ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1.
GBD 2013 DALYs and HALE Collaborators, 2015. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and health life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990–2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition. Lancet 386: 2145–2191.
-
2.
GBD 2013 Mortality and Cause of Death Collaborators, 2015. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 386: 117–171.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2015. World Malaria Report 2015. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
4.
Statistics Sierra Leone (SSL), 2014. Malaria Indicator Survey 2013 Final Report. Freetown, Sierra Leone: SSL and ICF International.
-
5.
Roth PJ, Grant DS, Ngegbai AS, Schieffelin J, McClelland RS, Jarrett OD, 2015. Factors associated with mortality in febrile patients in a government referral hospital in the Kenema district of Sierra Leone. Am J Trop Med Hyg 92: 172–177.
-
6.
Ansumana R, Jacobsen KH, Leski TA, Covington AL, Bangura U, Hodges MH, Lin B, Bockarie AS, Lamin JM, Bockarie MJ, Stenger DA, 2013. Reemergence of chikungunya virus in Bo, Sierra Leone. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 1108–1110.
-
7.
de Araújo Lobo JM, Mores CN, Bausch DG, Christofferson RC, 2016. Serological evidence of under-reported dengue circulation in Sierra Leone. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004613.
-
8.
Boisen ML et al.., 2015. Multiple circulating infections can mimic the early stages of viral hemorrhagic fevers and possible human exposure to filoviruses in Sierra Leone prior to the 2014 outbreak. Viral Immunol 28: 19–31.
-
9.
Schoepp RJ, Rossi CA, Khan SH, Goba A, Fair JN, 2014. Undiagnosed acute viral febrile illnesses, Sierra Leone. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 1175.
-
10.
Climate Change Knowledge Portal: The World Bank Group, 2016. Average Monthly Temperature and Rainfall for Sierra Leone from 1990–2012. Available at: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm?page=country_historical_climate&ThisCCode=SLE. Accessed December 21, 2016.
-
11.
Djallé D, Gody JC, Moyen JM, Tekpa G, Ipero J, Madji N, Breurec S, Manirakiza A, 2014. Performance of Paracheck™-Pf, SD Bioline malaria Ag-Pf and SD Bioline malaria Ag-Pf/pan for diagnosis of falciparum malaria in the Central African Republic. BMC Infect Dis 14: 109.
-
12.
World Health Organization, 2015. Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test Performance: Results of WHO Product Testing of Malaria RDTs: Round 6 (2014–2015). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
13.
World Health Organization, 2016. Malaria: Rapid Diagnostic Tests. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/areas/diagnosis/rapid_diagnostic_tests/en/. Accessed December 21, 2016.
-
14.
Odaga J, Sinclair D, Lokong JA, Donegan S, Hopkins H, Garner P, 2014. Rapid diagnostic tests versus clinical diagnosis for managing people with fever in malaria endemic settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4: CD008998.
-
15.
Standard Diagnostics, 2016. SD Chikungunya IgM. Available at: http://www.standardia.com/en/home/product/Rapid_Diagnostic_Test/Anti-Chickungunya_IgM.html. Accessed December 21, 2016.
-
16.
Johnson BW, Goodman CH, Holloway K, de Salazar PM, Valadere AM, Drebot MA, 2016. Evaluation of commercially available chikungunya virus immunoglobulin M detection assays. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95: 182–192.
-
17.
Kosasih H, Widjaja S, Surya E, Hadiwijaya SH, Butarbutar DP, Jaya UA, Nurhayati Alisjahbana B, Williams M, 2012. Evaluation of two IgM rapid immunochromatographic tests during circulation of Asian lineage chikungunya virus. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 43: 55–61.
-
18.
Prat CM, Flusin O, Panella A, Tenebray B, Lanciotti R, Leparc-Goffart I, 2014. Evaluation of commercially available serologic diagnostic tests for chikungunya virus. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 2129–2132.
-
19.
O'Hearn AE, Voorhees MA, Fetterer DP, Wauquier N, Coomber MR, Bangura J, Fair JN, Gonzalez J-P, Schoepp RJ, 2016. Serosurveillance of viral pathogens circulating in West Africa. Virol J 13: 163.
-
20.
Baba M, Logue CH, Oderinde B, Abdulmaleek H, Williams J, Lewis J, Laws TR, Hewson R, Marcello A, Agaro P, 2013. Evidence of arbovirus co-infection in suspected febrile malaria and typhoid patients in Nigeria. J Infect Dev Ctries 7: 51–59.
