Petersen LR, Powers AM, 2016. Chikungunya: epidemiology. F1000 Res 5: 1–8.
Powers AM, Brault AC, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, 2000. Re-emergence of chikungunya and O’nyong-nyong viruses: evidence for distinct geographical lineages and distant evolutionary relationships. J Gen Virol 81: 471–479.
Yoshikawa MJ, Kusriastuti R, 2013. Surge of dengue virus infection and chikungunya fever in Bali in 2010: the burden of mosquito-borne infectious diseases in a tourist destination. Trop Med Health 41: 67–78.
Kosasih H et al. 2013. Evidence for endemic chikungunya virus infections in Bandung, Indonesia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2483.
Laras K et al. 2005. Tracking the re-emergence of epidemic chikungunya virus in Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 128–141.
Maha MS, Susilarini NK, Hariastuti NI, Subangkit, 2015. Chikungunya virus mutation, Indonesia, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 379–381.
Indonesia Ministry of Health. 2015. Indonesia health profile year 2014. Available at: http://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/pusdatin/profil-kesehatan-indonesia/Indonesia Health Profile 2014.pdf. Accessed March 31, 2016.
Haryanto S et al. 2016. The molecular and clinical features of dengue during outbreak in Jambi, Indonesia in 2015. Pathog Glob Health 110: 119–129.
Kuno G, Chang GJ, Tsuchiya KR, Karabatsos N, Cropp CB, 1998. Phylogeny of the genus Flavivirus. J Virol 72: 73–83.
Ledermann JP, Zeidner N, Borland EM, Mutebi J-P, Lanciotti RS, Miller BR, Lutwama JJ, Tendo JM, Andama V, Powers AM, 2014. Sunguru virus: a novel virus in the family Rhabdoviridae isolated from a chicken in north-western Uganda. J Gen Virol 95: 1436–1443.
Riswari SF et al. 2016. Study of viremic profile in febrile specimens of chikungunya in Bandung, Indonesia. J Clin Virol 74: 61–65.
Ng L-C et al. 2009. Entomologic and virologic investigation of chikungunya, Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1243–1249.
Drummond AJ, Rambaut A, 2007. BEAST: bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evol Biol 7: 214.
Volk SM et al. 2010. Genome-scale phylogenetic analyses of chikungunya virus reveal independent emergences of recent epidemics and various evolutionary rates. J Virol 84: 6497–6504.
Darriba D, Taboada GL, Doallo R, Posada D, 2012. jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nat Methods 9: 772.
Perkasa A et al. 2016. Isolation of Zika virus from febrile patient, Indonesia. Emerg Infect Dis 22: 924–925.
Tsetsarkin KA, Vanlandingham DL, McGee CE, Higgs S, 2007. A single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential. PLoS Pathog 3: e201.
Tsetsarkin KA, Chen R, Leal G, Forrester N, Higgs S, Huang J, Weaver SC, 2011. Chikungunya virus emergence is constrained in Asia by lineage-specific adaptive landscapes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108: 7872–7877.
Halstead SB, 2015. Reappearance of chikungunya, formerly called dengue, in the Americas. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 557–561.
Capeding MR et al. 2013. Dengue and other common causes of acute febrile illness in Asia: an active surveillance study in children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2331.
Singh P, Mittal V, Rizvi MMA, Chhabra M, Sharma P, Rawat DS, Bhattacharya D, Chauhan LS, Rai A, 2012. The first dominant co-circulation of both dengue and chikungunya viruses during the post-monsoon period of 2010 in Delhi, India. Epidemiol Infect 140: 1337–1342.
Borgherini G, Poubeau P, Staikowsky F, Lory M, Le Moullec N, Becquart JP, Wengling C, Michault A, Paganin F, 2007. Outbreak of chikungunya on Reunion Island: early clinical and laboratory features in 157 adult patients. Clin Infect Dis 44: 1401–1407.
Horwood PF, Buchy P, 2015. Chikungunya. Rev Sci Tech 34: 479–489.
Tsetsarkin KA, Chen R, Sherman MB, Weaver SC, 2011. Chikungunya virus: evolution and genetic determinants of emergence. Curr Opin Virol 1: 310–317.
Mulyatno KC, Susilowati H, Yamanaka A, Soegijanto S, Konishi E, 2012. Primary isolation and phylogenetic studies of chikungunya virus from Surabaya, Indonesia. Jpn J Infect Dis 65: 92–94.
