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-
1.
Snyder JD, Merson MH, 1982. The magnitude of the global problem of acute diarrhoeal disease: a review of active surveillance data. Bull World Health Organ 60: 605–613.
-
2.
Kosek M, Bern C, Guerrant RL, 2003. The global burden of diarrhoeal disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000. Bull World Health Organ 81: 197–204.
-
3.
Liu L, Oza S, Hogan D, Perin J, Rudan I, Lawn JE, Cousens S, Mathers C, Black RE, 2015. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000–13, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: an updated systematic analysis. Lancet 385: 430–440.
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4.
Streatfield PK et al. 2014. Cause-specific childhood mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH health and demographic surveillance system sites. Glob Health Action 7: 25363.
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National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), Mitra and Associates, and ICF International, 2013. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Dhaka, Bangladesh and Calverton, MD: NIPORT, Mitra and Associates, and ICF International.
-
6.
National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), Mitra and Associates, and ORC Macro, 2005. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2004. Dhaka, Bangladesh: National Institute of Population Research and Training, Mitra and Associates, and ORC Macro.
-
7.
WHO, 2015. Mortality. Available at: http://www.who.int/topics/mortality/en/. Accessed November 30, 2015.
-
8.
Rothman KJ, Greenland S, 2005. Causation and causal inference in epidemiology. Am J Public Health 95 (Suppl 1): S144–S150.
-
9.
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), Statistics and Informatics Division, Ministry of Planning, 2012. Population and Housing Census 2011. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
-
10.
Homaira N et al. 2012. Influenza-associated mortality in 2009 in four sentinel sites in Bangladesh. Bull World Health Organ 90: 272–278.
-
11.
Paul RC et al. 2011. A novel low-cost approach to estimate the incidence of Japanese encephalitis in the catchment area of three hospitals in Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 379–385.
-
12.
WHO, 2012. Verbal Autopsy Standards: Ascertaining and Attributing Causes of Death. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
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13.
Government of Bangladesh B, 2013. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). Available at: http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Census.aspx?MenuKey=89. Accessed February 4, 2017.
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14.
Centre for Population UaCCC, icddr b, 2012. Health and Demographic Surveillance System. icddr b, ed. Health and Demographic Surveillance System- Matlab. Dhaka, Bangladesh: icddr,b.
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15.
Buckland ST, 1984. Monte Carlo confidence intervals. Biometrics 40: 811–817.
-
16.
WHO, 2012. Verbal Autopsy Standards: The 2012 WHO Verbal Autopsy Instrument. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
17.
Magnani RJ, Rice JC, Mock NB, Abdoh AA, Mercer DM, Tankari K, 1996. The impact of primary health care services on under-five mortality in rural Niger. Int J Epidemiol 25: 568–577.
-
18.
Becher H, Müller O, Jahn A, Gbangou A, Kynast-Wolf G, Kouyaté B, 2004. Risk factors of infant and child mortality in rural Burkina Faso. Bull World Health Organ 82: 265–273.
-
19.
Van den Broeck J, Eeckels R, Massa G, 1996. Maternal determinants of child survival in a rural African community. Int J Epidemiol 25: 998–1004.
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20.
McLaren ZM, Ardington C, Leibbrandt M, 2014. Distance decay and persistent health care disparities in South Africa. BMC Health Serv Res 14: 1–9.
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21.
Nikolay B et al. 2017. Evaluating hospital-based surveillance for outbreak detection in Bangladesh: analysis of healthcare utilization data. PLoS Med 14: e1002218.
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22.
National Institute of Population Research and Training MA; ICF International, 2016. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survery, 2014. Dhaka, Bangladesh: NIPORT, Mitra and Associates, and ICF International.
-
23.
Platts-Mills JA et al. 2015. Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED). Lancet Glob Health 3: e564–e575.
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24.
Fun BN et al. 1991. Rotavirus-associated diarrhea in rural Bangladesh: two-year study of incidence and serotype distribution. J Clin Microbiol 29: 1359–1363.
-
25.
Zaman K et al. 2009. Surveillance of rotavirus in a rural diarrhoea treatment centre in Bangladesh, 2000–2006. Vaccine 27 (Suppl 5): F31–F34.
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26.
