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1.
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme on Water Supply and Sanitation, 2017. Safely Managed Drinking Water. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-SMDW-TR-1-March-2017.pdf. Accessed March 7, 2017.
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Bain R, Bartram J, Elliott M, Matthews R, Mcmahan L, Tung R, Chuang P, Gundry S, 2012. A summary catalogue of microbial drinking water tests for low and medium resource settings. Int J Environ Res Public Health 9: 1609–1625.
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Weiss P, Aw TG, Urquhart G, Galeano MR, Rose JB, 2015. Well water quality in rural Nicaragua using a low-cost bacterial test and microbial source tracking. J Water Health 14: 199–207.
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Grady CA, Kipkorir EC, Nguyen K, Blatchley ER, 2015. Microbial quality of improved drinking water sources: evidence from western Kenya and southern Vietnam. J Water Health 13: 607–612.
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Stauber C, Miller C, Cantrell B, Kroell K, 2014. Evaluation of the compartment bag test for the detection of Escherichia coli in water. J Microbiol Methods 99: 66–70.
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McMahan L, Wang A, Rutstein S, Sobsey MD, Stauber C, Reyes J, 2017. Household microbial water quality testing in a Peruvian demographic and health survey: evaluation of the compartment bag test for Escherichia coli. Am J Trop Med Hyg 96: 970–975.
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Krumdieck NR, Collins SM, Wekesa P, Mbullo P, Boateng GO, Onono M, Young SL, 2016. Household water insecurity is associated with a range of negative consequences among pregnant Kenyan women of mixed HIV status. J Water Health 14: 1028–1031.
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Orgill J, Shaheed A, Brown J, Jeuland M, 2013. Water quality perceptions and willingness to pay for clean water in peri-urban Cambodian communities. J Water Health 11: 489–506.
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Evaluating Human Sensory Perceptions and the Compartment Bag Test Assays as Proxies for the Presence and Concentration of Escherichia coli in Drinking Water in Western Kenya
Yolanda M. Brooks
Yolanda M. Brooks
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York;
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Shalean M. Collins
Shalean M. Collins
Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostics, Program in International Nutrition, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York;
Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois;
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Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois;
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Patrick Mbullo
Patrick Mbullo
Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois;
Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
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Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
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Godfred O. Boateng
Godfred O. Boateng
Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostics, Program in International Nutrition, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York;
Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois;
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Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois;
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Sera L. Young
Sera L. Young
Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostics, Program in International Nutrition, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York;
Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois;
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Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois;
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Ruth E. Richardson
Ruth E. Richardson
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York;
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We compared the concentrations of Escherichia coli quantified with Colilert™ and the compartment bag test (CBT) in the source water and household stored drinking water (SDW) of 35 households in western Kenya. We also investigated the associations of the perceptions of organoleptic properties and overall quality with ≥ 1 MPN/100 mL E. coli in SDW. Participants who rated the taste or smell of their SDW “< 5” on a 1 = “poor” to 5 = “excellent” Likert scale were 8.71 or 7.04 times more likely, respectively, to have ≥ 1 MPN/100 mL E. coli. Organoleptic properties are innate, albeit imperfect, indicators of fecal pollution in water. Within their shared quantification range, concentrations of E. coli enumerated with Colilert and CBT were similar and had a significant correlation coefficient, 0.896 (95% confidence interval = 0.691–1.101). The methods had moderate agreement within the World Health Organization’s health risk levels (Cohen’s Kappa coefficient = 0.640). In low-resource settings, CBT provides comparable assessments of E. coli concentrations to Colilert.
Author Notes
Financial support: This research was funded by Cornell University’s David R. Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future (ACSF) and the National Institute of Mental Health R21 MH108444.
Authors’ addresses: Yolanda M. Brooks and Ruth E. Richardson, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, E-mails: yb86@cornell.edu and rer26@cornell.edu. Shalean M. Collins, Godfred O. Boateng, and Sera L. Young, Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, and Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostics, Program in International Nutrition, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, E-mails: shalean.collins@northwestern.edu, godfred.boateng@northwestern.edu and sera.young@northwestern.edu. Patrick Mbullo, Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, and Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya, E-mail: pmbullo@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme on Water Supply and Sanitation, 2017. Safely Managed Drinking Water. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-SMDW-TR-1-March-2017.pdf. Accessed March 7, 2017.
-
2.
Bain R, Bartram J, Elliott M, Matthews R, Mcmahan L, Tung R, Chuang P, Gundry S, 2012. A summary catalogue of microbial drinking water tests for low and medium resource settings. Int J Environ Res Public Health 9: 1609–1625.
-
3.
Weiss P, Aw TG, Urquhart G, Galeano MR, Rose JB, 2015. Well water quality in rural Nicaragua using a low-cost bacterial test and microbial source tracking. J Water Health 14: 199–207.
-
4.
Grady CA, Kipkorir EC, Nguyen K, Blatchley ER, 2015. Microbial quality of improved drinking water sources: evidence from western Kenya and southern Vietnam. J Water Health 13: 607–612.
-
5.
Stauber C, Miller C, Cantrell B, Kroell K, 2014. Evaluation of the compartment bag test for the detection of Escherichia coli in water. J Microbiol Methods 99: 66–70.
-
6.
McMahan L, Wang A, Rutstein S, Sobsey MD, Stauber C, Reyes J, 2017. Household microbial water quality testing in a Peruvian demographic and health survey: evaluation of the compartment bag test for Escherichia coli. Am J Trop Med Hyg 96: 970–975.
-
7.
Krumdieck NR, Collins SM, Wekesa P, Mbullo P, Boateng GO, Onono M, Young SL, 2016. Household water insecurity is associated with a range of negative consequences among pregnant Kenyan women of mixed HIV status. J Water Health 14: 1028–1031.
-
8.
WHO, 2011. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, Vol. 38, 4th edition. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241548151_eng.pdf.
-
9.
Orgill J, Shaheed A, Brown J, Jeuland M, 2013. Water quality perceptions and willingness to pay for clean water in peri-urban Cambodian communities. J Water Health 11: 489–506.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 426 | 320 | 14 |
| Full Text Views | 853 | 7 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 183 | 7 | 0 |