Pulmanausahakul R, Roytrakul S, Auewarakul P, Smith DR, 2011. Chikungunya in Southeast Asia: understanding the emergence and finding solutions. Int J Infect Dis 15: e671–e676.
Sam I-C, Chan YF, Chan SY, Loong SK, Chin HK, Hooi PS, Ganeswrie R, Abubakar S, 2009. Chikungunya virus of Asian and Central/East African genotypes in Malaysia. J Clin Virol 46: 180–183.
AbuBakar S, Sam I-C, Wong P-F, MatRahim N, Hooi P-S, Roslan N, 2007. Reemergence of endemic chikungunya, Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 147–149.
Weaver SC, Lecuit M, 2015. Chikungunya virus and the global spread of a mosquito-borne disease. N Engl J Med 372: 1231–1239.
Mackenzie JS et al. 2001. Emerging viral diseases of Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. Emerg Infect Dis 7 (Suppl): 497–504.
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Chikungunya fever (CHIK) is an acute viral infection caused by infection with chikungunya virus (CHIKV). The disease affects people in areas where certain Aedes species mosquito vectors are present, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. Indonesia has witnessed CHIK disease since the early 1970s with sporadic outbreaks occurring throughout the year. The CHIK clinical manifestation, characterized by fever, headache, and joint pain, is similar to that of dengue (DEN) disease. During a molecular study of a DEN outbreak in Jambi, Sumatra, in early 2015, DENV-negative samples were evaluated for evidence of CHIKV infection. Among 103 DENV-negative samples, eight samples were confirmed (7.8%) as positive for CHIKV by both molecular detection and virus isolation. The mean age of the CHIK patients was 21.3 ± 9.1 (range 11–35 years). The clinical manifestations of the CHIK patients were mild and mimicked DEN, with fever and headache as the main symptoms. Only three out of eight patients presented with classical joint pain. Sequencing of the envelope glycoprotein E1 gene and phylogenetic analysis identified all CHIKV isolates as belonging to the Asian genotype. Overall, our study confirms sustained endemic CHIKV transmission and the presence of multiple arboviruses circulating during a DEN outbreak in Indonesia. The co-circulation of arboviruses poses a public health threat and is likely to cause misdiagnosis and underreporting of CHIK in DEN-endemic areas such as Indonesia.
Financial support: This study was funded by the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia, and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Authors’ addresses: R. Tedjo Sasmono, Benediktus Yohan, and Rahma F. Hayati, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Dengue Laboratory, Jakarta, Indonesia, E-mails: sasmono@eijkman.go.id, yohan@eijkman.go.id, and rahma@eijkman.go.id. Aditya Perkasa, Frilasita A. Yudhaputri, Chairin Nisa Ma’roef, and Khin Saw Aye Myint, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Emerging Virus Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia, E-mails: adhit@eijkman.go.id, sisi@eijkman.go.id, nami@eijkman.go.id, and khinsawying@hotmail.com. Sotianingsih Haryanto, Siloam Hospital, Internal Medicine, Jambi, Indonesia, E-mail: sotianingsih@yahoo.com. Jeremy P. Ledermann, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health and Human Services, Fort Collins, CO, E-mail: jledermann@cdc.gov. Ann M. Powers, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, CO, E-mail: apowers@cdc.gov.
Petersen LR, Powers AM, 2016. Chikungunya: epidemiology. F1000 Res 5: 1–8.
Powers AM, Brault AC, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, 2000. Re-emergence of chikungunya and O’nyong-nyong viruses: evidence for distinct geographical lineages and distant evolutionary relationships. J Gen Virol 81: 471–479.
Yoshikawa MJ, Kusriastuti R, 2013. Surge of dengue virus infection and chikungunya fever in Bali in 2010: the burden of mosquito-borne infectious diseases in a tourist destination. Trop Med Health 41: 67–78.
Kosasih H et al. 2013. Evidence for endemic chikungunya virus infections in Bandung, Indonesia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2483.
Laras K et al. 2005. Tracking the re-emergence of epidemic chikungunya virus in Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 128–141.
Maha MS, Susilarini NK, Hariastuti NI, Subangkit, 2015. Chikungunya virus mutation, Indonesia, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 379–381.
Indonesia Ministry of Health. 2015. Indonesia health profile year 2014. Available at: http://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/pusdatin/profil-kesehatan-indonesia/Indonesia Health Profile 2014.pdf. Accessed March 31, 2016.
