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1.
Unicef, World Health Organization, 2015. Achieving the Malaria MDG Target: Reversing the Incidence of Malaria 2000–2015. Available at: www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241509442/en. Accessed September 2015.
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2.
World Health Organization, 2016. World Malaria Report. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
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3.
Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2011. National Strategic Plan for Elimination of Malaria, 2011–2020. Putrajaya.
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4.
World Health Organization, 2002. Social Mobilization and Training Team: Malaria Entomology and Vector Control. WHO/CDS/CPE/SMT/2002.18 Rev.1 2v. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
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5.
White NJ, Breman JG, Osler W, 2012. Chapter 210. Malaria. Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
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6.
Nigoon Jitthai, 2013. Chapter 4 Migration and malaria, in Mekong malaria III monograph towards malaria elimination in the greater Mekong subregion. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 44 (Suppl 1): SEAMEO TropMed, Bangkok, Thailand, 166–200; discussion 306–167.
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7.
Wanjala CL, Waitumbi J, Zhou G, Githeko AK, 2011. Identification of malaria transmission and epidemic hotspots in the western Kenya highlands: its application to malaria epidemic prediction. Parasit Vectors 4: 81.
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8.
Giha HA, Rosthoj S, Dodoo D, Hviid L, Satti GM, Scheike T, Arnot DE, 2003. The epidemiology of febrile malaria episodes in an area of unstable and seasonal transmission. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94: 645–651.
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9.
Alemu A, Tsegaye W, Golassa L, Abebe G, 2011. Urban malaria and associated risk factors in Jimma town, south-west Ethiopia. Malar J 10: 173.
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10.
Rohani A, Lokman Hakim S, Hassan AR, Chan ST, Ong YF, Abdullah AG, Lee HL, 1999. Bionomics of Anopheles balabacensis baisas, the principal malaria vector in Ranau, Sabah. Trop Biomed 2: 31–38.
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11.
Sinka ME et al. 2011. The dominant anopheles vector of human malaria in the Asia Pacific region: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic precis. Parasite Vectors 4: 89.
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12.
Lindsay SW, Alonso PL, Armstrong Schellenberg JR, Hemingway J, Adiamah JH, Shenton FC, Jawara M, Greenwood BM, 1993. A malaria control trial using insecticide-treated bed nets and targeted chemoprophylaxis in a rural area of the Gambia, west Africa. 7. Impact of permethrin-impregnated bed nets on malaria vectors. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 (Suppl 2): 45–51.
-
13.
Tilaye T, Deressa W, 2007. Prevalence of urban malaria and associated factors in Gondar town, northwest Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J 45: 151–158.
-
14.
Okech BA, Mwobobia IK, Kamau A, Muiruri S, Mutiso N, Nyambura J, Mwatele C, Amano T, Mwandawiro CS, 2009. Use of integrated malaria management reduces malaria in Kenya. PLoS One 3: e4050.
-
15.
Yakob L, Yan G, 2009. Modeling the effects of integrating larval habitat source reduction and insecticide treated nets for malaria control. PLoS One 4: e6921.
-
16.
Protopopoff N, Wright A, West PA, Tigererwa R, Mosha FW, Kisinza W, Kleinschmidt I, Rowland M, 2015. Combination of insecticide treated nets and indoor residual spraying in northern Tanzania provides additional reduction in vector population density and malaria transmission rates compared to insecticide treated nets alone: a randomised control trial. PLoS One 10: e0142671.
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Reyburn H et al. 2005. Association of transmission intensity and age with clinical manifestations and case fatality of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. JAMA 293: 1461–1470.
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Rundi C, 2011. Malaria Elimination in Malaysia. Third annual APMEN technical and business meeting, May 9–12, 2011; Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. Available at: http://apmen.org/apmen-iii-meeting-proceedings/. Accessed May 3, 2012.
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19.
Lindblade KA, Steinhardt L, Samuels A, Kachur SP, Slutsker L, 2013. The silent threat: asymptomatic parasitemia and malaria transmission. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 11: 623–639.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 84 | 84 | 13 |
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Falciparum Malaria Outbreak in Sabah Linked to an Immigrant Rubber Tapper
Saffree Mohammad Jeffree
Saffree Mohammad Jeffree
Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia;
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Kamruddin Ahmed
Kamruddin Ahmed
Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia;
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Nazarudin Safian
Nazarudin Safian
Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
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Rohaizat Hassan
Rohaizat Hassan
Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
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Omar Mihat
Omar Mihat
MESVIPP Sector, Disease Control Division, Ministry Of Health, Complex E, Federal Administration Complex, Putrajaya, Malaysia;
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Khamisah Awang Lukman
Khamisah Awang Lukman
Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia;
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Shamsul Bahari Shamsudin
Shamsul Bahari Shamsudin
Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia;
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Fadzilah Kamaludin
Fadzilah Kamaludin
