Author:
ProCite
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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EndNote
-
1.
Zoure H, Wanji S, Noma M, Amazigo UV, Diggle PJ, Tekle AH, Remme JH, 2011. The geographic distribution of Loa loa in Africa: results of large scale implementation of the Rapid Assessment Procedure for Loiasis (RAPLOA). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1210.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2015. Investing to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases. Third WHO Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
3.
Metzger WG, Mordmüller B, 2014. Loa loa—does it deserve to be neglected? Lancet Infect Dis 14: 353–357.
-
4.
Gardon J, Kamgno J, Folefack G, Gordon-Wendel N, Bouchite B, Boussinesq M, 1997. Marked decreaes in the Loa loa microfilaraemia six and 12 months after a single dose of ivermectin. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91: 593–594.
-
5.
Boussinesq M, Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Chippaux J, 2003. Clinical picture, epidemiology and outcome of Loa-associated serious adverse events related to mass ivermectin treatment of onchocerciasis. Filaria J 2: S4.
-
6.
Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Demanga N, Kamgno J, Chippaux J-P, Boussinesq M, 1997. Serious reactions after mass treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in an area endemic for Loa loa infection. Lancet 350: 18–22.
-
7.
Boussinesq M, Gardon J, Kamgno J, Pion S, Gardon-Wendel N, Chippaux J, 2001. Relationships between the prevalence and intensity of Loa loa infection in the central province of Cameroon. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95: 495–507.
-
8.
Boussinesq M, Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Kamgno JPN, Chippaux J, 1998. Three probable cases of Loa loa encephalopathy following ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58: 461–469.
-
9.
World Health Organization, 2012. Provisional strategy for interrupting lymphatic filariasis transmission in loiasis-endemic countries. Report of the Meeting on Lymphatic Filariasis, Malaria and Integrated Vector Management. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
10.
World Health Organization, 2014. Report of the Seventh Meeting of the Strategic and Technical Advisory Group for Geglected Tropical Diseases. Available at: http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/NTD_STAG_report_2014.pdf.
-
11.
Bradley RE, Guerrero J, Becker HN, Michael BF, Newcomb K, 1983. Flubendazole: dose range and efficacy studies against common internal parasites of swine. Am J Vet Res 44: 1329–1333.
-
12.
Horton RJ, 1990. Benzimidazoles in a wormy world. Parasitol Today 6: 106.
-
13.
Yangco BG, Klein TW, Deresinski SC, Vickery AC, Craig CP, 1981. Flubendazole and mebendazole in the treatment of trichuriasis and other helminthiases. Clin Ther 4: 285–290.
-
14.
Kan SP, 1983. The anthelmintic effects of flubendazole on Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 77: 668–670.
-
15.
Mackenzie CD, Geary TG, 2011. Flubendazole: a candidate macrofilaricide for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis field programs. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 9: 497–501.
-
16.
Zahner H, Schares G, 1993. Experimental chemotherapy of filaiasis: comparative evaluation of the efficacy of filaricidal compounds in Mastomys coucha infected with Litomosoides carinii, Acanthocheilonema viteae, Brugia malayi and B. pahangi. Acta Trop 52: 221–266.
-
17.
Denham DA, Samad R, Cho SY, Suswillo RR, Skippins SC, 1979. The anthelmintic effects of flubendazole on Brugia pahangi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 73: 673–676.
-
18.
Mak JW, 1981. Antifilarial activity of mebendazole and flubendazole on Breinlia booliati. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 75: 306–307.
-
19.
Dominguez-Vazquez A, Taylor HR, Greene BM, Ruvalcaba-Macias AM, Rivas-Alcala AR, Murphy RP, Beltran-Hernandez F, 1983. Comparison of flubendazole and diethylcarbamazine in treatment of onchocerciasis. Lancet 1: 139–143.
-
20.
Anonymous, 2014. Johnson & Johnson Joins Public and Private Partners in the Largest Coordinated Action to Date to Eliminate or Control Neglected Tropical Diseases. Available at: http://www.jnj.com/news/all/johnson-and-johnson-joins-public-and-private-partners-in-the-largest-coordinated-action-to-date-to-eliminate-or-control-neglected-tropical-diseases.
-
21.
Ceballos L, Mackenzie CD, Geary TG, Alvarez L, Lanusse C, 2014. Exploring the potential of flubendazole in filariasis control: evaluation of the systemic exposure for different pharmaceutical preparations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2838.
-
22.
Longo M, Zanoncelli S, Colombo PA, Harhay MO, Scandale I, Mackenzie C, Geary T, Madrill N, Mazué G, 2013. Effects of the benzimidazole anthelmintic drug flubendazole on rat embryos in vitro. Reprod Toxicol 36: 78–87.