Satter SM, Gastanaduy PA, Islam K, Rahman M, Rahman M, Luby SP, Heffelfinger JD, Parashar UD, Gurley ES, 2017. Hospital-based surveillance for Rotavirus gastroenteritis among young children in Bangladesh: defining the potential impact of a Rotavirus vaccine program. Pediatr Infect Dis J 36: 168–172.
-
27.
Zaman K et al. 2017. Effectiveness of a live oral human rotavirus vaccine after programmatic introduction in Bangladesh: a cluster-randomized trial. PLoS Med 14: e1002282.
-
28.
Rudan I et al. 2005. Gaps in policy-relevant information on burden of disease in children: a systematic review. Lancet 365: 2031–2040.
-
29.
Mulholland K, 2003. Global burden of acute respiratory infections in children: implications for interventions. Pediatr Pulmonol 36: 469–474.
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30.
Smith KR, Corvalan CF, Kjellstrom T, 1999. How much global ill health is attributable to environmental factors? Epidemiology 10: 573–584.
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31.
Black RE, Morris SS, Bryce J, 2003. Where and why are 10 million children dying every year? Lancet 361: 2226–2234.
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32.
Baqui AH, Black RE, Arifeen S, Hill K, Mitra S, al Sabir A, 1998. Causes of childhood deaths in Bangladesh: results of a nationwide verbal autopsy study. Bull World Health Organ 76: 161.
-
33.
Liu L, Li Q, Lee RA, Friberg IK, Perin J, Walker N, Black RE, 2011. Trends in causes of death among children under 5 in Bangladesh, 1993–2004: an exercise applying a standardized computer algorithm to assign causes of death using verbal autopsy data. Popul Health Metr 9: 43.
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34.
Goldman N, Pebley AR, Gragnolati M, 2002. Choices about treatment for ARI and diarrhea in rural Guatemala. Soc Sci Med 55: 1693–1712.
-
35.
Das S, Gulshan J, 2017. Different forms of malnutrition among under five children in Bangladesh: a cross sectional study on prevalence and determinants. BMC Nutrition 3: 1.
-
36.
Munthali T, Jacobs C, Sitali L, Dambe R, Michelo C, 2015. Mortality and morbidity patterns in under-five children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in Zambia: a five-year retrospective review of hospital-based records (2009–2013). Arch Public Health 73: 23.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1681 | 1526 | 344 |
| Full Text Views | 460 | 13 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 201 | 16 | 0 |
Incidence of Acute Diarrhea-Associated Death among Children < 5 Years of Age in Bangladesh, 2010–12
Makhdum Ahmed
Makhdum Ahmed
International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (icddr,b);
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas;
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas;
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The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas;
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas;
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Jaynal Abedin
Jaynal Abedin
International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (icddr,b);
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Kazi Faisal Alam
Kazi Faisal Alam
International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (icddr,b);
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Abdullah Al Mamun
Abdullah Al Mamun
International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (icddr,b);
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Repon C. Paul
Repon C. Paul
International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (icddr,b);
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Mahmudur Rahman
Mahmudur Rahman
Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh;
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A. Danielle Iuliano
A. Danielle Iuliano
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Katharine Sturm-Ramirez
Katharine Sturm-Ramirez
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Umesh Parashar
Umesh Parashar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Stephen P. Luby
Stephen P. Luby
Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Emily S. Gurley
Emily S. Gurley
International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (icddr,b);
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Although acute diarrheal deaths have declined globally among children < 5 years, it may still contribute to childhood mortality as an underlying or contributing cause. The aim of this project was to estimate the incidence of acute diarrhea-associated deaths, regardless of primary cause, among children < 5 years in Bangladesh during 2010–12. We conducted a survey in 20 unions (administrative units) within the catchment areas of 10 tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh. Through social networks, our field team identified households where children < 5 years were reported to have died during 2010–12. Trained data collectors interviewed caregivers of the deceased children and recorded illness symptoms, health care seeking, and other information using an abbreviated international verbal autopsy questionnaire. We classified the deceased based upon the presence of diarrhea before death. We identified 880 deaths, of which 36 (4%) died after the development of acute diarrhea, 17 (2%) had diarrhea-only in the illness preceding death, and 19 (53%) had cough or difficulty breathing in addition to diarrhea. The estimated annual incidence of all-cause mortality in the unions < 13.6 km of the tertiary hospitals was 26 (95% confidence interval [CI] 16–37) per 1,000 live births compared with the mortality rate of 37 (95% CI 26–49) per 1,000 live births in the unions located ≥ 13.6 km. Diarrhea contributes to childhood death at a higher proportion than when considering it only as the sole underlying cause of death. These data support the use of interventions aimed at preventing acute diarrhea, especially available vaccinations for common etiologies, such as rotavirus.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta under the co-operative agreement number 1U01CI000628-04. icddr,b acknowledges with gratitude the commitment of CDC to its research efforts. icddr,b is also grateful to the Governments of Bangladesh, Canada, Sweden, and the United Kingdom for providing core/unrestricted support.
