ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Girard MP, Tam JS, Assossou OM, Kieny MP, 2010. The 2009 A (H1N1) influenza virus pandemic: a review. Vaccine 28: 4895–4902.
-
2.
Bell DM, Weisfuse IB, Hernandez-Avila M, Del Rio C, Bustamante X, Rodier G, 2009. Pandemic influenza as 21st century urban public health crisis. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1963–1969.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2010. Limiting Spread: Limiting the Spread of Pandemic, Zoonotic, and Seasonal Epidemic Influenza. Available at: http://www.who.int/influenza/resources/research/ research_agenda_influenza_stream_2_limiting_spread.pdf. Accessed June 5, 2017.
-
4.
Cummings MJ et al. 2016. Epidemiologic and spatiotemporal characterization of influenza and severe acute respiratory infection in Uganda, 2010–2015. Ann Am Thorac Soc 13: 2159–2168.
-
5.
Uganda Bureau of Statistics, 2014. The State of Uganda Population Report 2014. Available at: library.health.go.ug/download/file/fid/580910. Accessed June 27, 2017.
-
6.
Alirol E, Getaz L, Stoll B, Chappuis F, Loutan L, 2011. Urbanisation and infectious diseases in a globalised world. Lancet Infect Dis 11: 131–141.
-
7.
Lutwama JJ, Bakamutumaho B, Kayiwa JT, Chiiza R, Namagambo B, Katz MA, Geissler AL, 2012. Clinic- and hospital-based sentinel influenza surveillance, Uganda 2007–2010. J Infect Dis 206 (Suppl 1): S87–S93.
-
8.
Keeling MJ, Rohani P, 2007. Modeling Infectious Diseases in Humans and Animals. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
-
9.
Carrat F, Vergu E, Ferguson NM, Lemaitre M, Cauchemez S, Leach S, Valleron AJ, 2008. Time lines of infection and disease in human influenza: a review of volunteer challenge studies. Am J Epidemiol 167: 775–785.
-
10.
World Health Organization, 2016. Zika Situation Report. Zika Virus Microcephaly Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Available at: http://www.who.int/emergencies/zika-virus/situation-report/1-september-2016/en/. Accessed June 27, 2017.
-
11.
Wong VK et al. 2015. Phylogeographical analysis of the dominant multidrug-resistant H58 clade of Salmonella typhi identifies inter- and intracontinental transmission events. Nat Genet 47: 632–639.
-
12.
Conway DJ, 2007. Molecular epidemiology of malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev 20: 188–204.
-
13.
Phillips H, Killingray D, 2003. The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–19: New Perspectives. New York, NY: Routledge.
-
14.
Van Kerkhove MD, Hirve S, Koukounari A, Mounts AW; H1N1pdm Serology Working Group, 2013. Estimating age-specific cumulative incidence for the 2009 influenza pandemic: a meta-analysis of A(H1N1)pdm09 serological studies from 19 countries. Influenza Other Respi Viruses 7: 872–886.
-
15.
Biggerstaff M, Cauchemez S, Reed C, Gambhir M, Finelli L, 2014. Estimates of the reproduction number for seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza: a systematic review of the literature. BMC Infect Dis 14: 480.
-
16.
Bedford T et al. 2015. Global circulation patterns of seasonal influenza viruses vary with antigenic drift. Nature 523: 217–220.
-
17.
Shek LP, Lee BW, 2003. Epidemiology and seasonality of respiratory tract virus infections in the tropics. Paediatr Respir Rev 4: 105–111.
-
18.
Tamerius JD, Shaman J, Alonso WJ, Bloom-Feshbach K, Uejio CK, Comrie A, Viboud C, 2013. Environmental predictors of seasonal influenza epidemics across temperate and tropical climates. PLoS Pathog 9: e1003194.
-
19.
Cohen C, Simonsen L, Sample J, Kang JW, Miller M, Madhi SA, Campsmith M, Viboud C, 2012. Influenza-related mortality among adults aged 25–54 years with AIDS in South Africa and the United States of America. Clin Infect Dis 55: 996–1003.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Full Text Views | 497 | 111 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 115 | 16 | 2 |
Emergence, Epidemiology, and Transmission Dynamics of 2009 Pandemic A/H1N1 Influenza in Kampala, Uganda, 2009–2015
In sub-Saharan Africa, little is known about the epidemiology of pandemic-prone influenza viruses in urban settings. Using data from a prospective sentinel surveillance network, we characterized the emergence, epidemiology, and transmission dynamics of 2009 pandemic A/H1N1 influenza (H1N1pdm09) in Kampala, Uganda. After virus introduction via international air travel from England in June 2009, we estimated the basic reproductive number in Kampala to be 1.06–1.13, corresponding to attack rates of 12–22%. We subsequently identified 613 cases of influenza in Kampala from 2009 to 2015, of which 191 (31.2%) were infected with H1N1pdm09. Patients infected with H1N1pdm09 were more likely to be older adult (ages 35–64) males with illness onset during rainy season months. Urban settings in sub-Saharan Africa are vulnerable to importation and intense transmission of pandemic-prone influenza viruses. Enhanced surveillance and influenza pandemic preparedness in these settings is needed.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 174 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: Surveillance activities carried out by UVRI were funded through Ministry of Health, Uganda, and the World Health Organization Country Office and Regional Office for Africa and a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Additional support was provided by the Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research at Columbia University through the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000040) and the David R. Nalin’65 Fund for International Research at Albany Medical College.
Authors’ addresses: Matthew J. Cummings, Allison Wolf, and Max R. O’Donnell, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, E-mails: mjc2244@columbia.edu, aw2565@columbia.edu, and mo2130@columbia.edu. Barnabas Bakamutumaho, John Kayiwa, Nicholas Owor, Barbara Namagambo, Timothy Byaruhanga, and Julius J. Lutwama, National Influenza Center, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda, E-mails: bbarnabas2001@yahoo.com, jkayiwa@uvri.go.ug, nicowor@gmail.com, barb.namax@gmail.com, tbyaruhanga@uvri.go.ug, and jjlutwama03@yahoo.com. Wan Yang, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, E-mail: wy2202@columbia.edu. Joseph F. Wamala, South Sudan Country Office, World Health Organization, Juba, South Sudan, E-mail: wamalaj@who.int. Jeffrey Shaman, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, E-mail: jls106@columbia.edu.