-
23.
Rao UR, Kwa BH, Nayar JK, Vickery AC, 1990. Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi: transmission blocking activity of ivermectin and brugian filarial infections in Aedes aegypti. Exp Parasitol 71: 259–266.
-
24.
Wanji S, Eyong EE, Tendongfor N, Ngwa C, Esuka E, Kengne-Ouafo A, Datchoua-Poutcheu F, Enyong P, Hopkins A, Mackenzie CD, 2015. Parasitological, hematological and biochemical characteristics of a model of hyper-microfilariaemic Loiasis (Loa loa) in the baboon (Papio anubis). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0004202.
-
25.
Moreno Y, Geary TG, 2008. Stage- and gender-specific proteomic analysis of Brugia malayi excretory-secretory products. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e326.
-
26.
Bennuru S, Semnani R, Meng Z, Ribeiro JM, Veenstra TD, Nutman TB, 2009. Brugia malayi excreted/secreted proteins at the host/parasite interface: stage- and gender-specific proteomic profiling. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e410.
-
27.
World Health Organization, 2013. Lymphatic Filariasis: Practical Entomology. A Handbook for National Elimination Programmes. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
28.
O’Neill M, Geary JF, Agnew DW, Mackenzie CD, Geary TG, 2015. In vitro flubendazole-induced damage to vital tissues in adult females of the filarial nematode Brugia malayi. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 5: 135–140.
-
29.
Franz M, Zahner H, Benten P, 1990. Fine-structure alterations in female Brugia malayi and Litomosoides carinii after in vivo treatment with flubendazole. Parasitol Res 76: 401–405.
-
30.
Ducorps M, Gardon-Wendel N, Ranque S, Ndong W, Boussinesq M, Gardon J, Schneider D, Chippaux JP, 1995. Secondary effects of the treatment of hypermicrofilaremic loiasis using ivermectin. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 88: 105–112.
-
31.
Tompkins J, Stitt L, Ardelli B, 2010. Brugia malayi: in vitro effects of ivermectin and moxidectin on adults and microfilariae. Exp Parasitol 124: 394–402.
-
32.
Moreno Y, Nabhan JF, Solomon J, Mackenzie CD, Geary TG, 2010. Ivermectin disrupts the function of the excretory-secretory apparatus in microfilariae of Brugia malayi. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 20120–20125.
-
33.
McGarry H, Plant L, Taylor M, 2005. Diethylcarbamazine activity against Brugia malayi microfilariae is dependent on inducible nitric-oxide synthase and the cyclooxygenase pathway. Filaria J 4: 4.
-
34.
Urbizu L, Confalonieri A, Sánchez Bruni S, Lanusse C, Ignacio Alvarez L, 2012. Nematodicidal activity of flubendazole and its reduced metabolite on a murine model of Trichinella spiralis infection. Chemotherapy 58: 295–298.
-
35.
Esslinger JH, 1962. Behavior of microfilariae of Brugia pahangi in Anopheles quadrimaculatus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 11: 749–758.
-
36.
Christensen BM, Sutherland DR, 1984. Brugia pahangi: exsheathment and midgut penetration in Aedes aegypti. Trans Am Microsc Soc 103: 423–433.
-
37.
Agudelo-Silva F, Spielman A, 1985. Penetration of mosquito midgut wall by sheathed microfilariae. J Invertebr Pathol 45: 117–119.
-
38.
Hollanda JC, Denham DA, Suswillo RR, 1982. The infectivity of microfilariae of Brugia pahangi of different ages to Aedes aegypti. J Helminthol 56: 155–157.
-
39.
Griffiths K, Mayhew GF, Zink RL, Erickson SM, Fuchs JF, McDermott CM, Christensen BM, Michalski ML, 2009. Use of microarray hybridization to identify Brugia genes involved in mosquito infectivity. Parasitol Res 106: 227–235.
-
40.
Devaney E, Howells RE, 1979. The exsheathment of Brugia pahangi microfilariae under controlled conditions in vitro. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 73: 227–233.
-
41.
Fuhrman JA, Urioste SS, Hamill B, Spielman A, Piessens WF, 1987. Functional and antigenic maturation of Brugia malayi microfilariae. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36: 70–74.
-
42.
Watts SDM, Rapson EB, Atkins AM, Lee DL, 1982. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase secretion from Nippostrongylus brasiliensis by benzimidazole anthelmintics. Biochem Pharmacol 31: 3035–3040.
-
43.
