ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
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World Health Organization, 2016. World Malaria Report 2016., Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/252038/1/9789241511711-eng.pdf. Accessed October 17, 2016.
-
4.
Leighton C, Foster R, 1993. Economic Impacts of Malaria in Kenya and Nigeria. Available at: www.popline.org/node/335331. Accessed April 7, 2015.
-
5.
Vorasan N, Pan-Ngum W, Jittamala P, Maneeboonyang W, Prasert Rukmanee P, Lawpoolsr S, 2015. Long-term impact of childhood malaria infection on school performance among school children in a malaria endemic area along the Thai–Myanmar border. Malar J 14: 401.
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Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health, 2012. National Malaria Guidelines, 3rd edition. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: FMoH. Available at: https://www.medbox.org/national-malaria-guidelines-ethiopia/download.pdf. Accessed May 22, 2014.
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Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health, 2014 . National Malaria Program Monitoring and Evaluation Plan 2014–2020. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: FMoH. Available at: http://www.moh.gov.et/documents/26765/0/National+Malaria+Program+Plan+2014-2020/d1189778-9dd0-4523-ba79-509aae69c4b4?version=1.1. Accessed November 11, 2015.
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Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health, 2012. Ethiopia National Malaria Indicator Survey 2011: Technical Summary. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: FMoH. Available at: www.ephi.gov.et/images/downloads/2011ethiopiamistechsummary.pdf. Accessed August 2, 2014.
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Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health, 2011. Malaria Program Performance Review Aide Memoire. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: FMoH. Available at: http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/files/files/countries/Ethiopia-The-malaria-program-performance-review-2011.pdf. Accessed August 13, 2014.
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10.
Alemu K, Worku A, Berhane Y, Kumie A, 2014. Men traveling away from home are more likely to bring malaria into high altitude villages, northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 9: e95341.
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11.
Danis-Lozano R, Rodríguez MH, Betanzos-Reyes AF, Hernández-Avila JE, González-Cerón L, Méndez-Galván JF, Velázquez-Monroy OJ, Tapia-Conyer R, 2007. Individual risk factors for Plasmodium vivax infection in the residual malaria transmission focus of Oaxaca, Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 49: 199–209.
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12.
Yukich JO, Taylor C, Eisele TP, Reithinger R, Nauhassenay H, Berhane Y, Keating J, 2013. Travel history and malaria infection risk in a low-transmission setting in Ethiopia: a case control study. Malar J 12: 33.
-
13.
Cotter C, Sturrock HJ, Hsiang MS, Liu J, Phillips AA, Hwang J, Gueye CS, Fullman N, Gosling RD, Feachem RG, 2013. The changing epidemiology of malaria elimination: new strategies for new challenges. Lancet 382: 900–911.
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14.
Eckhardt R, Berrang-Ford L, Ross NA, Pillai DR, Buckeridge DL, 2012. A spatial analysis of individual and neighborhood-level determinants of malaria incidence in adults, Ontario, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 18: 775–782.
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15.
Stoddard ST, Morrison AC, Vazquez-Prokopec GM, Soldan VP, Kochel TJ, Kitron U, Elder JP, Scott TW, 2009. The role of human movement in the transmission of vector-borne pathogens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e481.
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International Organization for Migration, 2013. A Global Report on Population Mobility and Malaria: Moving Towards Elimination with Migration in Mind. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Migration. Available at: https://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/What-We-Do/docs/REPORT-14Aug2013-v3-FINAL-IOM-Global-Report-Population-Mobility-and-Malaria.pdf. Accessed May 19, 2015.
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Martens P, Hall L, 2000. Malaria on the move: human population movement and malaria transmission. Emerg Infect Dis 6: 103–109.
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Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia, 2015. Ethiopia National Strategy for the Development of Statistics 2009/10–2014/15. Available at: http://www.paris21.org/sites/default/files/Ethiopia_NSDS_Evaluationreport_cover.pdf. Accessed September 14, 2014.
