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1.
Coovadia H, Wilkinson P, 1998. Childhood human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis co-infections: reconciling conflicting data. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2: 844–851.
-
2.
Maurer A, Sturchler D, 2000. A waterborne outbreak of small round structured virus, Campylobacter and shigella co-infections in La Neuveville, Switerland, 1998. Epidemiol Infect 125: 325–332.
-
3.
Backus L, Boothroyd D, Deyton L, 2005. HIV, hepatitis C and HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infection in vulnerable populations. AIDS 19: S13–S19.
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4.
McCulloch C, 2008. Joint modeling of mixed outcome types using latent variables. Stat Methods Med Res 17: 53–73.
-
5.
Müller I, Bockarie M, Alpers M, Smith T, 2003. The epidemiology of malaria in Papua New Guinea. Trends Parasitol 2003: 253–259.
-
6.
Luxemburger C, Ricci F, Nosten F, Raimond D, Bathet S, White NJ, 1997. The epidemiology of severe malaria in an area of low transmission in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91: 256–262.
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7.
Maitland K, Williams T, Newbold C, 1997. Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum: biological interactions and the possibility of cross-species immunity. Parasitol Today 13: 227–231.
-
8.
Maitland K, Williams TN, Peto TE, Day KP, Clegg JB, Weatherall DJ, Bowden DK, 1997. Absence of malaria-specific mortality in children in an area of hyperendemic malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91: 562–566.
-
9.
Genton B, D’Acremont V, Rare L, Baea K, Reeder JC, Alpers MP, Müller I, 2008. Plasmodium vivax and mixed infections are associated with severe malaria in children: a prospective cohort study from Papua New Guinea. PLoS Med 5: 881–889.
-
10.
McKenzie FE, Smith DL, O’Meara WP, Forney JR, Magill AJ, Permpanich B, Erhart LM, Sirichaisinthop J, Wongsrichanalai C, Gasser RA Jr, 2006. Fever in patients with mixed-species malaria. Clin Infect Dis 42: 1713–1718.
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11.
Price R, Tjitra E, Guerra CA, Yeung S, White NJ, Anstey NM, 2007. Vivax malaria: neglected and not benign. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 79–87.
-
12.
Lin E et al. 2010. Differential patterns of infection and disease with P. falciparum and P. vivax in young Papua New Guinean children. PLoS One 5: e9047.
-
13.
Koepfli C, Colborn KL, Kiniboro B, Lin E, Speed TP, Siba PM, Felger I, Mueller I, 2013. A high force of Plasmodium vivax blood-stage infection drives the rapid acquisition of immunity in Papua New Guinean children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2403.
-
14.
Mueller I et al. 2012. Force of infection is key to understanding the epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Papua New Guinean children. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109: 10030–10035.
-
15.
Aitchison J, Ho C, 1989. The multivariate Poisson-log normal distribution. Biometrika 76: 643–653.
-
16.
Ma X, Chen S, Chen F, 2016. Correlated random-effects bivariate poisson lognormal model to study single-vehicle and multivehicle crashes. J Transp Eng 142: 04016049.
-
17.
Ma J, Kockelman KM, Damien P, 2008. A multivariate Poisson-lognormal regression model for prediction of crash counts by severity, using Bayesian methods. Accid Anal Prev 40: 964–975.
-
18.
Park E, Lord D, 2007. Multivariate Poisson-lognormal models for jointly modeling crash frequency by severity. Transp Res Rec 2019: 1–6.
-
19.
Engen S, Lande R, DeVries PJ, 2002. Analyzing spatial structure of communities using the two-dimensional Poisson lognormal species abundance model. Am Nat 160: 60–73.
-
20.
Chib S, Winkelmann R, 2012. Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis of correlated count data. J Bus Econ Stat 19: 428–435.
-
21.
Ross A, Koepfli C, Schoepflin S, Timinao L, Siba P, Smith T, Mueller I, Felger I, Tanner M, 2016. The incidence and differential seasonal patterns of Plasmodium vivax primary infections and relapses in a cohort of children in Papua New Guinea. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004582.
-
22.
Pinheiro J, Bates D, 1995. Approximations to the log-likelihood function in the nonlinear mixed-effects model. J Comput Graph Stat 4: 12–35.
-
23.
SAS Institute, 2013. Copyright 2013 SAS Institute Inc. SAS and all other SAS Institute Inc. product or service names are registered trademarks or trademarks of SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
-
24.
Hadfield JD, 2010. MCMC methods for multi-response generalized linear mixed models: the MCMCglmm R package. J Stat Softw 33: 1–22.
