Plasmodium vivax Infections over 3 Years in Duffy Blood Group Negative Malians in Bandiagara, Mali

Amadou Niangaly Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali;

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Karthigayan Gunalan Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland;

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Amed Ouattara Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali;
Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

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Drissa Coulibaly Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali;

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Juliana M. Sá Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland;

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Matthew Adams Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

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Mark A. Travassos Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

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Jennifer Ferrero Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

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Matthew B. Laurens Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

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Abdoulaye K. Kone Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali;

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Mahamadou A. Thera Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali;

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Christopher V. Plowe Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

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Louis H. Miller Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland;

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Ogobara K. Doumbo Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali;

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DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0254
Volume/Issue:
Volume 97: Issue 3
Page(s):
744–752
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Plasmodium vivax was thought to infect only the erythrocytes of Duffy blood group positive people. In the last decade, P. vivax has appeared throughout Africa, both in areas where Duffy positive and negative people live side by side as in Madagascar and Ethiopia and in areas where people are primarily Duffy negative, such as in western Kenya. We performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction on blood samples dried onto filter paper to determine the prevalence of P. vivax and Plasmodium falciparum in a cohort of 300 children (newborn to 6 years of age) in Bandiagara, a Sahelian area of Mali, west Africa, where the people are Duffy negative. We report 1–3 occurrences of P. vivax in each of 25 Duffy-negative children at six time points over two rainy seasons and the beginning of the third season. The prevalence of P. vivax infection was 2.0–2.5% at every time point (June 2009 to June 2010). All children with P. vivax infections were asymptomatic and afebrile, and parasite densities were extremely low. Anemia, however, was the main burden of infection. Plasmodium vivax could become a burden to sub-Saharan Africa, and the evidence of P. vivax existence needs to be taken into consideration in designing malaria control and elimination strategies in Africa.

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Author Notes

Address correspondence to Louis H. Miller, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway Rockville, MD 20852, E-mail: lmiller@niaid.nih.gov or Ogobara K. Doumbo, Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali, E-mail: okd@icermali.org.

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Financial support: This work was supported by the cooperative agreement 5U01AI065683 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; and the grant D43TW001589 from the Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Intramural Research Program of the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health.

Authors’ addresses: Amadou Niangaly, Amed Ouattara, Drissa Coulibaly, Abdoulaye K. Kone, Mahamadou A. Thera, and Ogobara K. Doumbo, Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali, E-mails: niangaly@icermali.org, amouattara@som.umaryland.edu, coulibalyd@icermali.org, fankone@icermali.org, mthera@icermali.org, and okd@icermali.org. Karthigayan Gunalan, Juliana M. Sá, and Louis H. Miller, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research and National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, E-mails: karthigayan.gunalan@nih.gov, jsa@niaid.nih.gov, and lmiller@niaid.nih.gov. Amed Ouattara, Matthew Adams, Mark A. Travassos, Jennifer Ferrero, Matthew B. Laurens, and Christopher V. Plowe, Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, E-mails: amouattara@som.umaryland.edu, madams@som.umaryland.edu, mtravass@som.umaryland.edu, jferrero@thellf.org, mlaurens@som.umaryland.edu, and cplowe@som.umaryland.edu.

Copyright:
© The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2017
Received:
28 Mar 2017
|
Accepted:
02 Jun 2017
|
Published Online:
24 Jul 2017
Cover The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Print ISSN:
0002-9637
Online ISSN:
1476-1645
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