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USAID, Presdent's Malaria Initiative Ethiopia, 2013. Presdent’s Malaria Initiative Ethiopia, Malaria Operational Plan FY, 2013. Available at: https://www.pmi.gov/docs/default-source/default-document-library/malaria-operational-plans/fy13/ethiopia_mop_fy13.pdf?sfvrsn=8. Accessed February 21, 2015.
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World Health Organization, 2016. Global Malaria Programme: WHO Malaria Terminology. WHO/HTM/GMP/2016.6. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
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Alene GD, Worku A, 2008. Differentials of fertility in north and south Gondar zones, northwest Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 8: 397.
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Pindolia DK, Garcia AJ, Wesolowski A, Smith DL, Buckee CO, Noor AM, Snow RW, Tatem AJ, 2012. Human movement data for malaria control and elimination strategic planning. Malar J 11: 205.
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Pindolia DK, Garcia AJ, Huang Z, Smith DL, Alegana VA, Noor AM, Snow RW, Tatem AJ, 2013. The demographics of human and malaria movement and migration patterns in East Africa. Malar J 12: 397.
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Ernst KC, Lindblade KA, Koech D, Sumba PO, Kuwuor DO, John CC, Wilson ML, 2009. Environmental, socio‐demographic and behavioural determinants of malaria risk in the western Kenyan highlands: a case–control study. Trop Med Int Health 14: 1258–1265.
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Lynch CA, Bruce J, Bhasin A, Roper C, Cox J, Abeku TA, 2015. Association between recent internal travel and malaria in Ugandan highland and highland fringe areas. Trop Med Int Health 20: 773–780.
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27.
Bradley J, Monti F, Rehman AM, Schwabe C, Vargas D, Garcia G, Hergott D, Matilde Riloha M, Kleinschmidt I, 2015. Infection importation: a key challenge to malaria elimination on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Malar J 14: 46.
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28.
Animut A, Gebre-Michael T, Balkew M, Lindtjørn B, 2012. Abundance and dynamics of anopheline larvae in a highland malarious area of south central Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 5: 117.
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Dennis G, Kimutai B, Maguire J, 2004. Travel as a risk factor for malaria requiring hospitalization on a highland tea plantation in western Kenya. J Travel Med 11: 354–358.
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Peterson I, Borrell LN, El-Sadr W, Teklehaimanot A, 2009. Individual and household level factors associated with malaria incidence in a highland region of Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 103–111.
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31.
Keating J, Macintyre K, Mbogo CM, Githure JI, Beier JC, 2005. Self-reported malaria and mosquito avoidance in relation to household risk factors in a Kenyan coastal city. J Biosoc Sci 37: 761–771.
-
32.
Graves PM, et al., 2009. Individual, household and environmental risk factors for malaria infection in Amhara, Oromia and SNNP regions of Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 1211–1220.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 341 | 239 | 14 |
| Full Text Views | 478 | 16 | 6 |
| PDF Downloads | 216 | 15 | 6 |
Population Movement as a Risk Factor for Malaria Infection in High-Altitude Villages of Tahtay–Maychew District, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: A Case–Control Study
Mebrahtom Haile
Mebrahtom Haile
School of Water and Public Health, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resource, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia;
Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
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Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
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Hailemariam Lemma
Hailemariam Lemma
Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
Public Health Department, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia;
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Public Health Department, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia;
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Yemane Weldu
Yemane Weldu
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
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Key goal and targets of the Ethiopia National Malaria Control Program are to achieve malaria elimination within specific geographical areas with historically low malaria transmission and to reach near-zero malaria transmission in the remaining malarious areas by 2020. However, back and forth population movement between high-transmission and low-transmission area imposes challenge on the success of national malaria control programs. Therefore, examining the effect of human movement and identification of at-risk populations is crucial in an elimination setting. A matched case–control study was conducted among 520 study participants at a community level in low malaria transmission settings in northern Ethiopia. Study participants who received a malaria test were interviewed regarding their recent travel history. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to determine if the reported travel was related to malaria infection. Younger age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.73, 5.89) and travel in the previous month (AOR = 11.40, 95% CI: 6.91, 18.82) were statistically significant risk factors for malaria infection. Other statistically significant factors, including lower educational level (AOR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.26, 3.86) and nonagricultural in occupation (AOR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.02, 3.94), were also found as risk factors for malaria infection. Generally, travel history was found to be a strong predictor for malaria acquisition in the high-altitude villages. Therefore, besides the existing efforts in endemic areas, targeting those who frequently travel to malarious areas is crucial to reduce malaria infection risks and possibility of local transmissions in high-altitude areas of northern Ethiopia.