Authors’ addresses: Makhdum Ahmed, Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccination Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh and University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, E-mail: mahmed5@mdanderson.org. Jaynal Abedin, Kazi Faisal Alam, and Abdullah Al Mamun, Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccination Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mails: joystatru@gmail.com, kazifaisalalam@gmail.com, and mamun@sph.uq.edu.au. Repon C. Paul, ICDDR,B, Programme on Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Sciences, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mail: repon@icddrb.org. Mahmudur Rahman, Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, IEDCR, Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mail: mahmudur57@gmail.com. A. Danielle Iuliano and Katharine Sturm-Ramirez, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: aoi0@cdc.gov and kgi4@cdc.gov. Umesh Parashar, Viral Gastroenteritis Team, Division of Viral Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: uap2@cdc.gov. Stephen P. Luby, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, E-mail: sluby@stanford.edu. Emily S. Gurley, Division of Infectious Diseases, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mail: egurley1@jhu.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Snyder JD, Merson MH, 1982. The magnitude of the global problem of acute diarrhoeal disease: a review of active surveillance data. Bull World Health Organ 60: 605–613.
-
2.
Kosek M, Bern C, Guerrant RL, 2003. The global burden of diarrhoeal disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000. Bull World Health Organ 81: 197–204.
-
3.
Liu L, Oza S, Hogan D, Perin J, Rudan I, Lawn JE, Cousens S, Mathers C, Black RE, 2015. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000–13, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: an updated systematic analysis. Lancet 385: 430–440.
-
4.
Streatfield PK et al. 2014. Cause-specific childhood mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH health and demographic surveillance system sites. Glob Health Action 7: 25363.
-
5.
National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), Mitra and Associates, and ICF International, 2013. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Dhaka, Bangladesh and Calverton, MD: NIPORT, Mitra and Associates, and ICF International.
-
6.
National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), Mitra and Associates, and ORC Macro, 2005. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2004. Dhaka, Bangladesh: National Institute of Population Research and Training, Mitra and Associates, and ORC Macro.
-
7.
WHO, 2015. Mortality. Available at: http://www.who.int/topics/mortality/en/. Accessed November 30, 2015.
-
8.
Rothman KJ, Greenland S, 2005. Causation and causal inference in epidemiology. Am J Public Health 95 (Suppl 1): S144–S150.
-
9.
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), Statistics and Informatics Division, Ministry of Planning, 2012. Population and Housing Census 2011. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
-
10.
Homaira N et al. 2012. Influenza-associated mortality in 2009 in four sentinel sites in Bangladesh. Bull World Health Organ 90: 272–278.
-
11.
Paul RC et al. 2011. A novel low-cost approach to estimate the incidence of Japanese encephalitis in the catchment area of three hospitals in Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 379–385.
-
12.
WHO, 2012. Verbal Autopsy Standards: Ascertaining and Attributing Causes of Death. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
13.
Government of Bangladesh B, 2013. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). Available at: http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Census.aspx?MenuKey=89. Accessed February 4, 2017.
-
14.
Centre for Population UaCCC, icddr b, 2012. Health and Demographic Surveillance System. icddr b, ed. Health and Demographic Surveillance System- Matlab. Dhaka, Bangladesh: icddr,b.
-
15.
Buckland ST, 1984. Monte Carlo confidence intervals. Biometrics 40: 811–817.
-
16.