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25.
R Core Team, 2015. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
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26.
Haenszel W, Loveland D, Sirken M, 1962. Lung-cancer mortality as related to residence and smoking histories. I. White males. J Natl Cancer Inst 28: 947–1001.
-
27.
Efron B, Tibshirani R, 1986. Bootstrap methods for standard errors, confidence intervals, and other measures of statistical accuracy. Stat Sci 1: 54–75.
-
28.
Phimpraphi W et al. 2008. Longitudinal study of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in a Karen population in Thailand. Malar J 7: 99.
-
29.
Smith T, Genton B, Baea K, Gibson N, Narara A, Alpers MP, 2001. Prospective risk of morbidity in relation to malaria infection in an area of high endemicity of multiple species of Plasmodium. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001: 262–267.
-
30.
McNamara DT, Kasehagen LJ, Grimberg BT, Cole-Tobian J, Collins WE, Zimmerman PA, 2006. Diagnosing infection levels of four human malaria parasite species by a polymerase chain reaction/ligase detection reaction fluorescent microsphere-based assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006: 413–421.
-
31.
Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Zhu XP, Jarra W, Pinheiro L, do Rosario VE, Thaithong S, Brown KN, 1993. High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1993: 315–320.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 345 | 252 | 10 |
| Full Text Views | 481 | 9 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 110 | 12 | 4 |
Joint Modeling of Mixed Plasmodium Species Infections Using a Bivariate Poisson Lognormal Model
Kathryn L. Colborn
Kathryn L. Colborn
Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado;
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Ivo Mueller
Ivo Mueller
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia;
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Terence P. Speed
Terence P. Speed
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia;
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia;
Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia;
Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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Infectious diseases often present as coinfections that may affect each other in positive or negative ways. Understanding the relationship between two coinfecting pathogens is thus important to understand the risk of infection and burden of disease caused by each pathogen. Although coinfections with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are very common outside Africa, it is yet unclear whether infections by the two parasite species are positively associated or if infection by one parasite suppresses the other. In this study, we use bivariate Poisson lognormal models (BPLM) to estimate covariate-adjusted associations between the incidence of infections (as measured by the force of blood-stage infections, molFOI) and clinical episodes caused by both P. falciparum and P. vivax in a cohort of Papua New Guinean children. A BPLM permits estimation of either positive or negative correlation, unlike most other multivariate Poisson models. Our results demonstrated a moderately positive association between P. falciparum and P. vivax infection rates, arguing against the hypothesis that P. vivax infections protect against P. falciparum infections. Our findings also suggest that the BPLM is only useful for counts with suitably large means and overdispersion.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 1648 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was funded in part by Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) program grant 490037, Swiss National Science Foundation Grants 310030-134889 and 31003A-112196, and National Institutes of Health Grants AI063135, AI-46919, and TW007872.
Authors’ addresses: Kathryn L. Colborn, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, E-mail: kathryn.colborn@ucdenver.edu. Ivo Mueller, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia, E-mail: ivomueller@fastmail.fm. Terence P. Speed, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, and Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, E-mail: terry@wehi.edu.au.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Coovadia H, Wilkinson P, 1998. Childhood human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis co-infections: reconciling conflicting data. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2: 844–851.
-
2.
Maurer A, Sturchler D, 2000. A waterborne outbreak of small round structured virus, Campylobacter and shigella co-infections in La Neuveville, Switerland, 1998. Epidemiol Infect 125: 325–332.
-
3.
Backus L, Boothroyd D, Deyton L, 2005. HIV, hepatitis C and HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infection in vulnerable populations. AIDS 19: S13–S19.
-
4.
McCulloch C, 2008. Joint modeling of mixed outcome types using latent variables. Stat Methods Med Res 17: 53–73.
-
5.
Müller I, Bockarie M, Alpers M, Smith T, 2003. The epidemiology of malaria in Papua New Guinea. Trends Parasitol 2003: 253–259.
-
6.
Luxemburger C, Ricci F, Nosten F, Raimond D, Bathet S, White NJ, 1997. The epidemiology of severe malaria in an area of low transmission in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91: 256–262.
-
7.
Maitland K, Williams T, Newbold C, 1997. Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum: biological interactions and the possibility of cross-species immunity. Parasitol Today 13: 227–231.
-
8.
Maitland K, Williams TN, Peto TE, Day KP, Clegg JB, Weatherall DJ, Bowden DK, 1997. Absence of malaria-specific mortality in children in an area of hyperendemic malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91: 562–566.
