.
Mendez S, Reckling SK, Piccirillo CA, Sacks D, Belkaid Y, 2004. Role for CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells in reactivation of persistent leishmaniasis and control of concomitant immunity. J Exp Med 200: 201–210.
-
9.
Suffia IJ, Reckling SK, Piccirillo CA, Goldszmid RS, Belkaid Y, 2006. Infected site-restricted Foxp3+ natural regulatory T cells are specific for microbial antigens. J Exp Med 203: 777–788.
-
10.
Xu D, Liu H, Komai-Koma M, Campbell C, McSharry C, Alexander J, Liew FY, 2003. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells suppress differentiation and functions of Th1 and Th2 cells, Leishmania major infection, and colitis in mice. J Immunol 170: 394–399.
-
11.
Sacks D, Noben-Trauth N, 2002. The immunology of susceptibility and resistance to Leishmania major in mice. Nat Rev Immunol 2: 845–858.
-
12.
Ji J, Masterson J, Sun J, Soong L, 2005. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells restrain pathogenic responses during Leishmania amazonensis infection. J Immunol 174: 7147–7153.
-
13.
Campanelli AP et al. 2006. CD4+CD25+ T cells in skin lesions of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis exhibit phenotypic and functional characteristics of natural regulatory T cells. J Infect Dis 193: 1313–1322.
-
14.
Bourreau E, Ronet C, Darcissac E, Lise MC, Sainte Marie D, Clity E, Tacchini-Cottier F, Couppie P, Launois P, 2009. Intralesional regulatory T-cell suppressive function during human acute and chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania guyanensis. Infect Immun 77: 1465–1474.
-
15.
Nylen S, Maurya R, Eidsmo L, Manandhar KD, Sundar S, Sacks D, 2007. Splenic accumulation of IL-10 mRNA in T cells distinct from CD4+CD25+ (Foxp3) regulatory T cells in human visceral leishmaniasis. J Exp Med 204: 805–817.
-
16.
Teixeira MJ, Teixeira CR, Andrade BB, Barral-Netto M, Barral A, 2006. Chemokines in host-parasite interactions in leishmaniasis. Trends Parasitol 22: 32–40.
-
17.
Handman E, Bullen DV, 2002. Interaction of Leishmania with the host macrophage. Trends Parasitol 18: 332–334.
-
18.
Oghumu S, Lezama-Davila CM, Isaac-Marquez AP, Satoskar AR, 2010. Role of chemokines in regulation of immunity against leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 126: 389–396.
-
19.
Sharma M, 2010. Chemokines and their receptors: orchestrating a fine balance between health and disease. Crit Rev Biotechnol 30: 1–22.
-
20.
Mailloux AW, Young MR, 2010. Regulatory T-cell trafficking: from thymic development to tumor-induced immune suppression. Crit Rev Immunol 30: 435–447.
-
21.
Moreira AP, Cavassani KA, Massafera Tristao FS, Campanelli AP, Martinez R, Rossi MA, Silva JS, 2008. CCR5-dependent regulatory T cell migration mediates fungal survival and severe immunosuppression. J Immunol 180: 3049–3056.
-
22.
Tan MC, Goedegebuure PS, Belt BA, Flaherty B, Sankpal N, Gillanders WE, Eberlein TJ, Hsieh CS, Linehan DC, 2009. Disruption of CCR5-dependent homing of regulatory T cells inhibits tumor growth in a murine model of pancreatic cancer. J Immunol 182: 1746–1755.
-
23.
Dobaczewski M, Xia Y, Bujak M, Gonzalez-Quesada C, Frangogiannis NG, 2010. CCR5 signaling suppresses inflammation and reduces adverse remodeling of the infarcted heart, mediating recruitment of regulatory T cells. Am J Pathol 176: 2177–2187.
-
24.
Yurchenko E, Tritt M, Hay V, Shevach EM, Belkaid Y, Piccirillo CA, 2006. CCR5-dependent homing of naturally occurring CD4+ regulatory T cells to sites of Leishmania major infection favors pathogen persistence. J Exp Med 203: 2451–2460.
-
25.
Sato N, Kuziel WA, Melby PC, Reddick RL, Kostecki V, Zhao W, Maeda N, Ahuja SK, Ahuja SS, 1999. Defects in the generation of IFN-gamma are overcome to control infection with Leishmania donovani in CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 5-, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha-, or CCR2-deficient mice. J Immunol 163: 5519–5525.
-
26.
Brajao de Oliveira K, Reiche EM, Kaminami Morimoto H, Pelegrinelli Fungaro MH, Estevao D, Pontello R, Franco Nasser T, Watanabe MA, 2007. Analysis of the CC chemokine receptor 5 delta32 polymorphism in a Brazilian population with cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Cutan Pathol 34: 27–32.