Haryanto S et al. 2016. The molecular and clinical features of dengue during outbreak in Jambi, Indonesia in 2015. Pathog Glob Health 110: 119–129.
Kuno G, Chang GJ, Tsuchiya KR, Karabatsos N, Cropp CB, 1998. Phylogeny of the genus Flavivirus. J Virol 72: 73–83.
Ledermann JP, Zeidner N, Borland EM, Mutebi J-P, Lanciotti RS, Miller BR, Lutwama JJ, Tendo JM, Andama V, Powers AM, 2014. Sunguru virus: a novel virus in the family Rhabdoviridae isolated from a chicken in north-western Uganda. J Gen Virol 95: 1436–1443.
Riswari SF et al. 2016. Study of viremic profile in febrile specimens of chikungunya in Bandung, Indonesia. J Clin Virol 74: 61–65.
Ng L-C et al. 2009. Entomologic and virologic investigation of chikungunya, Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1243–1249.
Drummond AJ, Rambaut A, 2007. BEAST: bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evol Biol 7: 214.
Volk SM et al. 2010. Genome-scale phylogenetic analyses of chikungunya virus reveal independent emergences of recent epidemics and various evolutionary rates. J Virol 84: 6497–6504.
Darriba D, Taboada GL, Doallo R, Posada D, 2012. jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nat Methods 9: 772.
Perkasa A et al. 2016. Isolation of Zika virus from febrile patient, Indonesia. Emerg Infect Dis 22: 924–925.
Tsetsarkin KA, Vanlandingham DL, McGee CE, Higgs S, 2007. A single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential. PLoS Pathog 3: e201.
Tsetsarkin KA, Chen R, Leal G, Forrester N, Higgs S, Huang J, Weaver SC, 2011. Chikungunya virus emergence is constrained in Asia by lineage-specific adaptive landscapes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108: 7872–7877.
Halstead SB, 2015. Reappearance of chikungunya, formerly called dengue, in the Americas. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 557–561.
Capeding MR et al. 2013. Dengue and other common causes of acute febrile illness in Asia: an active surveillance study in children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2331.
Singh P, Mittal V, Rizvi MMA, Chhabra M, Sharma P, Rawat DS, Bhattacharya D, Chauhan LS, Rai A, 2012. The first dominant co-circulation of both dengue and chikungunya viruses during the post-monsoon period of 2010 in Delhi, India. Epidemiol Infect 140: 1337–1342.
Borgherini G, Poubeau P, Staikowsky F, Lory M, Le Moullec N, Becquart JP, Wengling C, Michault A, Paganin F, 2007. Outbreak of chikungunya on Reunion Island: early clinical and laboratory features in 157 adult patients. Clin Infect Dis 44: 1401–1407.
Horwood PF, Buchy P, 2015. Chikungunya. Rev Sci Tech 34: 479–489.
Tsetsarkin KA, Chen R, Sherman MB, Weaver SC, 2011. Chikungunya virus: evolution and genetic determinants of emergence. Curr Opin Virol 1: 310–317.
Mulyatno KC, Susilowati H, Yamanaka A, Soegijanto S, Konishi E, 2012. Primary isolation and phylogenetic studies of chikungunya virus from Surabaya, Indonesia. Jpn J Infect Dis 65: 92–94.
Pulmanausahakul R, Roytrakul S, Auewarakul P, Smith DR, 2011. Chikungunya in Southeast Asia: understanding the emergence and finding solutions. Int J Infect Dis 15: e671–e676.
Sam I-C, Chan YF, Chan SY, Loong SK, Chin HK, Hooi PS, Ganeswrie R, Abubakar S, 2009. Chikungunya virus of Asian and Central/East African genotypes in Malaysia. J Clin Virol 46: 180–183.
AbuBakar S, Sam I-C, Wong P-F, MatRahim N, Hooi P-S, Roslan N, 2007. Reemergence of endemic chikungunya, Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 147–149.
Weaver SC, Lecuit M, 2015. Chikungunya virus and the global spread of a mosquito-borne disease. N Engl J Med 372: 1231–1239.
Mackenzie JS et al. 2001. Emerging viral diseases of Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. Emerg Infect Dis 7 (Suppl): 497–504.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 2909 | 2690 | 1857 |
Full Text Views | 474 | 10 | 6 |
PDF Downloads | 160 | 13 | 7 |