Author Notes
Financial support: University of Connecticut (USA), USAID, and Addis Ababa University/Ethiopian Institute of Water Resource: GRANT NUMBER: RES/ EIWR/009/2014.
Authors’ addresses: Mebrahtom Haile and Hailemariam Lemma, National Malaria Program at Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, E-mails: mebrahtom2007@gmail.com and hailelm@gmail.com. Yemane Weldu, Mekelle University College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia, E-mail: yemaneweldu@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
2.
Tuteja R, 2007. Malaria: an overview. FEBS J 274: 4670–4679.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2016. World Malaria Report 2016., Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/252038/1/9789241511711-eng.pdf. Accessed October 17, 2016.
-
4.
Leighton C, Foster R, 1993. Economic Impacts of Malaria in Kenya and Nigeria. Available at: www.popline.org/node/335331. Accessed April 7, 2015.
-
5.
Vorasan N, Pan-Ngum W, Jittamala P, Maneeboonyang W, Prasert Rukmanee P, Lawpoolsr S, 2015. Long-term impact of childhood malaria infection on school performance among school children in a malaria endemic area along the Thai–Myanmar border. Malar J 14: 401.
-
6.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health, 2012. National Malaria Guidelines, 3rd edition. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: FMoH. Available at: https://www.medbox.org/national-malaria-guidelines-ethiopia/download.pdf. Accessed May 22, 2014.
-
7.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health, 2014 . National Malaria Program Monitoring and Evaluation Plan 2014–2020. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: FMoH. Available at: http://www.moh.gov.et/documents/26765/0/National+Malaria+Program+Plan+2014-2020/d1189778-9dd0-4523-ba79-509aae69c4b4?version=1.1. Accessed November 11, 2015.
-
8.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health, 2012. Ethiopia National Malaria Indicator Survey 2011: Technical Summary. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: FMoH. Available at: www.ephi.gov.et/images/downloads/2011ethiopiamistechsummary.pdf. Accessed August 2, 2014.
-
9.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health, 2011. Malaria Program Performance Review Aide Memoire. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: FMoH. Available at: http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/files/files/countries/Ethiopia-The-malaria-program-performance-review-2011.pdf. Accessed August 13, 2014.
-
10.
Alemu K, Worku A, Berhane Y, Kumie A, 2014. Men traveling away from home are more likely to bring malaria into high altitude villages, northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 9: e95341.
-
11.
Danis-Lozano R, Rodríguez MH, Betanzos-Reyes AF, Hernández-Avila JE, González-Cerón L, Méndez-Galván JF, Velázquez-Monroy OJ, Tapia-Conyer R, 2007. Individual risk factors for Plasmodium vivax infection in the residual malaria transmission focus of Oaxaca, Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 49: 199–209.
-
12.
Yukich JO, Taylor C, Eisele TP, Reithinger R, Nauhassenay H, Berhane Y, Keating J, 2013. Travel history and malaria infection risk in a low-transmission setting in Ethiopia: a case control study. Malar J 12: 33.
-
13.
Cotter C, Sturrock HJ, Hsiang MS, Liu J, Phillips AA, Hwang J, Gueye CS, Fullman N, Gosling RD, Feachem RG, 2013. The changing epidemiology of malaria elimination: new strategies for new challenges. Lancet 382: 900–911.
-
14.
Eckhardt R, Berrang-Ford L, Ross NA, Pillai DR, Buckeridge DL, 2012. A spatial analysis of individual and neighborhood-level determinants of malaria incidence in adults, Ontario, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 18: 775–782.
-
15.
Stoddard ST, Morrison AC, Vazquez-Prokopec GM, Soldan VP, Kochel TJ, Kitron U, Elder JP, Scott TW, 2009. The role of human movement in the transmission of vector-borne pathogens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e481.
