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-
1.
Chen SM, Dumler JS, Bakken JS, Walker DH, 1994. Identification of a granulocytotropic Ehrlichia species as the etiologic agent of human disease. J Clin Microbiol 32: 589–595.
-
2.
Kim KH, Yi J, Oh WS, Kim NH, Choi SJ, Choe PG, Kim NJ, Lee JK, Oh MD, 2014. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, South Korea, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 1708–1711.
-
3.
Nadelman RB, Horowitz HW, Hsieh TC, Wu JM, Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Schwartz I, Nowakowski J, Varde S, Wormser GP, 1997. Simultaneous human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and Lyme borreliosis. N Engl J Med 337: 27–30.
-
4.
Dumler JS, Bakken JS, 1995. Ehrlichial diseases of humans: emerging tick-borne infections. Clin Infect Dis 20: 1102–1110.
-
5.
Silaghi C, Kauffmann M, Passos LM, Pfister K, Zweygarth E, 2011. Isolation, propagation and preliminary characterization of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in the tick cell line IDE8. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2: 204–208.
-
6.
Takano A, Ando S, Kishimoto T, Fujita H, Kadosaka T, Nitta Y, Kawabata H, Watanabe H, 2009. Presence of a novel Ehrlichia sp. in Ixodes granulatus found in Okinawa, Japan. Microbiol Immunol 53: 101–106.
-
7.
Oh JY, Moon BC, Bae BK, Shin EH, Ko YH, Kim YJ, Park YH, Chae JS, 2009. Genetic identification and phylogenetic analysis of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species in Haemaphysalis longicornis collected from Jeju Island, Korea. J Bacteriol Virol 39: 257–267.
-
8.
Massung RF, Levin ML, Munderloh UG, Silverman DJ, Lynch MJ, Gaywee JK, Kurtti TJ, 2007. Isolation and propagation of the Ap-Variant 1 strain of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in a tick cell line. J Clin Microbiol 45: 2138–2143.
-
9.
Levin ML, Nicholson WL, Massung RF, Sumner JW, Fish D, 2002. Comparison of the reservoir competence of medium-sized mammals and Peromyscus leucopus for Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Connecticut. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2: 125–136.
-
10.
Eremeeva ME, Balayeva NM, Raoult D, 1994. Serological response of patients suffering from primary and recrudescent typhus: comparison of complement fixation reaction, Weil-Felix test, microimmunofluorescence, and immunoblotting. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1: 318–324.
-
11.
Tabara K, Arai S, Kawabuchi T, Itagaki A, Ishihara C, Satoh H, Okabe N, Tsuji M, 2007. Molecular survey of Babesia microti, Ehrlichia species and Candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis in wild rodents from Shimane Prefecture, Japan. Microbiol Immunol 51: 359–367.
-
12.
Brouqui P, Bacellar F, Baranton G, Birtles RJ, Bjoërsdorff A, Blanco JR, Caruso G, Cinco M, Fournier PE, Francavilla E, Jensenius M, Kazar J, Laferl H, Lakos A, Lotric Furlan S, Maurin M, Oteo JA, Parola P, Perez-Eid C, Peter O, Postic D, Raoult D, Tellez A, Tselentis Y, Wilske B, 2004. Guidelines for the diagnosis of tick-borne bacterial diseases in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 10: 1108–1132.
-
13.
Jin H, Wei F, Liu Q, Qian J, 2012. Epidemiology and control of human granulocytic anaplasmosis: a systematic review. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12: 269–274.
-
14.
Hamburg BJ, Storch GA, Micek ST, Kollef MH, 2008. The importance of early treatment with doxycycline in human ehrlichiosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 87: 53–60.
-
15.
Eiscenstein BI, 1990. The polymerase chain reaction. A new method of using molecular genetics for medical diagnosis. N Engl J Med 323: 178–183.
-
16.
Watthanaworawit W, Turner P, Turner C, Tanganuchitcharnchai A, Richards AL, Bourzac KM, Blacksell SD, Nosten F, 2013. A prospective evaluation of real-time PCR assays for the detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi and Rickettsia spp. for early diagnosis of rickettsial infections during the acute phase of undifferentiated febrile illness. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 308–310.
-
17.
Denison AM, Amin BD, Nicholson WL, Paddock CD, 2014. Detection of Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia parkeri, and Rickettsia akari in skin biopsy specimens using a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Clin Infect Dis 59: 635–642.
-
18.
