ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2015. Liberia: WHO Statistical Profile, 1–3. Available at: http://www.who.int/gho/countries/lbr.pdf?ua=1. Accessed March 2, 2017.
-
2.
Lori JR, Boyle JS, 2015. Force migration: refugee populations. Nurs Outlook 63: 68–76.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2003. Liberia: Health Situation Analysis Final Report July 2002–November 2003. Available at: http://www.who.int/disasters/repo/11404.pdf. Accessed March 28, 2017.
-
4.
Chothia F, 2014. Ebola Drains Already Weak West African Health Systems. Available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29324595. Accessed March 9, 2017.
-
5.
Mutabingwa TK, 2005. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs): best hope for malaria treatment but inaccessible to the needy! Acta Trop 95: 305–315.
-
6.
Liu N, 2015. Insecticide resistance in mosquitoes: impact, mechanisms, and research directions. Annu Rev Entomol 60: 537–559.
-
7.
Temu EA et al. 2012. Pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae, in Bomi County, Liberia, compromises malaria vector control. PLoS One 7: e44986.
-
8.
Agossa FR, Gnanguenon V, Anagonou R, Azondekon R, AÃzoun N, Sovi A, Oké-Agbo F, Sèzonlin M, Akogbéto MC, 2015. Impact of insecticide resistance on the effectiveness of pyrethroid-based malaria vectors control tools in Benin: decreased toxicity and repellent effect. PLoS One 10: e0145207.
-
9.
N’Guessan R, Corbel V, Akogbéto M, Rowland M, 2007. Reduced efficacy of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying for malaria control in pyrethroid resistance area, Benin. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 199–206.
-
10.
Toé KH, Jones CM, N’Fale S, Ismail HM, Dabiré RK, Ranson H, 2014. Increased pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors and decreased bed net effectiveness, Burkina Faso. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 1691–1696.
-
11.
World Health Organization, 2008. World Malaria Report 2008. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 6–14. ISBN 978 92 4 1564403.
-
12.
Roll Back Malaria Partnership (WHO), 2008. The global malaria action plan for a malaria free world. Director 274. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/4afac5629.pdf. Accessed March 2, 2017.
-
13.
Lengeler C, 2004. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000363.
-
14.
Agusto FB, Del Valle SY, Blayneh KW, Ngonghala CN, Goncalves MJ, Li N, Zhao R, Gong H, 2013. The impact of bed-net use on malaria prevalence. J Theor Biol 320: 58–65.
-
15.
Abdella YM, Deribew A, Kassahun W, 2009. Does insecticide treated mosquito nets (ITNs) prevent clinical malaria in children aged between 6 and 59 months under program setting? J Community Health 34: 102–112.
-
16.
Louis VR et al. 2015. An insecticide-treated bed-net campaign and childhood malaria in Burkina Faso. Bull World Health Organ 93: 750–758.
-
17.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015. Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/malaria_worldwide/reduction/itn.html. Accessed March 17, 2017.
-
18.
Hakizimana E, Cyubahiro B, Rukundo A, Kabayiza A, Mutabazi A, Beach R, Patel R, Tongren JE, Karema C, 2014. Monitoring long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) durability to validate net serviceable life assumptions, in Rwanda. Malar J 13: 344.
-
19.
Messina JP, Taylor SM, Meshnick SR, Linke AM, Tshefu AK, Atua B, Mwandagalirwa K, Emch M, 2011. Population, behavioural and environmental drivers of malaria prevalence in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Malar J 10: 161.
-
20.
Escamilla V et al. 2017. Effects of community-level bed net coverage on malaria morbidity in Lilongwe, Malawi. Malar J 16: 142.
-
21.
Larsen DA, Hutchinson P, Bennett A, Yukich J, Anglewicz P, Keating J, Eisele TP, 2014. Community coverage with insecticide-treated mosquito nets and observed associations with all-cause child mortality and malaria parasite infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 91: 950–958.
-
22.
Atieli HE, Zhou G, Afrane Y, Lee M-C, Mwanzo I, Githeko AK, Yan G, 2011. Insecticide-treated net (ITN) ownership, usage, and malaria transmission in the highlands of western Kenya. Parasit Vectors 4: 113.
-
23.
National Malaria Control Program, 2012. Liberia Malaria Indicator Survey 2011. Available at: https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-MIS12-MIS-Final-Reports.cfm. Accessed May 5, 2016.
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24.
Sumitomo Chemical Environmental Health Division, 2017. Olyset Net. sumivector.com. Available at: http://sumivector.com/mosquito-nets/olyset-net. Accessed March 14, 2017.
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25.
Vestergaard, 2014. Permanet 2.0. Vestergaard.com. Available at: http://www.vestergaard.com/permanet-2-0. Accessed March 14, 2017.
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26.
Basf, 2017. Interceptor Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets. Basf.com. Available at: https://agriculture.basf.com/en/Pest-Control/Interceptor.html. Accessed March 14, 2017.
