ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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1.
World Health Organization, 2008. Guidelines for Drinking Water, 3rd edition, 2nd Addendum. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/ secondaddendum 20081119.pdf. Accessed January 30, 2017.
-
2.
Dejung S, Fuentes I, Almanza G, Jarro R, Navarro L, Arias G, Urquieta E, Torrico A, 2007. Effect of solar water disinfection (SODIS) on model microorganisms under improved and field SODIS conditions. J Water Supply 56: 245–256.
-
3.
Clasen T, Boisson S, 2006. Household-based ceramic water filters for the treatment of drinking water in disaster response: an assessment of a pilot programme in the Dominican Republic. Water Practice and Technology. 1: wpt2006031.
-
4.
Sobsey M, 2002. Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2002/WHO_SDE_WSH_02.07.pdf. Accessed January 30, 2017.
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5.
WHO/UNICEF, 2009. Diarrhea: Why Children Are Still Dying and What Can Be Done; United Nations Children’s Fund: New York. Available at: whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598415_eng.pdf. Accessed January 30, 2017.
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6.
World Health Organization, 2007. Combating Waterborne Disease at the Household Level. The International Network to Promote Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/combating_diseasepart1lowres.pdf. Accessed January 30, 2017.
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7.
FDREMoH, 2011. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health: National Drinking Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Strategy. Available at: http://www.cmpethiopia.org/media/national_drinking_water_quality_monitoring_and_surveillance_strategy_may_2011_un_offical. Accessed January 30, 2017.
-
8.
Wright J, Gundry S, Conroy R, 2004. Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point‐of‐use. Trop Med Int Health 9: 106–117.
-
9.
Wasonga J, Olang’o CO, Kioli F, 2014. Improving households knowledge and attitude on water, sanitation, and hygiene practices through school health programme in Nyakach, Kisumu County in Western Kenya. J Anthropol 2014: 1–6.
-
10.
Bharti MM, Kumar V, Verma R, Chawla S, Sachdeva S, 2013. Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding water handling and assessment in a rural block of Haryana. Int J Basic Appl Med Sci. 3: 243–247.
-
11.
Bhattacharya M, Joon V, Jaiswal V, 2011. Water handling and sanitation practices in rural community of Madhya Pradesh: a knowledge, attitude and practice study. Indian J Prev Soc Med 42: 94–97.
-
12.
Murinda S, Kraemer S, 2008. The potential of solar water disinfection as a household water treatment method in peri-urban Zimbabwe. Phys Chem Earth Parts ABC 33: 829–832.
-
13.
Kioko KJ, Obiri JF, 2012. Household attitudes and knowledge on drinking water enhance water hazards in peri-urban communities in western Kenya. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies. 4: 1–5.
-
14.
McGuigan KG, Samaiyar P, du Preez M, Conroy RM, 2011. High compliance randomized controlled field trial of solar disinfection of drinking water and its impact on childhood diarrhea in rural Cambodia. Environ Sci Technol 45: 7862–7867.
-
15.
Amenu D, Menkir S, Gobena T, 2013. Assessing the bacteriological quality of drinking water from sources to household water samples of the rural communities of Dire Dawa Administrative Council, eastern Ethiopia. Sci Tech Arts Res J 2: 126–133.
-
16.
Onda K, LoBuglio J, Bartram J, 2012. Global access to safe water: accounting for water quality and the resulting impact on MDG progress. Int J Environ Res Public Health 9: 880–894.
-
17.
Ethiopia CSA, Macro I, 2012 . Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia) and Calverton, MD: ICF International. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/ethiopia/ET_2011_EDHS.pdf. Accessed January 30, 2017.
-
18.
Tadesse T, Getachew A, Admassu M, Kebede Y, Awoke T, 2011. Demographic and health survey at Dabat District in northwest Ethiopia: report of the 2008 baseline survey. Ethiop. Ethiop J Health Biomed Sci 4: 1–23.
-
19.
Charan J, Biswas T, 2013. How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research? Indian J Psychol Med 35: 121–126.
-
20.
Wahed T et al.., 2013. Knowledge of, attitudes toward, and preventive practices relating to cholera and oral cholera vaccine among urban high-risk groups: findings of a cross-sectional study in Dhaka, Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 13: 242–253.
-
21.
