ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Bronsvoort BM, Koterwas B, Land F, Handel IG, Tucker J, Morgan KL, Tanya VN, Abdoel TH, Smits HL, 2009. Comparison of a flow assay for brucellosis antibodies with the reference cELISA test in West African Bos indicus. PLoS One 4: e5221.
-
2.
Pappas G, 2010. The changing Brucella ecology: novel reservoirs, new threats. Int J Antimicrob Agents 36: S8–S11.
-
3.
Godfroid J, Al Dahouk S, Pappas G, Roth F, Matope G, Muma J, Marcotty T, Pfeiffer D, Skjerve E, 2013. A ‘One Health’ surveillance and control of brucellosis in developing countries: moving away from improvisation. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 36: 241–248.
-
4.
Corbel MJ, 2006. Brucellosis in Humans and Animals. WHO/CDS/EPR/2006.7. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
5.
Chatikoba P, Manzi M, Kagarama J, Rwemarika JD, Umunezero O, 2008. The Prevalence of Bovine Brucellosis in Milking Dairy Herds in Nyagatare and its Implications on Dairy Productivity and Public Health. 3rd International Conference on Appropriate Technology. November 12–15, 2008, Kigali, Rwanda. Republic of Rwanda Ministry in the Office of the President In Charge of Science and Technology.
-
6.
John K, Fitzpatrick J, French N, Kazwala R, Kambarage D, Mfinanga GS, MacMillan A, Cleaveland S, 2010. Quantifying risk factors for human brucellosis in rural northern Tanzania. PLoS One 5: e9968.
-
7.
Rujeni N, Mbanzamihigo L, 2014. Prevalence of brucellosis among women presenting with abortion/stillbirth in Huye, Rwanda. J Trop Med 2014: 740479.
-
8.
Rubach MP, Halliday JEB, Cleaveland S, Crump Ja, 2013. Brucellosis in low-income and middle-income countries. Curr Opin Infect Dis 26: 404–412.
-
9.
Islam MA, Khatun MM, Werre SR, Sriranganathan N, Boyle SM, 2013. A review of Brucella seroprevalence among humans and animals in Bangladesh with special emphasis on epidemiology, risk factors and control opportunities. Vet Microbiol 166: 317–326.
-
10.
Swai ES, Schoonman L, 2009. Human brucellosis: seroprevalence and risk factors related to high risk occupational groups in Tanga municipality, Tanzania. Zoonoses Public Health 56: 183–187.
-
11.
Godfroid J, Scholz HC, Barbier T, Nicolas C, Wattiau P, Fretin D, Whatmore AM, Cloeckaert A, Blasco JM, Moriyon I, Saegerman C, Muma JB, Al Dahouk S, Neubauer H, Letesson JJ, 2011. Brucellosis at the animal/ecosystem/human interface at the beginning of the 21st century. Prev Vet Med 102: 118–131.
-
12.
Perkins SD, Smither SJ, Atkins HS, 2010. Towards a Brucella vaccine for humans. FEMS Microbiol Rev 34: 379–394.
-
13.
Allen LK, Hatfield JM, Manyama MJ, 2013. Reducing microscopy-based malaria misdiagnosis in a low-resource area of Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res 15: 26–32.
-
14.
Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources Rwanda, 2013. Strategic Plan for the Transformation of Agriculture in Rwanda Phase III. Republic of Rwanda, Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, Rwanda.
-
15.
Ndateba V, 2014. Nyagatare Livestock Watering System Works on the right track. MINAGRI Weekly Flash News, 1–8.
-
16.
Manishimwe R, Ntaganda J, Habimana R, Nishimwe K, Byukusenge M, Dutuze F, Ayabagabo JD, Lydia U, Rukundo JC, 2015. Comparison between Rose Bengal Plate Test and competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to detect bovine brucellosis in Kigali City, Rwanda. J. Vet. Sci. Technol 6: 1–4.
-
17.
Kubuafor DK, Awumbila B, Akanmori BD, 2000. Seroprevalence of brucellosis in cattle and humans in the Akwapim-South district of Ghana: public health implications. Acta Trop 76: 45–48.
-
18.
Thys E, Oueadraogo M, Speybroeck N, Geerts S, 2005. Socio-economic determinants of urban household livestock keeping in semi-arid western Africa. J Arid Environ 63: 475–496.
-
19.
Díaz R, Casanova A, Ariza J, Moriyón I, 2011. The rose Bengal test in human brucellosis: a neglected test for the diagnosis of a neglected disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: 1–7.
-
20.