Director of Institute of Medical Research and Epidemic Intelligent Program, Ministry Of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Sabah is a Malaysian state situated in the northern part of Borneo, and it is endemic for malaria. The incidence of malaria is the lowest (0.05/1,000 population) in Penampang districts of Sabah. In June 26, 2012, two Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases were notified to public health department from a village in Penampang. Immediate investigation was initiated to identify the risk factors and to institute control measures. We performed active case finding by asking household members of all houses in the village regarding malaria symptoms and by examining blood smears. Environmental investigation was performed by collecting samples to detect mosquito breeding sites and to identify malaria transmitting vector mosquitoes. A case–control study with a ratio of 1:4 (11 cases and 44 controls) was conducted using self-administered questionnaire. The microscopic examination of blood smear for malarial parasite and entomology sampling was carried out. The malarial attack rate was 2.3%, 6/11 smears have gametocyte, and the case fatality rate was 9.1%. One case was a migrant rubber tapper from Indonesia which happened to be the first case with gametocyte positive. Overall, the incidence of malaria was higher (6/11) among rubber tappers. The odds of cases for those living nearby stagnant water were 7.3 [95% confidence interval: 1.2–43.5] times higher. In conclusion, an outbreak of P. falciparum malaria was introduced into a malaria-free village by a migrant rubber tapper, by whom the imported parasite was introduced to the community via vector Anopheles balabacensis. Living near stagnant water bodies was the risk factor in this outbreak.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Saffree Mohammad Jeffree, Kamruddin Ahmed, Khamisah Awang Lukman, and Shamsul Bahari Shamsudin, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Borneo, Malaysia, E-mails: saffree@ums.edu.my, ahmed@ums.edu.my, khamisah@ums.edu.my, and shamsul@ums.edu.my. Nazarudin Safian and Rohaizat Hassan, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak KL, Selangor, Malaysia, E-mails: nazarudin@ppukm.ukm.edu.my and rohaizat_hassan@yahoo.com. Omar Mihat, Public Health Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia, E-mail: dromar@moh.gov.my. Fadzilah Kamaludin, Institute Medical Research Malaysia, Director, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, E-mail: fadzilah@imr.gov.my.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Unicef, World Health Organization, 2015. Achieving the Malaria MDG Target: Reversing the Incidence of Malaria 2000–2015. Available at: www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241509442/en. Accessed September 2015.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2016. World Malaria Report. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
3.
Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2011. National Strategic Plan for Elimination of Malaria, 2011–2020. Putrajaya.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2002. Social Mobilization and Training Team: Malaria Entomology and Vector Control. WHO/CDS/CPE/SMT/2002.18 Rev.1 2v. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
5.
White NJ, Breman JG, Osler W, 2012. Chapter 210. Malaria. Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
-
6.
Nigoon Jitthai, 2013. Chapter 4 Migration and malaria, in Mekong malaria III monograph towards malaria elimination in the greater Mekong subregion. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 44 (Suppl 1): SEAMEO TropMed, Bangkok, Thailand, 166–200; discussion 306–167.
-
7.
Wanjala CL, Waitumbi J, Zhou G, Githeko AK, 2011. Identification of malaria transmission and epidemic hotspots in the western Kenya highlands: its application to malaria epidemic prediction. Parasit Vectors 4: 81.
-
8.
Giha HA, Rosthoj S, Dodoo D, Hviid L, Satti GM, Scheike T, Arnot DE, 2003. The epidemiology of febrile malaria episodes in an area of unstable and seasonal transmission. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94: 645–651.
-
9.
Alemu A, Tsegaye W, Golassa L, Abebe G, 2011. Urban malaria and associated risk factors in Jimma town, south-west Ethiopia. Malar J 10: 173.
-
10.
Rohani A, Lokman Hakim S, Hassan AR, Chan ST, Ong YF, Abdullah AG, Lee HL, 1999. Bionomics of Anopheles balabacensis baisas, the principal malaria vector in Ranau, Sabah. Trop Biomed 2: 31–38.
-
11.
Sinka ME et al. 2011. The dominant anopheles vector of human malaria in the Asia Pacific region: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic precis. Parasite Vectors 4: 89.
-
12.
Lindsay SW, Alonso PL, Armstrong Schellenberg JR, Hemingway J, Adiamah JH, Shenton FC, Jawara M, Greenwood BM, 1993. A malaria control trial using insecticide-treated bed nets and targeted chemoprophylaxis in a rural area of the Gambia, west Africa. 7. Impact of permethrin-impregnated bed nets on malaria vectors. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 (Suppl 2): 45–51.
-
13.
Tilaye T, Deressa W, 2007. Prevalence of urban malaria and associated factors in Gondar town, northwest Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J 45: 151–158.
-
14.
Okech BA, Mwobobia IK, Kamau A, Muiruri S, Mutiso N, Nyambura J, Mwatele C, Amano T, Mwandawiro CS, 2009. Use of integrated malaria management reduces malaria in Kenya. PLoS One 3: e4050.
-
15.
Yakob L, Yan G, 2009. Modeling the effects of integrating larval habitat source reduction and insecticide treated nets for malaria control. PLoS One 4: e6921.
-
16.
Protopopoff N, Wright A, West PA, Tigererwa R, Mosha FW, Kisinza W, Kleinschmidt I, Rowland M, 2015. Combination of insecticide treated nets and indoor residual spraying in northern Tanzania provides additional reduction in vector population density and malaria transmission rates compared to insecticide treated nets alone: a randomised control trial. PLoS One 10: e0142671.
-
17.
Reyburn H et al. 2005. Association of transmission intensity and age with clinical manifestations and case fatality of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. JAMA 293: 1461–1470.
-
18.
Rundi C, 2011. Malaria Elimination in Malaysia. Third annual APMEN technical and business meeting, May 9–12, 2011; Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. Available at: http://apmen.org/apmen-iii-meeting-proceedings/. Accessed May 3, 2012.
-
19.
Lindblade KA, Steinhardt L, Samuels A, Kachur SP, Slutsker L, 2013. The silent threat: asymptomatic parasitemia and malaria transmission. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 11: 623–639.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 84 | 84 | 13 |
| Full Text Views | 550 | 83 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 199 | 18 | 0 |