-
21.
Jentes ES, Robinson J, Johnson BW, Conde I, Sakouvougui Y, Iverson J, Beecher S, Bah MA, Diakite F, Coulibaly M, Bausch DG, 2010. Acute arboviral infections in Guinea, West Africa, 2006. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 388–394.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1077 | 860 | 22 |
| Full Text Views | 588 | 10 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 284 | 12 | 0 |
Surveillance of Vector-Borne Infections (Chikungunya, Dengue, and Malaria) in Bo, Sierra Leone, 2012–2013
Donald F. Dariano III
Donald F. Dariano III
College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia;
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Chris R. Taitt
Chris R. Taitt
Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia;
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Kathryn H. Jacobsen
Kathryn H. Jacobsen
Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia;
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Umaru Bangura
Umaru Bangura
Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Bo, Sierra Leone;
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Alfred S. Bockarie
Alfred S. Bockarie
Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Bo, Sierra Leone;
Njala University, Bo Campus, Sierra Leone;
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Njala University, Bo Campus, Sierra Leone;
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Moses J. Bockarie
Moses J. Bockarie
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Joseph Lahai
Joseph Lahai
Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Bo, Sierra Leone;
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Joseph M. Lamin
Joseph M. Lamin
Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Bo, Sierra Leone;
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Tomasz A. Leski
Tomasz A. Leski
Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia;
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Chadwick Yasuda
Chadwick Yasuda
Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia;
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David A. Stenger
David A. Stenger
Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia;
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Rashid Ansumana
Rashid Ansumana
Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Bo, Sierra Leone;
Njala University, Bo Campus, Sierra Leone;
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Njala University, Bo Campus, Sierra Leone;
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Malaria remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in West Africa, but the contribution of other vector-borne infections (VBIs) to the burden of disease has been understudied. We used rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for three VBIs to test blood samples from 1,795 febrile residents of Bo City, Sierra Leone, over a 1-year period in 2012–2013. In total, 24% of the tests were positive for malaria, fewer than 5% were positive for markers of dengue virus infection, and 39% were positive for IgM directed against chikungunya virus (CHIKV) or a related alphavirus. In total, more than half (55%) of these febrile individuals tested positive for at least one of the three VBIs, which highlights the very high burden of vector-borne diseases in this population. The prevalence of positives on the Chikungunya IgM and dengue tests did not vary significantly with age (P > 0.36), but higher rates of malaria were observed in children < 15 years of age (P < 0.001). Positive results on the Chikungunya IgM RDTs were moderately correlated with rainfall (r2 = 0.599). Based on the high prevalence of positive results on the Chikungunya IgM RDTs from individuals Bo and its environs, there is a need to examine whether an ecological shift toward a greater burden from CHIKV or related alphaviruses is occurring in other parts of Sierra Leone or the West African region.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Donald F. Dariano III, George Mason University, College of Science, Fairfax, VA, E-mail: dariano9933@gmail.com. Chris R. Taitt, Tomasz A. Leski, Chadwick Yasuda, and David A. Stenger, Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, E-mail: chris.taitt@nrl.navy.mil, tomasz.leski@nrl.navy.mil, chadwick.yasuda@nrl.navy.mil, and david.stenger@nrl.navy.mil. Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, E-mail: kjacobse@gmu.edu. Umaru Bangura, Alfred S. Bockarie, Joseph Lahai, Joseph M. Lamin, and Rashid Ansumana, Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Bo, Sierra Leone, E-mails: umarbans@yahoo.co.uk, asbock2@gmail.com, josephlahaiphlebo@gmail.com, jmlamin6076@gmail.com, and rashidansumana@gmail.com. Moses J. Bockarie, South-South Cooperation, and European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa, E-mail: bockarie@edctp.org.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
GBD 2013 DALYs and HALE Collaborators, 2015. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and health life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990–2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition. Lancet 386: 2145–2191.
-
2.
GBD 2013 Mortality and Cause of Death Collaborators, 2015. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 386: 117–171.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2015. World Malaria Report 2015. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
4.
Statistics Sierra Leone (SSL), 2014. Malaria Indicator Survey 2013 Final Report. Freetown, Sierra Leone: SSL and ICF International.
-
5.