Tekwani BL, 1992. Secretory cholinesterase of Ancylostoma ceylanicum: effect of tubulin binding agents and benzimidazole anthelmintics. Life Sci 50: 747–752.
-
44.
O’Neill M, Mansour A, DiCosty U, Geary J, Dzimianski M, McCall SD, McCall JW, Mackenzie CD, Geary TG, 2016. An in vitro/in vivo model to analyze the effects of flubendazole exposure on adult female Brugia malayi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e4698.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 22 | 22 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 515 | 102 | 0 |
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Potential Role for Flubendazole in Limiting Filariasis Transmission: Observations of Microfilarial Sensitivity
Maeghan O’Neill
Maeghan O’Neill
Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;
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Jelil Abdel Njouendou
Jelil Abdel Njouendou
Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Research Foundation for Tropical Disease and Environment (REFOTDE), Parasites and Vector Biology Research Unit, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon;
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Michael Dzimianski
Michael Dzimianski
Filariasis Research Reagent Resource Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;
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Erica Burkman
Erica Burkman
Filariasis Research Reagent Resource Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;
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Patrick Chouna Ndongmo
Patrick Chouna Ndongmo
Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Research Foundation for Tropical Disease and Environment (REFOTDE), Parasites and Vector Biology Research Unit, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon;
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Jonas A. Kengne-Ouafo
Jonas A. Kengne-Ouafo
Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Research Foundation for Tropical Disease and Environment (REFOTDE), Parasites and Vector Biology Research Unit, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon;
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Samuel Wanji
Samuel Wanji
Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Research Foundation for Tropical Disease and Environment (REFOTDE), Parasites and Vector Biology Research Unit, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon;
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Andrew Moorhead
Andrew Moorhead
Filariasis Research Reagent Resource Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;
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Charles D. Mackenzie
Charles D. Mackenzie
Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Timothy G. Geary
Timothy G. Geary
Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;
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Flubendazole (FLBZ) is a potent and efficacious macrofilaricide after parenteral administration. Studies in animal models and one trial in patients infected with Onchocerca volvulus revealed that FLBZ elicits minimal effects on microfilariae (mf). Severe complications after ivermectin (IVM) treatment of patients with high Loa loa microfilaraemia are of great concern. We examined the potential of FLBZ to rapidly kill L. loa mf, the phenomenon proposed to underlie the complications. Mf of L. loa were exposed to FLBZ, its reduced metabolite, albendazole, or IVM in vitro. Viability of L. loa mf was unaffected by FLBZ (10 μM, 72 hours); similar results were obtained with mf of Brugia malayi. We also measured the effects of FLBZ on transmission of mf. Aedes aegypti were fed FLBZ-exposed B. malayi mf and dissected 24 hours or 14 days postfeeding to count mf that crossed the midgut and developed to infective L3. FLBZ impaired the ability of mf to cross the midgut, regardless of duration of exposure (≥ 2 hours). FLBZ also prevented the development of mf to L3s, irrespective of duration of exposure or concentration. FLBZ is not microfilaricidal under these conditions; however, it blocks transmission. These results support the possibility that FLBZ may be a useful macrofilaricide in loiasis regions and may limit transmission from treated individuals.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by awards to Michigan State University and McGill University from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative.
Authors’ addresses: Maeghan O’Neill and Timothy G. Geary, McGill University, Institute of Parasitology, Montreal, QC, Canada, E-mails: maeghan.oneill@mail.mcgill.ca and timothy.g.geary@mcgill.ca. Jelil Abdel Njouendou and Samuel Wanji, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon, E-mails: ajnjouenduo@gmail.com and samwanji@gmail.com. Michael Dzimianski, Erica Burkman, and Andrew Moorhead, Filariasis Research Reagent resource Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, E-mails: mdzimianski@uga.edu, eburkman@gmail.com, and amoorhead@uga.edu. Patrick Chouna Ndongmo, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Athens, GA, E-mail: ndongmopatrick@yahoo.com. Jonas A. Kengne-Ouafo, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon, and Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFODTE), Buea, Cameroon, E-mail: arnaudkengne@yahoo.com. Charles D. Mackenzie, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostoc Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, E-mail: mackenz8@msu.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Zoure H, Wanji S, Noma M, Amazigo UV, Diggle PJ, Tekle AH, Remme JH, 2011. The geographic distribution of Loa loa in Africa: results of large scale implementation of the Rapid Assessment Procedure for Loiasis (RAPLOA). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1210.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2015. Investing to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases. Third WHO Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
3.
Metzger WG, Mordmüller B, 2014. Loa loa—does it deserve to be neglected? Lancet Infect Dis 14: 353–357.
