Author:
- INTRODUCTION
- METAINFLAMMATION, -INSULIN RESISTANCE (IR), TYPE-2 DIABETES (T2DM)
- IMMUNOMODULATION BY HELMINTHS
- CROSS TALK BETWEEN INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE CELLS
- ROLE OF INNATE IMMUNE CELLS IN IR AND IMMUNOMODULATION
- Macrophages in IR and immunomodulation.
- DC in IR and immunomodulation.
- NK cells in IR and immunomodulation.
- Neutrophils in IR and immunomodulation.
- Eosinophils in IR and immunomodulation.
- Basophils and mast cells in IR and immunomodulation.
- Myeloid-derived supressor cells (MDSCs) in IR and immunomodulation.
- Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in IR and immunomodulation.
- ADAPTIVE IMMUNE CELLS IN IR AND IMMUNOMODULATION
- CONCLUSION
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Cell Type-Specific Immunomodulation Induced by Helminthes: Effect on Metainflammation, Insulin Resistance and Type-2 Diabetes
Vivekanandhan Aravindhan
Vivekanandhan Aravindhan
Department of Genetics, Dr ALM PG IBMS, University of Madras, Chennai, India;
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Gowrishankar Anand
Gowrishankar Anand
AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT Campus of Anna University, Chennai, India
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Recent epidemiological studies have documented an inverse relationship between the decreasing prevalence of helminth infections and the increasing prevalence of metabolic diseases (“metabolic hygiene hypothesis”). Chronic inflammation leading to insulin resistance (IR) has now been identified as a major etiological factor for a variety of metabolic diseases other than obesity and Type-2 diabetes (metainflammation). One way by which helminth infections such as filariasis can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and promote insulin sensitivity (IS). This article provides evidence on how the cross talk between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune responses can modulate IR/sensitivity. The cross talk between innate (macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, myeloid derived suppressor cells, innate lymphoid cells, basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) and adaptive (helper T [CD4+] cells, cytotoxic T [CD8+] cells and B cells) immune cells forms two opposing circuits, one associated with IR and the other associated with IS under the conditions of metabolic syndrome and helminth-mediated immunomodulation, respectively.
Author Notes
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Financial support: The Department of Genetics, University of Madras, has received funds for infrastructural support from DST-FIST and UGC-SAP programs. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Authors’ addresses: Vivekanandhan Aravindhan, Department of Genetics, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, E-mail: cvaravindhan@gmail.com. Gowrishankar Anand, Department of Molecular Immunology, Anna University-K B Chandrasekhar Research Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, E-mail: anandgshankar@gmail.co.
- INTRODUCTION
- METAINFLAMMATION, -INSULIN RESISTANCE (IR), TYPE-2 DIABETES (T2DM)
- IMMUNOMODULATION BY HELMINTHS
- CROSS TALK BETWEEN INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE CELLS
- ROLE OF INNATE IMMUNE CELLS IN IR AND IMMUNOMODULATION
- Macrophages in IR and immunomodulation.
- DC in IR and immunomodulation.
- NK cells in IR and immunomodulation.
- Neutrophils in IR and immunomodulation.
- Eosinophils in IR and immunomodulation.
- Basophils and mast cells in IR and immunomodulation.
- Myeloid-derived supressor cells (MDSCs) in IR and immunomodulation.
- Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in IR and immunomodulation.
- ADAPTIVE IMMUNE CELLS IN IR AND IMMUNOMODULATION
- CONCLUSION
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