Roth PJ, Grant DS, Ngegbai AS, Schieffelin J, McClelland RS, Jarrett OD, 2015. Factors associated with mortality in febrile patients in a government referral hospital in the Kenema district of Sierra Leone. Am J Trop Med Hyg 92: 172–177.
-
6.
Ansumana R, Jacobsen KH, Leski TA, Covington AL, Bangura U, Hodges MH, Lin B, Bockarie AS, Lamin JM, Bockarie MJ, Stenger DA, 2013. Reemergence of chikungunya virus in Bo, Sierra Leone. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 1108–1110.
-
7.
de Araújo Lobo JM, Mores CN, Bausch DG, Christofferson RC, 2016. Serological evidence of under-reported dengue circulation in Sierra Leone. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004613.
-
8.
Boisen ML et al.., 2015. Multiple circulating infections can mimic the early stages of viral hemorrhagic fevers and possible human exposure to filoviruses in Sierra Leone prior to the 2014 outbreak. Viral Immunol 28: 19–31.
-
9.
Schoepp RJ, Rossi CA, Khan SH, Goba A, Fair JN, 2014. Undiagnosed acute viral febrile illnesses, Sierra Leone. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 1175.
-
10.
Climate Change Knowledge Portal: The World Bank Group, 2016. Average Monthly Temperature and Rainfall for Sierra Leone from 1990–2012. Available at: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm?page=country_historical_climate&ThisCCode=SLE. Accessed December 21, 2016.
-
11.
Djallé D, Gody JC, Moyen JM, Tekpa G, Ipero J, Madji N, Breurec S, Manirakiza A, 2014. Performance of Paracheck™-Pf, SD Bioline malaria Ag-Pf and SD Bioline malaria Ag-Pf/pan for diagnosis of falciparum malaria in the Central African Republic. BMC Infect Dis 14: 109.
-
12.
World Health Organization, 2015. Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test Performance: Results of WHO Product Testing of Malaria RDTs: Round 6 (2014–2015). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
13.
World Health Organization, 2016. Malaria: Rapid Diagnostic Tests. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/areas/diagnosis/rapid_diagnostic_tests/en/. Accessed December 21, 2016.
-
14.
Odaga J, Sinclair D, Lokong JA, Donegan S, Hopkins H, Garner P, 2014. Rapid diagnostic tests versus clinical diagnosis for managing people with fever in malaria endemic settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4: CD008998.
-
15.
Standard Diagnostics, 2016. SD Chikungunya IgM. Available at: http://www.standardia.com/en/home/product/Rapid_Diagnostic_Test/Anti-Chickungunya_IgM.html. Accessed December 21, 2016.
-
16.
Johnson BW, Goodman CH, Holloway K, de Salazar PM, Valadere AM, Drebot MA, 2016. Evaluation of commercially available chikungunya virus immunoglobulin M detection assays. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95: 182–192.
-
17.
Kosasih H, Widjaja S, Surya E, Hadiwijaya SH, Butarbutar DP, Jaya UA, Nurhayati Alisjahbana B, Williams M, 2012. Evaluation of two IgM rapid immunochromatographic tests during circulation of Asian lineage chikungunya virus. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 43: 55–61.
-
18.
Prat CM, Flusin O, Panella A, Tenebray B, Lanciotti R, Leparc-Goffart I, 2014. Evaluation of commercially available serologic diagnostic tests for chikungunya virus. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 2129–2132.
-
19.
O'Hearn AE, Voorhees MA, Fetterer DP, Wauquier N, Coomber MR, Bangura J, Fair JN, Gonzalez J-P, Schoepp RJ, 2016. Serosurveillance of viral pathogens circulating in West Africa. Virol J 13: 163.
-
20.
Baba M, Logue CH, Oderinde B, Abdulmaleek H, Williams J, Lewis J, Laws TR, Hewson R, Marcello A, Agaro P, 2013. Evidence of arbovirus co-infection in suspected febrile malaria and typhoid patients in Nigeria. J Infect Dev Ctries 7: 51–59.
-
21.
Jentes ES, Robinson J, Johnson BW, Conde I, Sakouvougui Y, Iverson J, Beecher S, Bah MA, Diakite F, Coulibaly M, Bausch DG, 2010. Acute arboviral infections in Guinea, West Africa, 2006. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 388–394.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1077 | 860 | 22 |
| Full Text Views | 588 | 10 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 284 | 12 | 0 |