Maichomo MW, McDermott JJ, Arimi SM, Gathura PB, Mugambi TJ, Muriuki SM, 2000. Study of brucellosis in a pastoral community and evaluation of the usefulness of clinical signs and symptoms in differentiating it from other flu-like diseases. Afr J Health Sci 7: 114–119.
-
21.
Maichomo MW, McDermott JJ, Arimi SM, Gathura PB, 1998. Assessment of the Rose-Bengal plate test for the diagnosis of human brucellosis in health facilities in Narok district, Kenya. East Afr Med J 75: 219–222.
-
22.
McDermott JJ, Arimi SM, 2002. Brucellosis in sub-Saharan Africa: epidemiology, control and impact. Vet Microbiol 90: 111–134.
-
23.
Kunda J, Fitzpatrick J, Kazwala R, French NP, Shirima G, Macmillan A, Kambarage D, Bronsvoort M, Cleaveland S, 2007. Health-seeking behaviour of human brucellosis cases in rural Tanzania. BMC Public Health 7: 315.
-
24.
Baba MM, Sarkindared SE, Brisibe F, 2001. Serological evidence of brucellosis among predisposed patients with pyrexia of unknown origin in the north eastern Nigeria. Cent Eur J Public Health 9: 158–161.
-
25.
Pathak AD, Dubal ZB, Doijad S, Raorane A, Rodrigues S, Naik R, Naik-Gaonkar S, Kalorey DR, Kurkure NV, Naik R, Barbuddhe SB, 2014. Human brucellosis among pyrexia of unknown origin cases and occupationally exposed individuals in Goa Region, India. Emerg Health Threats J 7: 23846.
-
26.
Marcotty T, Thys E, Conrad P, Godfroid J, Craig P, Zinsstag J, Meheus F, Boukary AR, Badé MA, Sahibi H, Filali H, Hendrickx S, Pissang C, Van Herp M, van der Roost D, Thys S, Hendrickx D, Claes M, Demeulenaere T, van Mierlo J, Dehoux JP, Boelaert M, 2013. Intersectoral collaboration between the medical and veterinary professions in low-resource societies: the role of research and training institutions. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 36: 233–239.
-
27.
Lindahl E, Sattorov N, Boqvist S, Magnusson U, 2015. A study of knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to brucellosis among small-scale dairy farmers in an urban and peri-urban area of Tajikistan. PLoS One 10: e0117318.
-
28.
Adesokan HK, Alabi PI, Stack JA, Cadmus SI, 2013. Knowledge and practices related to bovine brucellosis transmission amongst livestock workers in Yewa, south-western Nigeria. J S Afr Vet Assoc 84: E1–E5.
-
29.
Nasinyama G, Ssekawojwa E, Opuda J, Grimaud P, Etter E, Bellinguez A, 2014. Brucella sero-prevalence and modifiable risk factors among predisposed cattle keepers and consumers of un-pasteurized milk in Mbarara and Kampala districts, Uganda. Afr Health Sci 14: 790–796.
-
30.
Kang’ethe EK, Ekuttan CE, Kimani VN, Kiragu MW, 2007. Investigations into the prevalence of bovine brucellosis and the risk factors that predispose humans to infection among urban dairy and non-dairy farming households in Dagoretti Division, Nairobi, Kenya. East Afr Med J 84: S96–S100.
-
31.
Bouley AJ, Biggs HM, Stoddard RA, Morrissey AB, Bartlett JA, Afwamba IA, Maro VP, Kinabo GD, Saganda W, Cleaveland S, Crump JA, 2012. Brucellosis among hospitalized febrile patients in northern Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 1105–1111.
-
32.
Kansiime C, Mugisha A, Makumbi F, Mugisha S, Rwego IB, Sempa J, Kiwanuka SN, Asiimwe BB, Rutebemberwa E, 2014. Knowledge and perceptions of brucellosis in the pastoral communities adjacent to Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda. BMC Public Health 14: 242.
-
33.
Roy S, McElwain TF, Wan Y, 2011. A network control theory approach to modeling and optimal control of zoonoses: case study of brucellosis transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1259.
-
34.
Mfinanga SG, Mørkve O, Kazwala RR, Cleaveland S, Sharp JM, Shirima G, Nilsen R, 2003. Tribal differences in perception of tuberculosis: a possible role in tuberculosis control in Arusha, Tanzania. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 7: 933–941.
-
35.
Namanda AT, Kakai R, Otsyula M, 2009. The role of unpasteurized ‘hawked’ milk in the transmission of brucellosis in Eldoret municipality, Kenya. J Infect Dev Ctries 3: 260–266.
-
36.
Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, 2009. Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources Strategic Plan for the Transformation of Agriculture in Rwanda—Phase II (PSTA II) Final Report. Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, Rwanda, 1–114.
-
37.
MINAGRI, 2009. Strategic Plan for the Transformation of Agriculture in Rwanda—Phase II (PSTA II).
-
38.
Shirima GM, Fitzpatrick JM, Kunda JS, Mfinanga GS, Kazwala RR, Kambarage DM, Cleaveland SC, 2010. The role of livestock keeping in human brucellosis trends in livestock keeping communities in Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res 12: 6.
-
39.
Bekure S, De Leeuw PN, Grandin BE, Neate PJH, 1991. Maasai Herding: An Analysis of the Livestock Production System of Maasai Pastoralists in Eastern Kajiado District, Kenya. ILCA Systems Study 4. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: International Livestock Centre for Africa.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 408 | 192 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 480 | 12 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 179 | 13 | 0 |
Seroprevalence of Brucellosis among Patients Attending a District Hospital in Rwanda
James Gafirita
James Gafirita
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;
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George Kiiza
George Kiiza
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;
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Angelique Murekatete
Angelique Murekatete
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;
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Leonard L. Ndahayo
Leonard L. Ndahayo
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;
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John Tuyisenge
John Tuyisenge
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;
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Vedaste Mashengesho
Vedaste Mashengesho
Nyagatare District Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda
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Rudoviko Ruhirwa
Rudoviko Ruhirwa
Nyagatare District Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda
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Theogene Nyandwi
Theogene Nyandwi
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;
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Brenda Asiimwe-Kateera
Brenda Asiimwe-Kateera
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;
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Vedaste Ndahindwa
Vedaste Ndahindwa
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;
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Kato J. Njunwa
Kato J. Njunwa
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;
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Studies on human brucellosis in Rwanda are scarce, and the incidence is likely to be higher than official estimates. In a recent study using Rose Bengal Test (RBT) on women who had aborted or had still births in Huye district, 25% were Brucella seroprevalent. Thus, purpose of the present study was to investigate the Brucella seroprevalence in patients presenting with the key signs and symptoms of brucellosis. Cross-sectional study was done in Nyagatare District in the Eastern Province of Rwanda. A total of 198 patients were recruited from Nyagatare District Hospital, blood samples were collected, and sera analyzed with RBT. A questionnaire was used to explore the risk factors. A total of 12 patients (6.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.662–7.820) were Brucella seropositive. Infection was significantly associated with drinking unboiled milk (odds ratio [OR] = 8.3; 95% CI = 2.4–29.2) and having had recurrent fever (OR = 5.6; 95% CI = 1.5–21.3). Drinking unboiled milk is a risk factor for Brucella infection. Provision of adequate resources and trainings to staff in brucellosis diagnosis is needed to reduce recurrence of fevers probably because of misdiagnosis. Public awareness creation on transmission routes of brucellosis is to be intensified.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: James Gafirita, George Kiiza, Angelique Murekatete, Leonard L. Ndahayo, John Tuyisenge, Theogene Nyandwi, Brenda Asiimwe-Kateera, Vedaste Ndahindwa, and Kato J. Njunwa, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda, E-mails: jgafirita@yahoo.com, zgeorge89@gmail.com, rwanda murekatete89@gmail.com, ndahayoleo2@gmail.com, tuyijohn@gmail.com, nyandwi.theogene@yahoo.fr, bkateera@gmail.com, ndahindwa@gmail.com, and knjunwa@ur.ac.rw. Vedaste Mashengesho and Rudoviko Ruhirwa, Nyagatare District Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda, E-mails: vedaste77@gmail.com and rrwa1971@googlemail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Bronsvoort BM, Koterwas B, Land F, Handel IG, Tucker J, Morgan KL, Tanya VN, Abdoel TH, Smits HL, 2009. Comparison of a flow assay for brucellosis antibodies with the reference cELISA test in West African Bos indicus. PLoS One 4: e5221.
-
2.
Pappas G, 2010. The changing Brucella ecology: novel reservoirs, new threats. Int J Antimicrob Agents 36: S8–S11.
-
3.
Godfroid J, Al Dahouk S, Pappas G, Roth F, Matope G, Muma J, Marcotty T, Pfeiffer D, Skjerve E, 2013. A ‘One Health’ surveillance and control of brucellosis in developing countries: moving away from improvisation. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 36: 241–248.
-
4.
Corbel MJ, 2006. Brucellosis in Humans and Animals. WHO/CDS/EPR/2006.7. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
5.
