Author:
- INTRODUCTION
- METHODS
- RESULTS
- Sociodemographic and clinical description of study cohort.
- Respiratory virus detection.
- Seasonality of ILI and respiratory viruses.
- Sociodemographic and clinical features associated with respiratory virus detection.
- Features associated with detection of influenza versus other respiratory viruses by PCR.
- Rapid influenza test performance characteristics.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
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Ng S, Gordon A, 2015. Influenza burden and transmission in the tropics. Curr Epidemiol Rep 2: 89–100.
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Saha S, Chadha M, Al Mamun A, Rahman M, Sturm-Ramirez K, Chittaganpitch M, Pattamadilok S, Olsen SJ, Sampurno OD, Setiawaty V, Pangesti KNA, Samaan G, Archkhawongs S, Vongphrachanh P, Phonekeo D, Corwin A, Touch S, Buchy P, Chea N, Kitsutani P, Mai LQ, Thiem VD, Lin R, Low C, Kheong CC, Ismail N, Yusof MA, Tandoc A, Roque V, Mishra A, Moen AC, Widdowson M-A, Partridge J, Lal RB, 2014. Influenza seasonality and vaccination timing in tropical and subtropical areas of southern and south-eastern Asia. Bull World Health Organ 92: 318–330.
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Burden and Seasonality of Viral Acute Respiratory Tract Infections among Outpatients in Southern Sri Lanka
David Shapiro
David Shapiro
Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Champica K. Bodinayake
Champica K. Bodinayake
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhuna University, Galle, Sri Lanka
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Ajith Nagahawatte
Ajith Nagahawatte
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhuna University, Galle, Sri Lanka
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Vasantha Devasiri
Vasantha Devasiri
Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhuna University, Galle, Sri Lanka
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Ruvini Kurukulasooriya
Ruvini Kurukulasooriya
Collaborative Research Center, Ruhuna University, Galle, Sri Lanka
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Jeremy Hsiang
Jeremy Hsiang
Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Bradley Nicholson
Bradley Nicholson
Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Aruna Dharshan De Silva
Aruna Dharshan De Silva
Genetech Research Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Truls Østbye
Truls Østbye
Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina
Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Megan E. Reller
Megan E. Reller
Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Christopher W. Woods
Christopher W. Woods
Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina
Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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L. Gayani Tillekeratne
L. Gayani Tillekeratne
Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina
Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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In tropical and subtropical settings, the epidemiology of viral acute respiratory tract infections varies widely between countries. We determined the etiology, seasonality, and clinical presentation of viral acute respiratory tract infections among outpatients in southern Sri Lanka. From March 2013 to January 2015, we enrolled outpatients presenting with influenza-like illness (ILI). Nasal/nasopharyngeal samples were tested in duplicate using antigen-based rapid influenza testing and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for respiratory viruses. Monthly proportion positive was calculated for each virus. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify associations between sociodemographic/clinical information and viral detection. Of 571 subjects, most (470, 82.3%) were ≥ 5 years of age and 53.1% were male. A respiratory virus was detected by PCR in 63.6% (N = 363). Common viral etiologies included influenza (223, 39%), human enterovirus/rhinovirus (HEV/HRV, 14.5%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, 4.2%), and human metapneumovirus (hMPV, 3.9%). Both ILI and influenza showed clear seasonal variation, with peaks from March to June each year. RSV and hMPV activity peaked from May to July, whereas HEV/HRV was seen year-round. Patients with respiratory viruses detected were more likely to report pain with breathing (odds ratio [OR] = 2.60, P = 0.003), anorexia (OR = 2.29, P < 0.001), and fatigue (OR = 2.00, P = 0.002) compared with patients with no respiratory viruses detected. ILI showed clear seasonal variation in southern Sri Lanka, with most activity during March to June; peak activity was largely due to influenza. Targeted infection prevention activities such as influenza vaccination in January–February may have a large public health impact in this region.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by the NIH Research Training Grant no. R25 TW009337 funded by the Fogarty International Center and the National Institute of Mental Health.
Disclosure: Christopher W. Woods has served in an advisory capacity to Becton, Dickinson, and Company.