-
16.
International Organization for Migration, 2013. A Global Report on Population Mobility and Malaria: Moving Towards Elimination with Migration in Mind. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Migration. Available at: https://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/What-We-Do/docs/REPORT-14Aug2013-v3-FINAL-IOM-Global-Report-Population-Mobility-and-Malaria.pdf. Accessed May 19, 2015.
-
17.
Martens P, Hall L, 2000. Malaria on the move: human population movement and malaria transmission. Emerg Infect Dis 6: 103–109.
-
18.
Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia, 2015. Ethiopia National Strategy for the Development of Statistics 2009/10–2014/15. Available at: http://www.paris21.org/sites/default/files/Ethiopia_NSDS_Evaluationreport_cover.pdf. Accessed September 14, 2014.
-
19.
USAID, Presdent's Malaria Initiative Ethiopia, 2013. Presdent’s Malaria Initiative Ethiopia, Malaria Operational Plan FY, 2013. Available at: https://www.pmi.gov/docs/default-source/default-document-library/malaria-operational-plans/fy13/ethiopia_mop_fy13.pdf?sfvrsn=8. Accessed February 21, 2015.
-
20.
World Health Organization, 2016. Global Malaria Programme: WHO Malaria Terminology. WHO/HTM/GMP/2016.6. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
21.
Chuquiyauri R, et al., 2012. Socio-demographics and the development of malaria elimination strategies in the low transmission setting. Acta Trop 121: 292–302.
-
22.
Alene GD, Worku A, 2008. Differentials of fertility in north and south Gondar zones, northwest Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 8: 397.
-
23.
Pindolia DK, Garcia AJ, Wesolowski A, Smith DL, Buckee CO, Noor AM, Snow RW, Tatem AJ, 2012. Human movement data for malaria control and elimination strategic planning. Malar J 11: 205.
-
24.
Pindolia DK, Garcia AJ, Huang Z, Smith DL, Alegana VA, Noor AM, Snow RW, Tatem AJ, 2013. The demographics of human and malaria movement and migration patterns in East Africa. Malar J 12: 397.
-
25.
Ernst KC, Lindblade KA, Koech D, Sumba PO, Kuwuor DO, John CC, Wilson ML, 2009. Environmental, socio‐demographic and behavioural determinants of malaria risk in the western Kenyan highlands: a case–control study. Trop Med Int Health 14: 1258–1265.
-
26.
Lynch CA, Bruce J, Bhasin A, Roper C, Cox J, Abeku TA, 2015. Association between recent internal travel and malaria in Ugandan highland and highland fringe areas. Trop Med Int Health 20: 773–780.
-
27.
Bradley J, Monti F, Rehman AM, Schwabe C, Vargas D, Garcia G, Hergott D, Matilde Riloha M, Kleinschmidt I, 2015. Infection importation: a key challenge to malaria elimination on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Malar J 14: 46.
-
28.
Animut A, Gebre-Michael T, Balkew M, Lindtjørn B, 2012. Abundance and dynamics of anopheline larvae in a highland malarious area of south central Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 5: 117.
-
29.
Dennis G, Kimutai B, Maguire J, 2004. Travel as a risk factor for malaria requiring hospitalization on a highland tea plantation in western Kenya. J Travel Med 11: 354–358.
-
30.
Peterson I, Borrell LN, El-Sadr W, Teklehaimanot A, 2009. Individual and household level factors associated with malaria incidence in a highland region of Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 103–111.
-
31.
Keating J, Macintyre K, Mbogo CM, Githure JI, Beier JC, 2005. Self-reported malaria and mosquito avoidance in relation to household risk factors in a Kenyan coastal city. J Biosoc Sci 37: 761–771.
-
32.
Graves PM, et al., 2009. Individual, household and environmental risk factors for malaria infection in Amhara, Oromia and SNNP regions of Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 1211–1220.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 341 | 239 | 14 |
| Full Text Views | 478 | 16 | 6 |
| PDF Downloads | 216 | 15 | 6 |