Chatikoba P, Manzi M, Kagarama J, Rwemarika JD, Umunezero O, 2008. The Prevalence of Bovine Brucellosis in Milking Dairy Herds in Nyagatare and its Implications on Dairy Productivity and Public Health. 3rd International Conference on Appropriate Technology. November 12–15, 2008, Kigali, Rwanda. Republic of Rwanda Ministry in the Office of the President In Charge of Science and Technology.
-
6.
John K, Fitzpatrick J, French N, Kazwala R, Kambarage D, Mfinanga GS, MacMillan A, Cleaveland S, 2010. Quantifying risk factors for human brucellosis in rural northern Tanzania. PLoS One 5: e9968.
-
7.
Rujeni N, Mbanzamihigo L, 2014. Prevalence of brucellosis among women presenting with abortion/stillbirth in Huye, Rwanda. J Trop Med 2014: 740479.
-
8.
Rubach MP, Halliday JEB, Cleaveland S, Crump Ja, 2013. Brucellosis in low-income and middle-income countries. Curr Opin Infect Dis 26: 404–412.
-
9.
Islam MA, Khatun MM, Werre SR, Sriranganathan N, Boyle SM, 2013. A review of Brucella seroprevalence among humans and animals in Bangladesh with special emphasis on epidemiology, risk factors and control opportunities. Vet Microbiol 166: 317–326.
-
10.
Swai ES, Schoonman L, 2009. Human brucellosis: seroprevalence and risk factors related to high risk occupational groups in Tanga municipality, Tanzania. Zoonoses Public Health 56: 183–187.
-
11.
Godfroid J, Scholz HC, Barbier T, Nicolas C, Wattiau P, Fretin D, Whatmore AM, Cloeckaert A, Blasco JM, Moriyon I, Saegerman C, Muma JB, Al Dahouk S, Neubauer H, Letesson JJ, 2011. Brucellosis at the animal/ecosystem/human interface at the beginning of the 21st century. Prev Vet Med 102: 118–131.
-
12.
Perkins SD, Smither SJ, Atkins HS, 2010. Towards a Brucella vaccine for humans. FEMS Microbiol Rev 34: 379–394.
-
13.
Allen LK, Hatfield JM, Manyama MJ, 2013. Reducing microscopy-based malaria misdiagnosis in a low-resource area of Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res 15: 26–32.
-
14.
Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources Rwanda, 2013. Strategic Plan for the Transformation of Agriculture in Rwanda Phase III. Republic of Rwanda, Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, Rwanda.
-
15.
Ndateba V, 2014. Nyagatare Livestock Watering System Works on the right track. MINAGRI Weekly Flash News, 1–8.
-
16.
Manishimwe R, Ntaganda J, Habimana R, Nishimwe K, Byukusenge M, Dutuze F, Ayabagabo JD, Lydia U, Rukundo JC, 2015. Comparison between Rose Bengal Plate Test and competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to detect bovine brucellosis in Kigali City, Rwanda. J. Vet. Sci. Technol 6: 1–4.
-
17.
Kubuafor DK, Awumbila B, Akanmori BD, 2000. Seroprevalence of brucellosis in cattle and humans in the Akwapim-South district of Ghana: public health implications. Acta Trop 76: 45–48.
-
18.
Thys E, Oueadraogo M, Speybroeck N, Geerts S, 2005. Socio-economic determinants of urban household livestock keeping in semi-arid western Africa. J Arid Environ 63: 475–496.
-
19.
Díaz R, Casanova A, Ariza J, Moriyón I, 2011. The rose Bengal test in human brucellosis: a neglected test for the diagnosis of a neglected disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: 1–7.
-
20.
Maichomo MW, McDermott JJ, Arimi SM, Gathura PB, Mugambi TJ, Muriuki SM, 2000. Study of brucellosis in a pastoral community and evaluation of the usefulness of clinical signs and symptoms in differentiating it from other flu-like diseases. Afr J Health Sci 7: 114–119.
-
21.
Maichomo MW, McDermott JJ, Arimi SM, Gathura PB, 1998. Assessment of the Rose-Bengal plate test for the diagnosis of human brucellosis in health facilities in Narok district, Kenya. East Afr Med J 75: 219–222.
-
22.
McDermott JJ, Arimi SM, 2002. Brucellosis in sub-Saharan Africa: epidemiology, control and impact. Vet Microbiol 90: 111–134.
-
23.
Kunda J, Fitzpatrick J, Kazwala R, French NP, Shirima G, Macmillan A, Kambarage D, Bronsvoort M, Cleaveland S, 2007. Health-seeking behaviour of human brucellosis cases in rural Tanzania. BMC Public Health 7: 315.