-
4.
Gardon J, Kamgno J, Folefack G, Gordon-Wendel N, Bouchite B, Boussinesq M, 1997. Marked decreaes in the Loa loa microfilaraemia six and 12 months after a single dose of ivermectin. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91: 593–594.
-
5.
Boussinesq M, Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Chippaux J, 2003. Clinical picture, epidemiology and outcome of Loa-associated serious adverse events related to mass ivermectin treatment of onchocerciasis. Filaria J 2: S4.
-
6.
Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Demanga N, Kamgno J, Chippaux J-P, Boussinesq M, 1997. Serious reactions after mass treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in an area endemic for Loa loa infection. Lancet 350: 18–22.
-
7.
Boussinesq M, Gardon J, Kamgno J, Pion S, Gardon-Wendel N, Chippaux J, 2001. Relationships between the prevalence and intensity of Loa loa infection in the central province of Cameroon. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95: 495–507.
-
8.
Boussinesq M, Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Kamgno JPN, Chippaux J, 1998. Three probable cases of Loa loa encephalopathy following ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58: 461–469.
-
9.
World Health Organization, 2012. Provisional strategy for interrupting lymphatic filariasis transmission in loiasis-endemic countries. Report of the Meeting on Lymphatic Filariasis, Malaria and Integrated Vector Management. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
10.
World Health Organization, 2014. Report of the Seventh Meeting of the Strategic and Technical Advisory Group for Geglected Tropical Diseases. Available at: http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/NTD_STAG_report_2014.pdf.
-
11.
Bradley RE, Guerrero J, Becker HN, Michael BF, Newcomb K, 1983. Flubendazole: dose range and efficacy studies against common internal parasites of swine. Am J Vet Res 44: 1329–1333.
-
12.
Horton RJ, 1990. Benzimidazoles in a wormy world. Parasitol Today 6: 106.
-
13.
Yangco BG, Klein TW, Deresinski SC, Vickery AC, Craig CP, 1981. Flubendazole and mebendazole in the treatment of trichuriasis and other helminthiases. Clin Ther 4: 285–290.
-
14.
Kan SP, 1983. The anthelmintic effects of flubendazole on Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 77: 668–670.
-
15.
Mackenzie CD, Geary TG, 2011. Flubendazole: a candidate macrofilaricide for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis field programs. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 9: 497–501.
-
16.
Zahner H, Schares G, 1993. Experimental chemotherapy of filaiasis: comparative evaluation of the efficacy of filaricidal compounds in Mastomys coucha infected with Litomosoides carinii, Acanthocheilonema viteae, Brugia malayi and B. pahangi. Acta Trop 52: 221–266.
-
17.
Denham DA, Samad R, Cho SY, Suswillo RR, Skippins SC, 1979. The anthelmintic effects of flubendazole on Brugia pahangi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 73: 673–676.
-
18.
Mak JW, 1981. Antifilarial activity of mebendazole and flubendazole on Breinlia booliati. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 75: 306–307.
-
19.
Dominguez-Vazquez A, Taylor HR, Greene BM, Ruvalcaba-Macias AM, Rivas-Alcala AR, Murphy RP, Beltran-Hernandez F, 1983. Comparison of flubendazole and diethylcarbamazine in treatment of onchocerciasis. Lancet 1: 139–143.
-
20.
Anonymous, 2014. Johnson & Johnson Joins Public and Private Partners in the Largest Coordinated Action to Date to Eliminate or Control Neglected Tropical Diseases. Available at: http://www.jnj.com/news/all/johnson-and-johnson-joins-public-and-private-partners-in-the-largest-coordinated-action-to-date-to-eliminate-or-control-neglected-tropical-diseases.
-
21.
Ceballos L, Mackenzie CD, Geary TG, Alvarez L, Lanusse C, 2014. Exploring the potential of flubendazole in filariasis control: evaluation of the systemic exposure for different pharmaceutical preparations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2838.
-
22.
Longo M, Zanoncelli S, Colombo PA, Harhay MO, Scandale I, Mackenzie C, Geary T, Madrill N, Mazué G, 2013. Effects of the benzimidazole anthelmintic drug flubendazole on rat embryos in vitro. Reprod Toxicol 36: 78–87.
-
23.
Rao UR, Kwa BH, Nayar JK, Vickery AC, 1990. Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi: transmission blocking activity of ivermectin and brugian filarial infections in Aedes aegypti. Exp Parasitol 71: 259–266.
-
24.