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Gnankiné O, Bassolé IHN, Chandre F, Glitho I, Akogbeto M, Dabiré RK, Martin T, 2013. Insecticide resistance in Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) could compromise the sustainability of malaria vector control strategies in West Africa. Acta Trop 128: 7–17.
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Hunt RH, Fuseini G, Knowles S, Stiles-Ocran J, Verster R, Kaiser ML, Choi K, Koekemoer LL, Coetzee M, 2011. Insecticide resistance in malaria vector mosquitoes at four localities in Ghana, West Africa. Parasit Vectors 4: 107.
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29.
Namountougou M, Simard F, Baldet T, Diabaté A, Ouédraogo JB, Martin T, Dabiré RK, 2012. Multiple insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Burkina Faso, West Africa. PLoS One 7: e48412.
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Vestergaard, KEMRI/CDC, ESRI, IR Mapper, 2016. IR Mapper. Available at: www.irmapper.com. Accessed March 12, 2017.
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Tusting LS, Bottomley C, Gibson H, Kleinschmidt I, Tatem AJ, Lindsay SW, Gething PW, 2017. Housing improvements and malaria risk in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-country analysis of survey data. PLoS Med 14: e1002234.
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Doctor SM et al. 2016. Malaria surveillance in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: comparison of microscopy, PCR, and rapid diagnostic test. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 85: 16–18.
-
33.
Azikiwe CCA, Ifezulike CC, Siminialayi IM, Amazu LU, Enye JC, Nwakwunite OE, 2012. A comparative laboratory diagnosis of malaria: microscopy versus rapid diagnostic test kits. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2: 307–310.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 928 | 585 | 14 |
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The Effectiveness of Community Bed Net Use on Malaria Parasitemia among Children Less Than 5 Years Old in Liberia
Rebecca C. Stebbins
Rebecca C. Stebbins
Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;
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Michael Emch
Michael Emch
Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;
Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Steven R. Meshnick
Steven R. Meshnick
Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;
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In 2013, the under-5 mortality rate in Liberia was 71 deaths per 1,000 live births, with malaria responsible for 22% of those deaths. One of the primary existing control tools, long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets (LLINs), is thought to be dually effective, acting as a physical barrier but also decreasing the mosquito population in communities. However, there has been little investigation into the protective effects of community-wide bed net use above and beyond the individual level. Using data from the population-representative 2011 Liberia Malaria Indicator Survey, we estimated the association between proportion of a community using LLINs and malaria in children using multi-level logistic regression. To investigate the potential effect measure modification of the relationship by urbanicity, we included an interaction term and calculated stratum-specific prevalence odds ratios (PORs) for rural and urban communities. We calculated a POR of malaria for an absolute 10% increase in community bed net use of 1.13 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.91, 1.41) and 0.35 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.92) for rural and urban communities, respectively, indicating a strong, though imprecise, protective effect within urban communities only. Our results indicate that bed net use has an indirect protective effect in urban areas, above and beyond individual use. Little or no such effect of community-wide use is seen in rural areas, likely because of population density factors. Therefore, although all control efforts should be multifaceted, promotion of bed net use in urban areas in particular will likely be a highly effective tool for control.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 21 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: National Science Foundation grant BCS-1339949.
Authors’ addresses: Rebecca C. Stebbins and Steven R. Meshnick, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, E-mails: rebecca7@email.unc.edu and meshnick@unc.edu. Michael Emch, Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, E-mail: emch@unc.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2015. Liberia: WHO Statistical Profile, 1–3. Available at: http://www.who.int/gho/countries/lbr.pdf?ua=1. Accessed March 2, 2017.
-
2.
Lori JR, Boyle JS, 2015. Force migration: refugee populations. Nurs Outlook 63: 68–76.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2003. Liberia: Health Situation Analysis Final Report July 2002–November 2003. Available at: http://www.who.int/disasters/repo/11404.pdf. Accessed March 28, 2017.
-
4.
Chothia F, 2014. Ebola Drains Already Weak West African Health Systems. Available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29324595. Accessed March 9, 2017.
-
5.
Mutabingwa TK, 2005. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs): best hope for malaria treatment but inaccessible to the needy! Acta Trop 95: 305–315.
-
6.
Liu N, 2015. Insecticide resistance in mosquitoes: impact, mechanisms, and research directions. Annu Rev Entomol 60: 537–559.
-
7.
Temu EA et al. 2012. Pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae, in Bomi County, Liberia, compromises malaria vector control. PLoS One 7: e44986.
-
8.
Agossa FR, Gnanguenon V, Anagonou R, Azondekon R, AÃzoun N, Sovi A, Oké-Agbo F, Sèzonlin M, Akogbéto MC, 2015. Impact of insecticide resistance on the effectiveness of pyrethroid-based malaria vectors control tools in Benin: decreased toxicity and repellent effect. PLoS One 10: e0145207.
-
9.
N’Guessan R, Corbel V, Akogbéto M, Rowland M, 2007. Reduced efficacy of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying for malaria control in pyrethroid resistance area, Benin. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 199–206.
-
10.