-
24.
Baba MM, Sarkindared SE, Brisibe F, 2001. Serological evidence of brucellosis among predisposed patients with pyrexia of unknown origin in the north eastern Nigeria. Cent Eur J Public Health 9: 158–161.
-
25.
Pathak AD, Dubal ZB, Doijad S, Raorane A, Rodrigues S, Naik R, Naik-Gaonkar S, Kalorey DR, Kurkure NV, Naik R, Barbuddhe SB, 2014. Human brucellosis among pyrexia of unknown origin cases and occupationally exposed individuals in Goa Region, India. Emerg Health Threats J 7: 23846.
-
26.
Marcotty T, Thys E, Conrad P, Godfroid J, Craig P, Zinsstag J, Meheus F, Boukary AR, Badé MA, Sahibi H, Filali H, Hendrickx S, Pissang C, Van Herp M, van der Roost D, Thys S, Hendrickx D, Claes M, Demeulenaere T, van Mierlo J, Dehoux JP, Boelaert M, 2013. Intersectoral collaboration between the medical and veterinary professions in low-resource societies: the role of research and training institutions. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 36: 233–239.
-
27.
Lindahl E, Sattorov N, Boqvist S, Magnusson U, 2015. A study of knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to brucellosis among small-scale dairy farmers in an urban and peri-urban area of Tajikistan. PLoS One 10: e0117318.
-
28.
Adesokan HK, Alabi PI, Stack JA, Cadmus SI, 2013. Knowledge and practices related to bovine brucellosis transmission amongst livestock workers in Yewa, south-western Nigeria. J S Afr Vet Assoc 84: E1–E5.
-
29.
Nasinyama G, Ssekawojwa E, Opuda J, Grimaud P, Etter E, Bellinguez A, 2014. Brucella sero-prevalence and modifiable risk factors among predisposed cattle keepers and consumers of un-pasteurized milk in Mbarara and Kampala districts, Uganda. Afr Health Sci 14: 790–796.
-
30.
Kang’ethe EK, Ekuttan CE, Kimani VN, Kiragu MW, 2007. Investigations into the prevalence of bovine brucellosis and the risk factors that predispose humans to infection among urban dairy and non-dairy farming households in Dagoretti Division, Nairobi, Kenya. East Afr Med J 84: S96–S100.
-
31.
Bouley AJ, Biggs HM, Stoddard RA, Morrissey AB, Bartlett JA, Afwamba IA, Maro VP, Kinabo GD, Saganda W, Cleaveland S, Crump JA, 2012. Brucellosis among hospitalized febrile patients in northern Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 1105–1111.
-
32.
Kansiime C, Mugisha A, Makumbi F, Mugisha S, Rwego IB, Sempa J, Kiwanuka SN, Asiimwe BB, Rutebemberwa E, 2014. Knowledge and perceptions of brucellosis in the pastoral communities adjacent to Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda. BMC Public Health 14: 242.
-
33.
Roy S, McElwain TF, Wan Y, 2011. A network control theory approach to modeling and optimal control of zoonoses: case study of brucellosis transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1259.
-
34.
Mfinanga SG, Mørkve O, Kazwala RR, Cleaveland S, Sharp JM, Shirima G, Nilsen R, 2003. Tribal differences in perception of tuberculosis: a possible role in tuberculosis control in Arusha, Tanzania. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 7: 933–941.
-
35.
Namanda AT, Kakai R, Otsyula M, 2009. The role of unpasteurized ‘hawked’ milk in the transmission of brucellosis in Eldoret municipality, Kenya. J Infect Dev Ctries 3: 260–266.
-
36.
Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, 2009. Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources Strategic Plan for the Transformation of Agriculture in Rwanda—Phase II (PSTA II) Final Report. Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, Rwanda, 1–114.
-
37.
MINAGRI, 2009. Strategic Plan for the Transformation of Agriculture in Rwanda—Phase II (PSTA II).
-
38.
Shirima GM, Fitzpatrick JM, Kunda JS, Mfinanga GS, Kazwala RR, Kambarage DM, Cleaveland SC, 2010. The role of livestock keeping in human brucellosis trends in livestock keeping communities in Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res 12: 6.
-
39.
Bekure S, De Leeuw PN, Grandin BE, Neate PJH, 1991. Maasai Herding: An Analysis of the Livestock Production System of Maasai Pastoralists in Eastern Kajiado District, Kenya. ILCA Systems Study 4. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: International Livestock Centre for Africa.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 408 | 192 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 480 | 12 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 179 | 13 | 0 |