WHO/UNICEF, 2006. Core Questions on Drinking Water and Sanitation for Household Surveys. Availableat: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/oms_brochure_core_questionsfinal24608.pdf. Accessed January 30, 2017.
-
22.
Barua A, 2013. Methods for decision-making in survey questionnaires based on Likert scale. J Asian Sci Res 3: 35–38.
-
23.
George D, 2003. SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Study Guide and Reference, 17.0 update, 10/e. Pearson Education India.
-
24.
Miner C, Dakhin A, Zoakah A, Afolaranmi T, Envuladu E, 2015. Household drinking water; knowledge and practice of purification in a community of Lamingo, Plateau state, Nigeria. J Environ Res Manag 6: 230–236.
-
25.
UNICEF, 2011. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Study into Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in 24 Townships of Myanmar. Available at: http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs17/WASH-Myanmar_%202011_KAP_Study-red.pdf. Accessed January 30, 2017.
-
26.
Brown J, Sobsey MD, 2012. Boiling as household water treatment in Cambodia: a longitudinal study of boiling practice and microbiological effectiveness. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 394–398.
-
27.
Heri S, Mosler H-J, 2008. Factors affecting the diffusion of solar water disinfection: a field study in Bolivia. Health Educ Behav 35: 541–560.
-
28.
Moser S, Mosler H-J, 2008. Differences in influence patterns between groups predicting the adoption of a solar disinfection technology for drinking water in Bolivia. Soc Sci Med 67: 497–504.
-
29.
Peletz R, Simuyandi M, Sarenje K, Baisley K, Kelly P, Filteau S, Clasen T, 2011. Drinking water quality, feeding practices, and diarrhea among children under 2 years of HIV-positive mothers in peri-urban Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 318–326.
-
30.
Mahmood Q, Baig SA, Nawab B, Shafqat MN, Pervez A, Zeb BS, 2011. Development of low cost household drinking water treatment system for the earthquake affected communities in northern Pakistan. Desalination 273: 316–320.
-
31.
Stockman LJ, Fischer TK, Deming M, Ngwira B, Bowie C, Cunliffe N, Bresee J, Quick RE, 2007. Point-of-use water treatment and use among mothers in Malawi. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1077–1080.
-
32.
Rosa G, Clasen T, 2010. Estimating the scope of household water treatment in low-and medium-income countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 289–300.
-
33.
Luzi SGP, Meierhofer R, Wegelin M, 2009. User Acceptance: The Key to Evaluating SODIS and Other Methods for Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage. 34th Water, Engineering and Development Center (WEDC) International Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Reviewed paper-162. Available at: wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/34/Luzi_S_-_162.pdf. Accessed March 30, 2017.
-
34.
Lothrop N, Wilkinson ST, Verhougstraete M, Sugeng A, Loh MM, Klimecki W, Beamer PI, 2015. Home water treatment habits and effectiveness in a rural Arizona community. Water 7: 1217–1231.
-
35.
ul Haq N, Hassali MA, Shafie AA, Saleem F, Farooqui M, Haseeb A, Aljadhey H, 2013. A cross-sectional assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice among hepatitis-B patients in Quetta, Pakistan. BMC Public Health 13: 448–459.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 695 | 474 | 22 |
| Full Text Views | 674 | 11 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 385 | 11 | 0 |
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Mothers/Caregivers on Household Water Treatment Methods in Northwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Bikes Destaw Bitew
Bikes Destaw Bitew
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia;
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Yigzaw Kebede Gete
Yigzaw Kebede Gete
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia;
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Gashaw Andargie Biks
Gashaw Andargie Biks
Department of Health Service Management and Health Economics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Takele Tadesse Adafrie
Takele Tadesse Adafrie
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia;
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In Ethiopia, ensuring safe drinking water remains a big challenge where waterborne diseases, including diarrhea cause a great harm in many rural communities. Limited knowledge, misinformation, negative attitude, and lack of experience toward best practices of alternative water treatment technologies were among the leading challenges. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June 23 to 30, 2015, in Dabat District. The study participants were selected by using simple random sampling method. Questionnaire-based face-to-face interview technique of data collection was used by 20 data collectors under close supervision with six supervisors. From the total of 845 participants with mother–child paired 49.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] (45.8, 52.5%) had good knowledge, and 54.8%, 95% CI (51.6, 58.3%) had favorable-attitude toward household water treatment. Only 23.1%, 95%CI (20, 26%) of the study participants had practiced household water treatment. Being an urban resident (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.58, 95% CI: [1.62, 4.11]), having good-knowledge (AOR: 2.62, 95% CI: [1.81, 3.79]), favorable attitude (AOR: 1.45, 95% CI: [1.01, 2.08]), and used unimproved water source (AOR: 1.67, 95% CI: [1.11, 2.50]) were factors associated with household water treatment practices in the district. Despite mothers/caregivers having a fairly good knowledge and positive attitude, their practice of treating drinking water at household level was quite low. Thus, well designed strategy for health education on effective water treatment methods through the national health extension program is recommended.