Authors’ addresses: David Shapiro, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, E-mail: david.shapiro@duke.edu. Champica K. Bodinayake, Department of Medicine, Ruhuna University, Galle, Sri Lanka, E-mail: bodinayake@yahoo.co.uk. Ajith Nagahawatte, Department of Microbiology, Ruhuna University, Galle, Sri Lanka, E-mail: ajithnagahawatte@yahoo.co.uk. Vasantha Devasiri, Department of Pediatrics, Ruhuna University, Galle, Sri Lanka, E-mail: vdevasiri@gmail.com. Ruvini Kurukulasooriya, Duke-Ruhuna Collaborative Research Center, Ruhuna University, Galle, Sri Lanka, E-mail: ruhunasearch@gmail.com. Jeremy Hsiang and Bradley Nicholson, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, E-mails: jeremyhsiang8@gmail.com and brad.nicholson@duke.edu. Aruna Dharshan De Silva, Genetech, Research Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka, E-mail: dslv90@yahoo.com. Truls Østbye, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, and Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, E-mail: truls.ostbye@dm.duke.edu. Megan E. Reller, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, E-mail: megan.reller@duke.edu. Christopher W. Woods and L. Gayani Tillekeratne, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, and Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, E-mails: chris.woods@duke.edu and gayani.tillekeratne@dm.duke.edu.
- INTRODUCTION
- METHODS
- RESULTS
- Sociodemographic and clinical description of study cohort.
- Respiratory virus detection.
- Seasonality of ILI and respiratory viruses.
- Sociodemographic and clinical features associated with respiratory virus detection.
- Features associated with detection of influenza versus other respiratory viruses by PCR.
- Rapid influenza test performance characteristics.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Ferkol T, Schraufnagel D, 2014. The global burden of respiratory disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc 11: 404–406.
-
2.
Molinari NA, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Messonnier ML, Thompson WW, Wortley PM, Weintraub E, Bridges CB, 2007. The annual impact of seasonal influenza in the US: measuring disease burden and costs. Vaccine 25: 5086–5096.
-
3.
Peasah SK, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Breese J, Meltzer MI, Widdowson M-A, 2013. Influenza cost and cost-effectiveness studies globally: a review. Vaccine 31: 5339–5348.
-
4.
Puzelli S, Valdarchi C, Ciotti M, Dorrucci M, Farchi F, Babakir-Mina M, Perno CF, Donatelli I, Rezza G, 2009. Viral causes of influenza-like illness: insight from a study during the winters 2004–2007. J Med Virol 81: 2066–2071.
-
5.
Huo X, Qin Y, Qi X, Zu R, Tang F, Li L, Hu Z, Zhu F, 2012. Surveillance of 16 respiratory viruses in patients with influenza-like illness in Nanjing, China. J Med Virol 84: 1980–1984.
-
6.
Thiberville SD, Ninove L, Vu Hai V, Botelho-Nevers E, Gazin C, Thirion L, Salez N, de Lamballerie X, Charrel R, Brouqui P, 2012. The viral etiology of an influenza-like illness during the 2009 pandemic. J Med Virol 84: 1071–1079.
-
7.
Bellei N, Carraro E, Perosa A, Watanabe A, Arruda E, Granato C, 2008. Acute respiratory infection and influenza-like illness viral etiologies in Brazilian adults. J Med Virol 80: 1824–1827.
-
8.
Breiman RF, Van Beneden CA, Farnon EC, 2013. Surveillance for respiratory infections in low- and middle-income countries: experience from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Global Disease Detection International Emerging Infections Program. J Infect Dis 208 (Suppl 3): S167–S172.
-
9.
Shek LP, Lee BW, 2003. Epidemiology and seasonality of respiratory tract virus infections in the tropics. Paediatr Respir Rev 4: 105–111.
-
10.
Hirve S, Lambach P, Paget J, Vandemaele K, Fitzner J, Zhang W, 2016. Seasonal influenza vaccine policy, use and effectiveness in the tropics and subtropics: a systematic literature review. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 10: 254–267.
-
11.
Hirve S, Newman LP, Paget J, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Fitzner J, Bhat N, Vandemaele K, Zhang W, 2016. Influenza seasonality in the tropics and subtropics: when to vaccinate? PLoS One 11: e0153003.
-
12.
World Health Organization, 2012. WHO Interim Global Epidemiological Surveillance Standards for Influenza. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
13.
Tillekeratne LG, Bodinayake CK, Nagahawatte A, Vidanagama D, Devasiri V, Arachchi WK, Kurukulasooriya R, De Silva AD, Ostbye T, Reller ME, Woods CW, 2015. Use of rapid influenza testing to reduce antibiotic prescriptions among outpatients with influenza-like illness in southern Sri Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 1031–1037.
-
14.
Dickinson Becton, 2014. BD Veritor System: CLIA-Waived for Rapid Detection of Flu A+B. Available at: http://www.bd.com/ds/productCenter/256045.asp. Accessed May 31, 2014.
-
15.