Toé KH, Jones CM, N’Fale S, Ismail HM, Dabiré RK, Ranson H, 2014. Increased pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors and decreased bed net effectiveness, Burkina Faso. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 1691–1696.
-
11.
World Health Organization, 2008. World Malaria Report 2008. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 6–14. ISBN 978 92 4 1564403.
-
12.
Roll Back Malaria Partnership (WHO), 2008. The global malaria action plan for a malaria free world. Director 274. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/4afac5629.pdf. Accessed March 2, 2017.
-
13.
Lengeler C, 2004. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000363.
-
14.
Agusto FB, Del Valle SY, Blayneh KW, Ngonghala CN, Goncalves MJ, Li N, Zhao R, Gong H, 2013. The impact of bed-net use on malaria prevalence. J Theor Biol 320: 58–65.
-
15.
Abdella YM, Deribew A, Kassahun W, 2009. Does insecticide treated mosquito nets (ITNs) prevent clinical malaria in children aged between 6 and 59 months under program setting? J Community Health 34: 102–112.
-
16.
Louis VR et al. 2015. An insecticide-treated bed-net campaign and childhood malaria in Burkina Faso. Bull World Health Organ 93: 750–758.
-
17.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015. Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/malaria_worldwide/reduction/itn.html. Accessed March 17, 2017.
-
18.
Hakizimana E, Cyubahiro B, Rukundo A, Kabayiza A, Mutabazi A, Beach R, Patel R, Tongren JE, Karema C, 2014. Monitoring long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) durability to validate net serviceable life assumptions, in Rwanda. Malar J 13: 344.
-
19.
Messina JP, Taylor SM, Meshnick SR, Linke AM, Tshefu AK, Atua B, Mwandagalirwa K, Emch M, 2011. Population, behavioural and environmental drivers of malaria prevalence in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Malar J 10: 161.
-
20.
Escamilla V et al. 2017. Effects of community-level bed net coverage on malaria morbidity in Lilongwe, Malawi. Malar J 16: 142.
-
21.
Larsen DA, Hutchinson P, Bennett A, Yukich J, Anglewicz P, Keating J, Eisele TP, 2014. Community coverage with insecticide-treated mosquito nets and observed associations with all-cause child mortality and malaria parasite infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 91: 950–958.
-
22.
Atieli HE, Zhou G, Afrane Y, Lee M-C, Mwanzo I, Githeko AK, Yan G, 2011. Insecticide-treated net (ITN) ownership, usage, and malaria transmission in the highlands of western Kenya. Parasit Vectors 4: 113.
-
23.
National Malaria Control Program, 2012. Liberia Malaria Indicator Survey 2011. Available at: https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-MIS12-MIS-Final-Reports.cfm. Accessed May 5, 2016.
-
24.
Sumitomo Chemical Environmental Health Division, 2017. Olyset Net. sumivector.com. Available at: http://sumivector.com/mosquito-nets/olyset-net. Accessed March 14, 2017.
-
25.
Vestergaard, 2014. Permanet 2.0. Vestergaard.com. Available at: http://www.vestergaard.com/permanet-2-0. Accessed March 14, 2017.
-
26.
Basf, 2017. Interceptor Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets. Basf.com. Available at: https://agriculture.basf.com/en/Pest-Control/Interceptor.html. Accessed March 14, 2017.
-
27.
Gnankiné O, Bassolé IHN, Chandre F, Glitho I, Akogbeto M, Dabiré RK, Martin T, 2013. Insecticide resistance in Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) could compromise the sustainability of malaria vector control strategies in West Africa. Acta Trop 128: 7–17.
-
28.
Hunt RH, Fuseini G, Knowles S, Stiles-Ocran J, Verster R, Kaiser ML, Choi K, Koekemoer LL, Coetzee M, 2011. Insecticide resistance in malaria vector mosquitoes at four localities in Ghana, West Africa. Parasit Vectors 4: 107.
-
29.
Namountougou M, Simard F, Baldet T, Diabaté A, Ouédraogo JB, Martin T, Dabiré RK, 2012. Multiple insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Burkina Faso, West Africa. PLoS One 7: e48412.
-
30.
Vestergaard, KEMRI/CDC, ESRI, IR Mapper, 2016. IR Mapper. Available at: www.irmapper.com. Accessed March 12, 2017.
-
31.
Tusting LS, Bottomley C, Gibson H, Kleinschmidt I, Tatem AJ, Lindsay SW, Gething PW, 2017. Housing improvements and malaria risk in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-country analysis of survey data. PLoS Med 14: e1002234.
-
32.
Doctor SM et al. 2016. Malaria surveillance in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: comparison of microscopy, PCR, and rapid diagnostic test. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 85: 16–18.
-
33.
Azikiwe CCA, Ifezulike CC, Siminialayi IM, Amazu LU, Enye JC, Nwakwunite OE, 2012. A comparative laboratory diagnosis of malaria: microscopy versus rapid diagnostic test kits. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2: 307–310.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 928 | 585 | 14 |
| Full Text Views | 521 | 10 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 197 | 19 | 0 |