Author Notes
Funding support: The data collection payment was covered by University of Gondar. No institutional and external source of funding assigned for publication fee.
Authors’ addresses: Bikes Destaw Bitew, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia, E-mail: bikesdestaw2004@gmail.com, Yigzaw Kebede Gete and Takele Tadesse Adafrie, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia, E-mails: gkyigzaw@yahoo.com and takeletadesse1627@gmail.com. Gashaw Andargie Biks, Department of Health Service Management and Health Economics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia, E-mail: gashawab@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2008. Guidelines for Drinking Water, 3rd edition, 2nd Addendum. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/ secondaddendum 20081119.pdf. Accessed January 30, 2017.
-
2.
Dejung S, Fuentes I, Almanza G, Jarro R, Navarro L, Arias G, Urquieta E, Torrico A, 2007. Effect of solar water disinfection (SODIS) on model microorganisms under improved and field SODIS conditions. J Water Supply 56: 245–256.
-
3.
Clasen T, Boisson S, 2006. Household-based ceramic water filters for the treatment of drinking water in disaster response: an assessment of a pilot programme in the Dominican Republic. Water Practice and Technology. 1: wpt2006031.
-
4.
Sobsey M, 2002. Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2002/WHO_SDE_WSH_02.07.pdf. Accessed January 30, 2017.
-
5.
WHO/UNICEF, 2009. Diarrhea: Why Children Are Still Dying and What Can Be Done; United Nations Children’s Fund: New York. Available at: whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598415_eng.pdf. Accessed January 30, 2017.
-
6.
World Health Organization, 2007. Combating Waterborne Disease at the Household Level. The International Network to Promote Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/combating_diseasepart1lowres.pdf. Accessed January 30, 2017.
-
7.
FDREMoH, 2011. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health: National Drinking Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Strategy. Available at: http://www.cmpethiopia.org/media/national_drinking_water_quality_monitoring_and_surveillance_strategy_may_2011_un_offical. Accessed January 30, 2017.
-
8.
Wright J, Gundry S, Conroy R, 2004. Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point‐of‐use. Trop Med Int Health 9: 106–117.
-
9.
Wasonga J, Olang’o CO, Kioli F, 2014. Improving households knowledge and attitude on water, sanitation, and hygiene practices through school health programme in Nyakach, Kisumu County in Western Kenya. J Anthropol 2014: 1–6.
-
10.
Bharti MM, Kumar V, Verma R, Chawla S, Sachdeva S, 2013. Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding water handling and assessment in a rural block of Haryana. Int J Basic Appl Med Sci. 3: 243–247.
-
11.
Bhattacharya M, Joon V, Jaiswal V, 2011. Water handling and sanitation practices in rural community of Madhya Pradesh: a knowledge, attitude and practice study. Indian J Prev Soc Med 42: 94–97.
-
12.
Murinda S, Kraemer S, 2008. The potential of solar water disinfection as a household water treatment method in peri-urban Zimbabwe. Phys Chem Earth Parts ABC 33: 829–832.
-
13.
Kioko KJ, Obiri JF, 2012. Household attitudes and knowledge on drinking water enhance water hazards in peri-urban communities in western Kenya. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies. 4: 1–5.
-
14.
McGuigan KG, Samaiyar P, du Preez M, Conroy RM, 2011. High compliance randomized controlled field trial of solar disinfection of drinking water and its impact on childhood diarrhea in rural Cambodia. Environ Sci Technol 45: 7862–7867.
-
15.
Amenu D, Menkir S, Gobena T, 2013. Assessing the bacteriological quality of drinking water from sources to household water samples of the rural communities of Dire Dawa Administrative Council, eastern Ethiopia. Sci Tech Arts Res J 2: 126–133.