Hassan F, Nguyen A, Formanek A, Bell JJ, Selvarangan R, 2014. Comparison of the BD Veritor System for Flu A+B with the Alere BinaxNOW influenza A and B card for detection of influenza A and B viruses in respiratory specimens from pediatric patients. J Clin Microbiol 52: 906–910.
-
16.
Pabbaraju K, Wong S, Tokaryk KL, Fonseca K, Drews SJ, 2011. Comparison of the Luminex xTAG respiratory viral panel with xTAG respiratory viral panel fast for diagnosis of respiratory virus infections. J Clin Microbiol 49: 1738–1744.
-
17.
Esposito S, Daleno C, Prunotto G, Scala A, Tagliabue C, Borzani I, Fossali E, Pelucchi C, Principi N, 2013. Impact of viral infections in children with community-acquired pneumonia: results of a study of 17 respiratory viruses. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 7: 18–26.
-
18.
Minh An DT, Ngoc NT, Nilsson M, 2014. Influenza-like illness in a Vietnamese province: epidemiology in correlation with weather factors and determinants from the surveillance system. Glob Health Action 7: 23073.
-
19.
Haynes AK, Manangan AP, Iwane MK, Sturm-Ramirez K, Homaira N, Brooks WA, Luby S, Rahman M, Klena JD, Zhang Y, Yu H, Zhan F, Dueger E, Mansour AM, Azazzy N, McCracken JP, Bryan JP, Lopez MR, Burton DC, Bigogo G, Breiman RF, Feikin DR, Njenga K, Montgomery J, Cohen AL, Moyes J, Pretorius M, Cohen C, Venter M, Chittaganpitch M, Thamthitiwat S, Sawatwong P, Baggett HC, Luber G, Gerber SI, 2013. Respiratory syncytial virus circulation in seven countries with Global Disease Detection Regional Centers. J Infect Dis 208 (Suppl 3): S246–S254.
-
20.
Azziz Baumgartner E, Dao CN, Nasreen S, Bhuiyan MU, Mah-E-Muneer S, Al Mamun A, Sharker MAY, Zaman RU, Cheng P-Y, Klimov AI, Widdowson M-A, Uyeki TM, Luby SP, Mounts A, Bresee J, 2012. Seasonality, timing, and climate drivers of influenza activity worldwide. J Infect Dis 206: 838–846.
-
21.
Jayaweera JAAS, Noordeen F, Morel A, Pitchai N, Kothalawala S, Abeykoon AMSB, Peiris JSM, 2016. Viral burden in acute respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children in the wet and dry zones of Sri Lanka. Int J Infect Dis 45: 463.
-
22.
Ng S, Gordon A, 2015. Influenza burden and transmission in the tropics. Curr Epidemiol Rep 2: 89–100.
-
23.
Saha S, Chadha M, Al Mamun A, Rahman M, Sturm-Ramirez K, Chittaganpitch M, Pattamadilok S, Olsen SJ, Sampurno OD, Setiawaty V, Pangesti KNA, Samaan G, Archkhawongs S, Vongphrachanh P, Phonekeo D, Corwin A, Touch S, Buchy P, Chea N, Kitsutani P, Mai LQ, Thiem VD, Lin R, Low C, Kheong CC, Ismail N, Yusof MA, Tandoc A, Roque V, Mishra A, Moen AC, Widdowson M-A, Partridge J, Lal RB, 2014. Influenza seasonality and vaccination timing in tropical and subtropical areas of southern and south-eastern Asia. Bull World Health Organ 92: 318–330.
-
24.
Alonso WJ, Yu C, Viboud C, Richard SA, Schuck-Paim C, Simonsen L, Mello WA, Miller MA, 2015. A global map of hemispheric influenza vaccine recommendations based on local patterns of viral circulation. Sci Rep 5: 17214.
-
25.
Perera KVHKK, Chan KH, Ma E, Peiris JSM, 2010. Influenza virus infections among a sample of hospital attendees in Ragama, Sri Lanka. Ceylon Med J 55: 40–44.
-
26.
Sri Lanka Ministry of Health EU, 2015. Health Education Presentation on Seasonal Influenza 2015. Available at: internal-pdf://3829176326/Influenza update from Sri Lanka Ministry of He.pdf. Accessed June 1, 2016.
-
27.
Alonso WJ, Viboud C, Simonsen L, Hirano EW, Daufenbach LZ, Miller MA, 2007. Seasonality of influenza in Brazil: a traveling wave from the Amazon to the subtropics. Am J Epidemiol 165: 1434–1442.
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