-
27.
Botelho AC, Mayrink W, Oliveira RC, 2009. Alterations in phenotypic profiles of peripheral blood cells from patients with human American cutaneous leishmaniasis following treatment with an antimonial drug and a vaccine. Acta Trop 112: 143–148.
-
28.
Reis LC, Brito ME, Souza MA, Medeiros AC, Silva CJ, Luna CF, Pereira VR, 2009. Cellular immune response profile in patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis prior and post chemotherapy treatment. J Clin Lab Anal 23: 63–69.
-
29.
Coutinho SG, Pirmez C, Da-Cruz AM, 2002. Parasitological and immunological follow-up of American tegumentary leishmaniasis patients. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 (Suppl 1): S173–S178.
-
30.
Veland N, Boggild AK, Valencia C, Valencia BM, Llanos-Cuentas A, Van der Auwera G, Dujardin JC, Arevalo J, 2012. Leishmania (Viannia) species identification on clinical samples from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients in Peru: assessment of a molecular stepwise approach. J Clin Microbiol 50: 495–498.
-
31.
Scott P, Pearce E, Natovitz P, Sher A, 1987. Vaccination against cutaneous leishmaniasis in a murine model. I. Induction of protective immunity with a soluble extract of promastigotes. J Immunol 139: 221–227.
-
32.
Carvalho LP, Passos S, Bacellar O, Lessa M, Almeida RP, Magalhaes A, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ, Machado P, de Jesus AR, 2007. Differential immune regulation of activated T cells between cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis as a model for pathogenesis. Parasite Immunol 29: 251–258.
-
33.
Tuon FF, Gomes-Silva A, Da-Cruz AM, Duarte MI, Neto VA, Amato VS, 2008. Local immunological factors associated with recurrence of mucosal leishmaniasis. Clin Immunol 128: 442–446.
-
34.
Salhi A et al. 2008. Immunological and genetic evidence for a crucial role of IL-10 in cutaneous lesions in humans infected with Leishmania braziliensis. J Immunol 180: 6139–6148.
-
35.
Castellano LR, Filho DC, Argiro L, Dessein H, Prata A, Dessein A, Rodrigues V, 2009. Th1/Th2 immune responses are associated with active cutaneous leishmaniasis and clinical cure is associated with strong interferon-gamma production. Hum Immunol 70: 383–390.
-
36.
Bourreau E, Prevot G, Gardon J, Pradinaud R, Launois P, 2001. High intralesional interleukin-10 messenger RNA expression in localized cutaneous leishmaniasis is associated with unresponsiveness to treatment. J Infect Dis 184: 1628–1630.
-
37.
Bourreau E, Ronet C, Darsissac E, Lise MC, Marie DS, Clity E, Tacchini-Cottier F, Couppie P, Launois P, 2009. In leishmaniasis due to Leishmania guyanensis infection, distinct intralesional interleukin-10 and Foxp3 mRNA expression are associated with unresponsiveness to treatment. J Infect Dis 199: 576–579.
-
38.
Tripathi P, Singh V, Naik S, 2007. Immune response to Leishmania: paradox rather than paradigm. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 51: 229–242.
-
39.
Kaye P, Scott P, 2011. Leishmaniasis: complexity at the host-pathogen interface. Nat Rev Microbiol 9: 604–615.
-
40.
Mougneau E, Bihl F, Glaichenhaus N, 2011. Cell biology and immunology of Leishmania. Immunol Rev 240: 286–296.
-
41.
Da-Cruz AM, Bittar R, Mattos M, Oliveira-Neto MP, Nogueira R, Pinho-Ribeiro V, Azeredo-Coutinho RB, Coutinho SG, 2002. T-cell-mediated immune responses in patients with cutaneous or mucosal leishmaniasis: long-term evaluation after therapy. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9: 251–256.
-
42.
Anderson CF, Oukka M, Kuchroo VJ, Sacks D, 2007. CD4(+)CD25(-)Foxp3(-) Th1 cells are the source of IL-10-mediated immune suppression in chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Exp Med 204: 285–297.
-
43.
Pagan AJ, Peters NC, Debrabant A, Ribeiro-Gomes F, Pepper M, Karp CL, Jenkins MK, Sacks DL, 2013. Tracking antigen-specific CD4+ T cells throughout the course of chronic Leishmania major infection in resistant mice. Eur J Immunol 43: 427–438.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 718 | 627 | 25 |
| Full Text Views | 509 | 13 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 161 | 17 | 0 |