Author:
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Hall A, Hewitt G, Tuffrey V, De Silva N, 2008. A review and meta-analysis of the impact of intestinal worms on child growth and nutrition. Matern Child Nutr 4 (Suppl 1): 118–236.
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Cairncross S, Blumenthal U, Kolsky P, Moraes L, Tayeh A, 1996. The public and domestic domains in the transmission of disease. Trop Med Int Health 1: 27–34.
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Ranjan S, Passi SJ, Singh SN, 2013. Prevalence and risk factors associated with the presence of soil-transmitted helminths in children studying in Municipal Corporation of Delhi Schools of Delhi, India. J Parasit Dis 39: 377–384.
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13.
Nishiura H, Imai H, Nakao H, Tsukino H, 2002. Ascaris lumbricoides among children in rural communities in the northern area, Pakistan: prevalence, intensity, and associated socio-cultural and behavioral risk factors. Acta Trop 83: 223–231.
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14.
Traub RJ, Robertson ID, Irwin P, Mencke N, Thompson RCA, 2004. The prevalence, intensities and risk factors associated with geohelminth infection in tea-growing communities of Assam, India. Trop Med Int Health 9: 688–701.
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17.
Mubarak MY, Wagner AL, Asami M, Carlson BF, Boulton ML, 2016. Hygienic practices and diarrheal illness among persons living in at-risk settings in Kabul, Afghanistan: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 16: 459.
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20.
Periago MV, Diniz RC, Pinto SA, Yakovleva A, Correa- R, Diemert DJ, Bethony JM, 2015. The right tool for the job : detection of soil-transmitted helminths in areas co-endemic for other helminths. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003967.
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Hygienic Behaviors and Risks for Ascariasis among College Students in Kabul, Afghanistan
Mohammad Yousuf Mubarak
Mohammad Yousuf Mubarak
Department of Microbiology, Kabul Medical University, Kabul, Afghanistan;
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Abram L. Wagner
Abram L. Wagner
Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
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Bradley F. Carlson
Bradley F. Carlson
Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
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Matthew L. Boulton
Matthew L. Boulton
Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Teenagers have a high prevalence of ascariasis in low-income countries with endemic disease, and their hygienic behaviors and access to proper sanitation may be limited in rapidly urbanizing settings. We studied university students in Kabul to estimate the proportion with ascariasis and determine the prevalence of risk factors for infection. Ascariasis was assessed through microscopy for 520 students attending Kabul Medical University. Overall, 15.8% of students were infected. Living in a hostel (21.2% versus 10.4% in houses) using well water (27.7% versus 9.7% for piped water), eating street food (29.4% versus 3.0% for those who do not), and eating unwashed vegetables (63.6% versus 8.8% for those who do not) were risk factors for infection. Recent city migrants who live in group hostels, including students, are important targets for interventions to reduce ascariasis. Such interventions could include encouraging individuals to prepare their own food and use only potable water.
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Author Notes
Financial support: ALW’s salary was funded through the PhRMA Foundation. This article and MYM’s participation in the Afghanistan Biosciences Fellowship Program is sponsored by the U.S. government Cooperative Biological Engagement Program with support from CRDF Global. The content of the information does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the federal government, and no official endorsement should be inferred.
Authors’ addresses: Mohammad Yousuf Mubarak, Department of Microbiology, Kabul Medical University, Kabul, Afghanistan, E-mail: yousuf.mubarak@kmu.edu.af. Abram L. Wagner, Bradley F. Carlson, and Matthew L. Boulton, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, E-mails: awag@umich.edu, bcarlson@umich.edu, and mboulton@umich.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016. Parasites—Ascariasis. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/ascariasis/index.html. Accessed September 29, 2016.
-
2.
Pullan RL, Smith JL, Jasrasaria R, Brooker SJ, 2014. Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in 2010. Parasit Vectors 7: 37.
-
3.
Hall A, Anwar KS, Tomkins A, Rahman L, 1999. The distribution of Ascaris lumbricoides in human hosts: a study of 1765 people in Bangladesh. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93: 503–510.
-
4.
Hall A, Hewitt G, Tuffrey V, De Silva N, 2008. A review and meta-analysis of the impact of intestinal worms on child growth and nutrition. Matern Child Nutr 4 (Suppl 1): 118–236.
-
5.
Bethony J, Brooker S, Albonico M, Geiger SM, Loukas A, Diemert D, Hotez PJ, 2006. Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm. Lancet 367: 1521–1532.
-
6.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2015. UNHCR—Afghanistan. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486eb6.html. Accessed November 12, 2015.
-
7.
Varkey S, Higgins-Steele A, Mashal T, Hamid BA, Bhutta ZA, 2015. Afghanistan in transition: call for investment in nutrition. Lancet Glob Health 3: e13–e14.
-
8.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2014. Afghanistan. Available at: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Country-Profiles/. Accessed October 15, 2015.
-
9.
Marsden P, 2003. Afghanistan: the reconstruction process. Int Aff 79: 91–105.
-
10.
Gabrielli AF, Ramsan M, Naumann C, Tsogzolmaa D, 2005. Soil-transmitted helminths and haemoglobin status among Afghan children in World Food Programme assisted schools. J Helminthol 79: 381–384.
-
11.
Cairncross S, Blumenthal U, Kolsky P, Moraes L, Tayeh A, 1996. The public and domestic domains in the transmission of disease. Trop Med Int Health 1: 27–34.
-
12.
Ranjan S, Passi SJ, Singh SN, 2013. Prevalence and risk factors associated with the presence of soil-transmitted helminths in children studying in Municipal Corporation of Delhi Schools of Delhi, India. J Parasit Dis 39: 377–384.
-
13.
Nishiura H, Imai H, Nakao H, Tsukino H, 2002. Ascaris lumbricoides among children in rural communities in the northern area, Pakistan: prevalence, intensity, and associated socio-cultural and behavioral risk factors. Acta Trop 83: 223–231.
-
14.
Traub RJ, Robertson ID, Irwin P, Mencke N, Thompson RCA, 2004. The prevalence, intensities and risk factors associated with geohelminth infection in tea-growing communities of Assam, India. Trop Med Int Health 9: 688–701.
-
15.
GeoHive, 2016. Afghanistan: Administrative Units, Extended. Available at: http://www.geohive.com/cntry/afghanistan_ext.aspx. Accessed June 27, 2016.
-
16.
Setchell CA, Luther CN, 2009. Kabul, Afghanistan: a case study in responding to urban displacement. Humanit Exch Mag 45: 33–36.
-
17.
Mubarak MY, Wagner AL, Asami M, Carlson BF, Boulton ML, 2016. Hygienic practices and diarrheal illness among persons living in at-risk settings in Kabul, Afghanistan: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 16: 459.
-
18.
Tadesse G, 2005. The prevalence of intestinal helminthic infections and associated risk factors among school children in Babile town, eastern Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev 19: 140–147.
-
19.
Vollaard A, Ali S, van Asten HAGH, Ismid IS, Widjaja S, Visser LG, Surjadi C, van Dissel JT, 2004. Risk factors for transmission of foodborne illness in restaurants and street vendors in Jakarta, Indonesia. Epidemiol Infect 132: 863–872.
-
20.
Periago MV, Diniz RC, Pinto SA, Yakovleva A, Correa- R, Diemert DJ, Bethony JM, 2015. The right tool for the job : detection of soil-transmitted helminths in areas co-endemic for other helminths. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003967.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 25 | 25 | 10 |
| Full Text Views | 374 | 95 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 158 | 32 | 0 |