Wanji S, Eyong EE, Tendongfor N, Ngwa C, Esuka E, Kengne-Ouafo A, Datchoua-Poutcheu F, Enyong P, Hopkins A, Mackenzie CD, 2015. Parasitological, hematological and biochemical characteristics of a model of hyper-microfilariaemic Loiasis (Loa loa) in the baboon (Papio anubis). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0004202.
-
25.
Moreno Y, Geary TG, 2008. Stage- and gender-specific proteomic analysis of Brugia malayi excretory-secretory products. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e326.
-
26.
Bennuru S, Semnani R, Meng Z, Ribeiro JM, Veenstra TD, Nutman TB, 2009. Brugia malayi excreted/secreted proteins at the host/parasite interface: stage- and gender-specific proteomic profiling. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e410.
-
27.
World Health Organization, 2013. Lymphatic Filariasis: Practical Entomology. A Handbook for National Elimination Programmes. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
28.
O’Neill M, Geary JF, Agnew DW, Mackenzie CD, Geary TG, 2015. In vitro flubendazole-induced damage to vital tissues in adult females of the filarial nematode Brugia malayi. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 5: 135–140.
-
29.
Franz M, Zahner H, Benten P, 1990. Fine-structure alterations in female Brugia malayi and Litomosoides carinii after in vivo treatment with flubendazole. Parasitol Res 76: 401–405.
-
30.
Ducorps M, Gardon-Wendel N, Ranque S, Ndong W, Boussinesq M, Gardon J, Schneider D, Chippaux JP, 1995. Secondary effects of the treatment of hypermicrofilaremic loiasis using ivermectin. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 88: 105–112.
-
31.
Tompkins J, Stitt L, Ardelli B, 2010. Brugia malayi: in vitro effects of ivermectin and moxidectin on adults and microfilariae. Exp Parasitol 124: 394–402.
-
32.
Moreno Y, Nabhan JF, Solomon J, Mackenzie CD, Geary TG, 2010. Ivermectin disrupts the function of the excretory-secretory apparatus in microfilariae of Brugia malayi. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 20120–20125.
-
33.
McGarry H, Plant L, Taylor M, 2005. Diethylcarbamazine activity against Brugia malayi microfilariae is dependent on inducible nitric-oxide synthase and the cyclooxygenase pathway. Filaria J 4: 4.
-
34.
Urbizu L, Confalonieri A, Sánchez Bruni S, Lanusse C, Ignacio Alvarez L, 2012. Nematodicidal activity of flubendazole and its reduced metabolite on a murine model of Trichinella spiralis infection. Chemotherapy 58: 295–298.
-
35.
Esslinger JH, 1962. Behavior of microfilariae of Brugia pahangi in Anopheles quadrimaculatus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 11: 749–758.
-
36.
Christensen BM, Sutherland DR, 1984. Brugia pahangi: exsheathment and midgut penetration in Aedes aegypti. Trans Am Microsc Soc 103: 423–433.
-
37.
Agudelo-Silva F, Spielman A, 1985. Penetration of mosquito midgut wall by sheathed microfilariae. J Invertebr Pathol 45: 117–119.
-
38.
Hollanda JC, Denham DA, Suswillo RR, 1982. The infectivity of microfilariae of Brugia pahangi of different ages to Aedes aegypti. J Helminthol 56: 155–157.
-
39.
Griffiths K, Mayhew GF, Zink RL, Erickson SM, Fuchs JF, McDermott CM, Christensen BM, Michalski ML, 2009. Use of microarray hybridization to identify Brugia genes involved in mosquito infectivity. Parasitol Res 106: 227–235.
-
40.
Devaney E, Howells RE, 1979. The exsheathment of Brugia pahangi microfilariae under controlled conditions in vitro. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 73: 227–233.
-
41.
Fuhrman JA, Urioste SS, Hamill B, Spielman A, Piessens WF, 1987. Functional and antigenic maturation of Brugia malayi microfilariae. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36: 70–74.
-
42.
Watts SDM, Rapson EB, Atkins AM, Lee DL, 1982. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase secretion from Nippostrongylus brasiliensis by benzimidazole anthelmintics. Biochem Pharmacol 31: 3035–3040.
-
43.
Tekwani BL, 1992. Secretory cholinesterase of Ancylostoma ceylanicum: effect of tubulin binding agents and benzimidazole anthelmintics. Life Sci 50: 747–752.
-
44.
O’Neill M, Mansour A, DiCosty U, Geary J, Dzimianski M, McCall SD, McCall JW, Mackenzie CD, Geary TG, 2016. An in vitro/in vivo model to analyze the effects of flubendazole exposure on adult female Brugia malayi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e4698.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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