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Characterizing the Last Latrine Nonowners in Rural Malawi
Jurgita Slekiene
Jurgita Slekiene
Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Hans-Joachim Mosler
Hans-Joachim Mosler
Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Open defecation is a public health problem worldwide. Non-governmental organizations in developing countries use various approaches to increase latrine coverage, but for little-understood reasons, some of the population does not adopt latrine construction. The objective of our research was to uncover which of the factors predicting latrine construction are relevant to the last nonowners of latrines, termed laggards in the diffusion of innovations theory. In a cross-sectional study, quantitative face-to-face interviews were conducted in households in rural Malawi (N = 824) to assess the behavioral determinants of latrine construction, mental health, and leadership. Around 14% of the households interviewed did not own a latrine. Study results suggest that nonowners have limited economic resources and perceive that latrine construction is expensive, that it is difficult to find money for latrine construction, and that it needs a lot of time and effort. The last nonowners of latrines live in smaller groups than latrine owners, communicate less with others about latrine construction, and are less influenced by the opinion of their leaders. They consist, in particular, of socially vulnerable households, are younger, are less educated, often have more impaired mental health, feel more vulnerable to contracting diseases, are less aware of the latrine construction of others in the village, feel less personally obliged to construct their own latrines, and are less confident in their ability to rebuild latrines damaged by flooding. The study confirmed that the assumptions of the diffusion of innovation theory are useful in combination with the risks, attitudes, norms, abilities, and self-regulation behavior change approach for developing evidence-based behavior change strategies in developing countries.
Author Notes
Financial support: Red Cross Belgium.
Authors’ addresses: Jurgita Slekiene, ESS, Eawag, Dubendorf, Switzerland, E-mail: jurgita.slekiene@eawag.ch. Hans-Joachim Mosler, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland, E-mail: mosler@eawag.ch.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization and UNICEF, 2013. Ending Preventable Child Deaths from Pneumonia and Diarrhoea by 2025: The Integrated Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/entity/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/global_action_plan_pneumonia_diarrhoea/en/index.html. Accessed June 18, 2015.
-
2.
United Nations. Available at: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/endopendefecation.shtml. Accessed July 20, 2017.
-
3.
Pattanayak SK, Dickinson K, Yang JC, Patil SR, Praharaj P, Poulos C, 2007. Promoting Latrine Use: Midline Findings from a Randomized Evaluation of a Community Mobilization Campaign in Bhadrak, Orissa. Working Paper 07_02, Research Triangle Institute. Available at: https://www.rti.org/sites/default/files/resources/rtipaper_07_02.pdf. Accessed July 19, 2017.
-
4.
Barnard S, Routray P, Majorin F, Peletz R, Boisson S, Sinha A, Clasen T, 2013. Impact of Indian total sanitation campaign on latrine coverage and use: a cross-sectional study in Orissa three years following programme implementation. PLoS One 8: e71438.
-
5.
Rogers EM, 2003. Diffussion of Innovations, 5th edition. New York, NY: Free Press.
-
6.
Mosler HJ, 2012. A systematic approach to behavior change interventions for the water and sanitation sector in developing countries: a conceptual model, a review, and a guideline. Int J Environ Health Res 22: 431–449.
-
7.
Sonego IL, Mosler HJ, 2014. Why are some latrines cleaner than others? Determining the factors of habitual cleaning behaviour and latrine cleanliness in rural Burundi. J Water Sanit Hyg Dev 4: 257–267.
-
8.
Avolio BJ, Bass BM, 2004. Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Manual and Sampler Set, 3rd edition. Redwood City, CA: Mind Garden.
-
9.
WHO, 1994. A User’s Guide to the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1–84.
-
10.
Stewart RC, Kauye F, Umar E, Vokhiwa M, Bunn J, Fitzgerald M, Tomenson B, Rahman A, Creed F, 2009. Validation of a Chichewa version of the self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ) as a brief screening measure for maternal depressive disorder in Malawi, Africa. J Affect Disord 112: 126–134.
-
11.
Wang XH, Howell JM, 2010. Exploring the dual-level effects of transformational leadership on followers. J Appl Psychol 95: 1134–1144.
-
12.
Cohen J, 2013. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New York, NY: Routledge, 579 (Taylor & Francis).
-
13.
Moser S, Mosler HJ, 2008. Differences in influence patterns between groups predicting the adoption of a solar disinfection technology for drinking water in Bolivia. Soc Sci Med 67: 497–504.
-
14.
Jenkins MW, Cairncross S, 2010. Modeling latrine diffusion in Benin: towards a community typology of demand for improved sanitation in developing countries. J Water Health 8: 166–183.
-
15.
Gilles JL, Thomas JL, Valdivia C, Yucra ES, 2013. Laggards or leaders: conservers of traditional agricultural knowledge in Bolivia. Rural Sociol 78: 51–74.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 589 | 445 | 124 |
| Full Text Views | 696 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 178 | 13 | 0 |