Reppert E, Galindo RC, Ayllón N, Breshears MA, Kocan KM, Blouin EF, de la Fuente J, 2014. Studies of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in sheep experimentally infected with the human NY-18 isolate: characterization of tick feeding sites. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 5: 744–752.
-
19.
Granquist EG, Aleksandersen M, Bergström K, Dumler SJ, Torsteinbø WO, Stuen S, 2010. A morphological and molecular study of Anaplasma phagocytophilum transmission events at the time of Ixodes ricinus tick bite. Acta Vet Scand 52: 43.
-
20.
Kim DM, Kim HL, Park CY, Yang TY, Lee JH, Yang JT, Shim SK, Lee SH, 2006. Clinical usefulness of eschar polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of scrub typhus: a prospective study. Clin Infect Dis 43: 1296–1300.
-
21.
Reppert E, Galindo RC, Ayllón N, Breshears MA, Kocan KM, Blouin EF, de la Fuente J, 2014. Studies of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in sheep experimentally infected with the human NY-18 isolate: characterization of tick feeding sites. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 5: 744–752.
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| Abstract Views | 76 | 76 | 7 |
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Case Report: Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing of Tick Bite Site Samples for the Diagnosis of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis
Choon-Mee Kim
Choon-Mee Kim
Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Seok Won Kim
Seok Won Kim
Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Dong-Min Kim
Dong-Min Kim
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Na-Ra Yoon
Na-Ra Yoon
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Piyush Jha
Piyush Jha
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Sook Jin Jang
Sook Jin Jang
Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Young-Joon Ahn
Young-Joon Ahn
Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Donghoon Lim
Donghoon Lim
Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Seung Hun Lee
Seung Hun Lee
Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Seon Do Hwang
Seon Do Hwang
Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Yeong Seon Lee
Yeong Seon Lee
Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is a tick-borne infectious disease caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, an obligate intracellular bacterium. Until now, the utility of tick-bite site samples for HGA diagnosis has not been reported. Using a patient's buffy coat and tick-bite site crust samples, we performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing using Ehrlichia- or Anaplasma-specific primers. PCR with buffy coat and crust samples obtained before doxycycline administration was positive. Six days after doxycycline administration, PCR with the buffy coat sample was negative but PCR with a crust tissue sample from the tick-bite site remained positive. This is the first case to suggest that crust tissue at the tick-bite site may be useful for early HGA diagnosis in patients who have already been treated with antibiotics such as doxycycline.
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Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Choon-Mee Kim, Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea, E-mail: choonmee@chosun.ac.kr. Seok Won Kim, Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea, E-mail: chosunns@chosun.ac.kr. Dong-Min Kim, Na-Ra Yoon, and Piyush Jha, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea, E-mails: drongkim@chosun.ac.kr, shine@chosun.ac.kr, and pjhadoc@gmail.com. Sook Jin Jang, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea, E-mail: sjbjang@chosun.ac.kr. Young-Joon Ahn, Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea, E-mail: yjoon@Chosun.ac.kr. Donghoon Lim, Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea, E-mail: dhlim@chosun.ac.kr. Seung Hun Lee, Seon do Hwang, and Yeong Seon Lee, Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea, E-mails: lee5196@nate.com, hwangsd@korea.kr, and ysleenih@korea.kr.
Financial support: This study was supported by research funds from Chosun University Hospital 2016.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Chen SM, Dumler JS, Bakken JS, Walker DH, 1994. Identification of a granulocytotropic Ehrlichia species as the etiologic agent of human disease. J Clin Microbiol 32: 589–595.
-
2.
Kim KH, Yi J, Oh WS, Kim NH, Choi SJ, Choe PG, Kim NJ, Lee JK, Oh MD, 2014. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, South Korea, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 1708–1711.
-
3.
Nadelman RB, Horowitz HW, Hsieh TC, Wu JM, Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Schwartz I, Nowakowski J, Varde S, Wormser GP, 1997. Simultaneous human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and Lyme borreliosis. N Engl J Med 337: 27–30.
-
4.
Dumler JS, Bakken JS, 1995. Ehrlichial diseases of humans: emerging tick-borne infections. Clin Infect Dis 20: 1102–1110.
-
5.
Silaghi C, Kauffmann M, Passos LM, Pfister K, Zweygarth E, 2011. Isolation, propagation and preliminary characterization of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in the tick cell line IDE8. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2: 204–208.
-
6.