-
16.
Onda K, LoBuglio J, Bartram J, 2012. Global access to safe water: accounting for water quality and the resulting impact on MDG progress. Int J Environ Res Public Health 9: 880–894.
-
17.
Ethiopia CSA, Macro I, 2012 . Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia) and Calverton, MD: ICF International. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/ethiopia/ET_2011_EDHS.pdf. Accessed January 30, 2017.
-
18.
Tadesse T, Getachew A, Admassu M, Kebede Y, Awoke T, 2011. Demographic and health survey at Dabat District in northwest Ethiopia: report of the 2008 baseline survey. Ethiop. Ethiop J Health Biomed Sci 4: 1–23.
-
19.
Charan J, Biswas T, 2013. How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research? Indian J Psychol Med 35: 121–126.
-
20.
Wahed T et al.., 2013. Knowledge of, attitudes toward, and preventive practices relating to cholera and oral cholera vaccine among urban high-risk groups: findings of a cross-sectional study in Dhaka, Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 13: 242–253.
-
21.
WHO/UNICEF, 2006. Core Questions on Drinking Water and Sanitation for Household Surveys. Availableat: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/oms_brochure_core_questionsfinal24608.pdf. Accessed January 30, 2017.
-
22.
Barua A, 2013. Methods for decision-making in survey questionnaires based on Likert scale. J Asian Sci Res 3: 35–38.
-
23.
George D, 2003. SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Study Guide and Reference, 17.0 update, 10/e. Pearson Education India.
-
24.
Miner C, Dakhin A, Zoakah A, Afolaranmi T, Envuladu E, 2015. Household drinking water; knowledge and practice of purification in a community of Lamingo, Plateau state, Nigeria. J Environ Res Manag 6: 230–236.
-
25.
UNICEF, 2011. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Study into Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in 24 Townships of Myanmar. Available at: http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs17/WASH-Myanmar_%202011_KAP_Study-red.pdf. Accessed January 30, 2017.
-
26.
Brown J, Sobsey MD, 2012. Boiling as household water treatment in Cambodia: a longitudinal study of boiling practice and microbiological effectiveness. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 394–398.
-
27.
Heri S, Mosler H-J, 2008. Factors affecting the diffusion of solar water disinfection: a field study in Bolivia. Health Educ Behav 35: 541–560.
-
28.
Moser S, Mosler H-J, 2008. Differences in influence patterns between groups predicting the adoption of a solar disinfection technology for drinking water in Bolivia. Soc Sci Med 67: 497–504.
-
29.
Peletz R, Simuyandi M, Sarenje K, Baisley K, Kelly P, Filteau S, Clasen T, 2011. Drinking water quality, feeding practices, and diarrhea among children under 2 years of HIV-positive mothers in peri-urban Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 318–326.
-
30.
Mahmood Q, Baig SA, Nawab B, Shafqat MN, Pervez A, Zeb BS, 2011. Development of low cost household drinking water treatment system for the earthquake affected communities in northern Pakistan. Desalination 273: 316–320.
-
31.
Stockman LJ, Fischer TK, Deming M, Ngwira B, Bowie C, Cunliffe N, Bresee J, Quick RE, 2007. Point-of-use water treatment and use among mothers in Malawi. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1077–1080.
-
32.
Rosa G, Clasen T, 2010. Estimating the scope of household water treatment in low-and medium-income countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 289–300.
-
33.
Luzi SGP, Meierhofer R, Wegelin M, 2009. User Acceptance: The Key to Evaluating SODIS and Other Methods for Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage. 34th Water, Engineering and Development Center (WEDC) International Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Reviewed paper-162. Available at: wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/34/Luzi_S_-_162.pdf. Accessed March 30, 2017.
-
34.
Lothrop N, Wilkinson ST, Verhougstraete M, Sugeng A, Loh MM, Klimecki W, Beamer PI, 2015. Home water treatment habits and effectiveness in a rural Arizona community. Water 7: 1217–1231.
-
35.
ul Haq N, Hassali MA, Shafie AA, Saleem F, Farooqui M, Haseeb A, Aljadhey H, 2013. A cross-sectional assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice among hepatitis-B patients in Quetta, Pakistan. BMC Public Health 13: 448–459.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 695 | 474 | 22 |
| Full Text Views | 674 | 11 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 385 | 11 | 0 |