-
9.
Genton B, D’Acremont V, Rare L, Baea K, Reeder JC, Alpers MP, Müller I, 2008. Plasmodium vivax and mixed infections are associated with severe malaria in children: a prospective cohort study from Papua New Guinea. PLoS Med 5: 881–889.
-
10.
McKenzie FE, Smith DL, O’Meara WP, Forney JR, Magill AJ, Permpanich B, Erhart LM, Sirichaisinthop J, Wongsrichanalai C, Gasser RA Jr, 2006. Fever in patients with mixed-species malaria. Clin Infect Dis 42: 1713–1718.
-
11.
Price R, Tjitra E, Guerra CA, Yeung S, White NJ, Anstey NM, 2007. Vivax malaria: neglected and not benign. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 79–87.
-
12.
Lin E et al. 2010. Differential patterns of infection and disease with P. falciparum and P. vivax in young Papua New Guinean children. PLoS One 5: e9047.
-
13.
Koepfli C, Colborn KL, Kiniboro B, Lin E, Speed TP, Siba PM, Felger I, Mueller I, 2013. A high force of Plasmodium vivax blood-stage infection drives the rapid acquisition of immunity in Papua New Guinean children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2403.
-
14.
Mueller I et al. 2012. Force of infection is key to understanding the epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Papua New Guinean children. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109: 10030–10035.
-
15.
Aitchison J, Ho C, 1989. The multivariate Poisson-log normal distribution. Biometrika 76: 643–653.
-
16.
Ma X, Chen S, Chen F, 2016. Correlated random-effects bivariate poisson lognormal model to study single-vehicle and multivehicle crashes. J Transp Eng 142: 04016049.
-
17.
Ma J, Kockelman KM, Damien P, 2008. A multivariate Poisson-lognormal regression model for prediction of crash counts by severity, using Bayesian methods. Accid Anal Prev 40: 964–975.
-
18.
Park E, Lord D, 2007. Multivariate Poisson-lognormal models for jointly modeling crash frequency by severity. Transp Res Rec 2019: 1–6.
-
19.
Engen S, Lande R, DeVries PJ, 2002. Analyzing spatial structure of communities using the two-dimensional Poisson lognormal species abundance model. Am Nat 160: 60–73.
-
20.
Chib S, Winkelmann R, 2012. Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis of correlated count data. J Bus Econ Stat 19: 428–435.
-
21.
Ross A, Koepfli C, Schoepflin S, Timinao L, Siba P, Smith T, Mueller I, Felger I, Tanner M, 2016. The incidence and differential seasonal patterns of Plasmodium vivax primary infections and relapses in a cohort of children in Papua New Guinea. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004582.
-
22.
Pinheiro J, Bates D, 1995. Approximations to the log-likelihood function in the nonlinear mixed-effects model. J Comput Graph Stat 4: 12–35.
-
23.
SAS Institute, 2013. Copyright 2013 SAS Institute Inc. SAS and all other SAS Institute Inc. product or service names are registered trademarks or trademarks of SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
-
24.
Hadfield JD, 2010. MCMC methods for multi-response generalized linear mixed models: the MCMCglmm R package. J Stat Softw 33: 1–22.
-
25.
R Core Team, 2015. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
-
26.
Haenszel W, Loveland D, Sirken M, 1962. Lung-cancer mortality as related to residence and smoking histories. I. White males. J Natl Cancer Inst 28: 947–1001.
-
27.
Efron B, Tibshirani R, 1986. Bootstrap methods for standard errors, confidence intervals, and other measures of statistical accuracy. Stat Sci 1: 54–75.
-
28.
Phimpraphi W et al. 2008. Longitudinal study of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in a Karen population in Thailand. Malar J 7: 99.
-
29.
Smith T, Genton B, Baea K, Gibson N, Narara A, Alpers MP, 2001. Prospective risk of morbidity in relation to malaria infection in an area of high endemicity of multiple species of Plasmodium. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001: 262–267.
-
30.
McNamara DT, Kasehagen LJ, Grimberg BT, Cole-Tobian J, Collins WE, Zimmerman PA, 2006. Diagnosing infection levels of four human malaria parasite species by a polymerase chain reaction/ligase detection reaction fluorescent microsphere-based assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006: 413–421.
-
31.
Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Zhu XP, Jarra W, Pinheiro L, do Rosario VE, Thaithong S, Brown KN, 1993. High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1993: 315–320.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 345 | 252 | 10 |
| Full Text Views | 481 | 9 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 110 | 12 | 4 |