Takano A, Ando S, Kishimoto T, Fujita H, Kadosaka T, Nitta Y, Kawabata H, Watanabe H, 2009. Presence of a novel Ehrlichia sp. in Ixodes granulatus found in Okinawa, Japan. Microbiol Immunol 53: 101–106.
-
7.
Oh JY, Moon BC, Bae BK, Shin EH, Ko YH, Kim YJ, Park YH, Chae JS, 2009. Genetic identification and phylogenetic analysis of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species in Haemaphysalis longicornis collected from Jeju Island, Korea. J Bacteriol Virol 39: 257–267.
-
8.
Massung RF, Levin ML, Munderloh UG, Silverman DJ, Lynch MJ, Gaywee JK, Kurtti TJ, 2007. Isolation and propagation of the Ap-Variant 1 strain of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in a tick cell line. J Clin Microbiol 45: 2138–2143.
-
9.
Levin ML, Nicholson WL, Massung RF, Sumner JW, Fish D, 2002. Comparison of the reservoir competence of medium-sized mammals and Peromyscus leucopus for Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Connecticut. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2: 125–136.
-
10.
Eremeeva ME, Balayeva NM, Raoult D, 1994. Serological response of patients suffering from primary and recrudescent typhus: comparison of complement fixation reaction, Weil-Felix test, microimmunofluorescence, and immunoblotting. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1: 318–324.
-
11.
Tabara K, Arai S, Kawabuchi T, Itagaki A, Ishihara C, Satoh H, Okabe N, Tsuji M, 2007. Molecular survey of Babesia microti, Ehrlichia species and Candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis in wild rodents from Shimane Prefecture, Japan. Microbiol Immunol 51: 359–367.
-
12.
Brouqui P, Bacellar F, Baranton G, Birtles RJ, Bjoërsdorff A, Blanco JR, Caruso G, Cinco M, Fournier PE, Francavilla E, Jensenius M, Kazar J, Laferl H, Lakos A, Lotric Furlan S, Maurin M, Oteo JA, Parola P, Perez-Eid C, Peter O, Postic D, Raoult D, Tellez A, Tselentis Y, Wilske B, 2004. Guidelines for the diagnosis of tick-borne bacterial diseases in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 10: 1108–1132.
-
13.
Jin H, Wei F, Liu Q, Qian J, 2012. Epidemiology and control of human granulocytic anaplasmosis: a systematic review. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12: 269–274.
-
14.
Hamburg BJ, Storch GA, Micek ST, Kollef MH, 2008. The importance of early treatment with doxycycline in human ehrlichiosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 87: 53–60.
-
15.
Eiscenstein BI, 1990. The polymerase chain reaction. A new method of using molecular genetics for medical diagnosis. N Engl J Med 323: 178–183.
-
16.
Watthanaworawit W, Turner P, Turner C, Tanganuchitcharnchai A, Richards AL, Bourzac KM, Blacksell SD, Nosten F, 2013. A prospective evaluation of real-time PCR assays for the detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi and Rickettsia spp. for early diagnosis of rickettsial infections during the acute phase of undifferentiated febrile illness. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 308–310.
-
17.
Denison AM, Amin BD, Nicholson WL, Paddock CD, 2014. Detection of Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia parkeri, and Rickettsia akari in skin biopsy specimens using a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Clin Infect Dis 59: 635–642.
-
18.
Reppert E, Galindo RC, Ayllón N, Breshears MA, Kocan KM, Blouin EF, de la Fuente J, 2014. Studies of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in sheep experimentally infected with the human NY-18 isolate: characterization of tick feeding sites. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 5: 744–752.
-
19.
Granquist EG, Aleksandersen M, Bergström K, Dumler SJ, Torsteinbø WO, Stuen S, 2010. A morphological and molecular study of Anaplasma phagocytophilum transmission events at the time of Ixodes ricinus tick bite. Acta Vet Scand 52: 43.
-
20.
Kim DM, Kim HL, Park CY, Yang TY, Lee JH, Yang JT, Shim SK, Lee SH, 2006. Clinical usefulness of eschar polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of scrub typhus: a prospective study. Clin Infect Dis 43: 1296–1300.
-
21.
Reppert E, Galindo RC, Ayllón N, Breshears MA, Kocan KM, Blouin EF, de la Fuente J, 2014. Studies of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in sheep experimentally infected with the human NY-18 isolate: characterization of tick feeding sites. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 5: 744–752.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 76 | 76 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 584 | 163 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 216 | 41 | 0 |