WHO, 2012. Verbal Autopsy Standards: The 2012 WHO Verbal Autopsy Instrument. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
17.
Magnani RJ, Rice JC, Mock NB, Abdoh AA, Mercer DM, Tankari K, 1996. The impact of primary health care services on under-five mortality in rural Niger. Int J Epidemiol 25: 568–577.
-
18.
Becher H, Müller O, Jahn A, Gbangou A, Kynast-Wolf G, Kouyaté B, 2004. Risk factors of infant and child mortality in rural Burkina Faso. Bull World Health Organ 82: 265–273.
-
19.
Van den Broeck J, Eeckels R, Massa G, 1996. Maternal determinants of child survival in a rural African community. Int J Epidemiol 25: 998–1004.
-
20.
McLaren ZM, Ardington C, Leibbrandt M, 2014. Distance decay and persistent health care disparities in South Africa. BMC Health Serv Res 14: 1–9.
-
21.
Nikolay B et al. 2017. Evaluating hospital-based surveillance for outbreak detection in Bangladesh: analysis of healthcare utilization data. PLoS Med 14: e1002218.
-
22.
National Institute of Population Research and Training MA; ICF International, 2016. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survery, 2014. Dhaka, Bangladesh: NIPORT, Mitra and Associates, and ICF International.
-
23.
Platts-Mills JA et al. 2015. Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED). Lancet Glob Health 3: e564–e575.
-
24.
Fun BN et al. 1991. Rotavirus-associated diarrhea in rural Bangladesh: two-year study of incidence and serotype distribution. J Clin Microbiol 29: 1359–1363.
-
25.
Zaman K et al. 2009. Surveillance of rotavirus in a rural diarrhoea treatment centre in Bangladesh, 2000–2006. Vaccine 27 (Suppl 5): F31–F34.
-
26.
Satter SM, Gastanaduy PA, Islam K, Rahman M, Rahman M, Luby SP, Heffelfinger JD, Parashar UD, Gurley ES, 2017. Hospital-based surveillance for Rotavirus gastroenteritis among young children in Bangladesh: defining the potential impact of a Rotavirus vaccine program. Pediatr Infect Dis J 36: 168–172.
-
27.
Zaman K et al. 2017. Effectiveness of a live oral human rotavirus vaccine after programmatic introduction in Bangladesh: a cluster-randomized trial. PLoS Med 14: e1002282.
-
28.
Rudan I et al. 2005. Gaps in policy-relevant information on burden of disease in children: a systematic review. Lancet 365: 2031–2040.
-
29.
Mulholland K, 2003. Global burden of acute respiratory infections in children: implications for interventions. Pediatr Pulmonol 36: 469–474.
-
30.
Smith KR, Corvalan CF, Kjellstrom T, 1999. How much global ill health is attributable to environmental factors? Epidemiology 10: 573–584.
-
31.
Black RE, Morris SS, Bryce J, 2003. Where and why are 10 million children dying every year? Lancet 361: 2226–2234.
-
32.
Baqui AH, Black RE, Arifeen S, Hill K, Mitra S, al Sabir A, 1998. Causes of childhood deaths in Bangladesh: results of a nationwide verbal autopsy study. Bull World Health Organ 76: 161.
-
33.
Liu L, Li Q, Lee RA, Friberg IK, Perin J, Walker N, Black RE, 2011. Trends in causes of death among children under 5 in Bangladesh, 1993–2004: an exercise applying a standardized computer algorithm to assign causes of death using verbal autopsy data. Popul Health Metr 9: 43.
-
34.
Goldman N, Pebley AR, Gragnolati M, 2002. Choices about treatment for ARI and diarrhea in rural Guatemala. Soc Sci Med 55: 1693–1712.
-
35.
Das S, Gulshan J, 2017. Different forms of malnutrition among under five children in Bangladesh: a cross sectional study on prevalence and determinants. BMC Nutrition 3: 1.
-
36.
Munthali T, Jacobs C, Sitali L, Dambe R, Michelo C, 2015. Mortality and morbidity patterns in under-five children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in Zambia: a five-year retrospective review of hospital-based records (2009–2013). Arch Public Health 73: 23.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1681 | 1526 | 344 |
| Full Text Views | 460 | 13 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 201 | 16 | 0 |