World Health Organization, 2016. World Malaria Report 2016. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. ISBN 978-92-4-151171-1.
World Health Organization, 2017. Disease and Topics. Available at: http://apps.who.int/tdr/svc/diseases/malaria. Accessed January 2, 2017.
Sagara I, Dicko A, Ellis RD, Fay MP, Sory D, Assadou MH, Sissoko MS, Kone M, Diallo AI, Saye R, Guindo MA, Kante O, Niambele MB, Miura K, Mullen GE, Pierce M, Martin LB, Dolo A, Diallo DA, Doumbo OK, Miller LH, Saul A, 2009. A randomized controlled phase 2 trial of the blood stage AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel malaria vaccine in children in Mali. Vaccine 27: 3090–3098.
Thera MA, Doumbo OK, Coulibaly D, Laurens MB, Ouattara A, Kone AK, Guindo AB, Traore K, Traore I, Kouriba B, Diallo DA, Diarra I, Daou M, Dolo A, Tolo Y, Sissoko MS, Niangaly A, Sissoko M, Takala-Harrison S, Lyke KE, Wu Y, Blackwelder WC, Godeaux O, Vekemans J, Dubois MC, Ballou WR, Cohen J, Thompson D, Dube T, Soisson L, Diggs CL, House B, Lanar DE, Dutta S, Heppner DG Jr, Plowe CV, 2011. A field trial to assess a blood-stage malaria vaccine. N Engl J Med 365: 1004–1013.
Ogutu BR, 2009. Malaria management: progress made and challenges still to face. Malar J 8 (Suppl 1): S1.
Agnandji ST, Lell B, Soulanoudjingar SS, Fernandes JF, Abossolo BP, Conzelmann C, Methogo BG, Doucka Y, Flamen A, Mordmüller B, Issifou S, Kremsner PG, Sacarlal J, Aide P, Lanaspa M, Aponte JJ, Nhamuave A, Quelhas D, Bassat Q, Mandjate S, Macete E, Alonso P, Abdulla S, Salim N, Juma O, Shomari M, Shubis K, Machera F, Hamad AS, Minja R, Mtoro A, Sykes A, Ahmed S, Urassa AM, Ali AM, Mwangoka G, Tanner M, Tinto H, D’Alessandro U, Sorgho H, Valea I, Tahita MC, Kaboré W, Ouédraogo S, Sandrine Y, Guiguemdé RT, Ouédraogo JB, Hamel MJ, Kariuki S, Odero C, Oneko M, Otieno K, Awino N, Omoto J, Williamson J, Muturi-Kioi V, Laserson KF, Slutsker L, Otieno W, Otieno L, Nekoye O, Gondi S, Otieno A, Ogutu B, Wasuna R, Owira V, Jones D, Onyango AA, Njuguna P, Chilengi R, Akoo P, Kerubo C, Gitaka J, Maingi C, Lang T, Olotu A, Tsofa B, Bejon P, Peshu N, Marsh K, Owusu-Agyei S, Asante KP, Osei-Kwakye K, Boahen O, Ayamba S, Kayan K, Owusu-Ofori R, Dosoo D, Asante I, Adjei G, Adjei G, Chandramohan D, Greenwood B, Lusingu J, Gesase S, Malabeja A, Abdul O, Kilavo H, Mahende C, Liheluka E, Lemnge M, Theander T, Drakeley C, Ansong D, Agbenyega T, Adjei S, Boateng HO, Rettig T, Bawa J, Sylverken J, Sambian D, Agyekum A, Owusu L, Martinson F, Hoffman I, Mvalo T, Kamthunzi P, Nkomo R, Msika A, Jumbe A, Chome N, Nyakuipa D, Chintedza J, Ballou WR, Bruls M, Cohen J, Guerra Y, Jongert E, Lapierre D, Leach A, Lievens M, Ofori-Anyinam O, Vekemans J, Carter T, Leboulleux D, Loucq C, Radford A, Savarese B, Schellenberg D, Sillman M, Vansadia PRTS,S Clinical Trials Partnership, 2011. First results of phase 3 trial of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine in African children. N Engl J Med 365: 1863–1875.
Greenwood B, Targett G, 2009. Do we still need a malaria vaccine? Parasite Immunol 31: 582–586.
Birkett AJ, 2010. PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI): perspectives on the status of malaria vaccine development. Hum Vaccin 6: 139–145.
Wu Y, Ellis RD, Shaffer D, Fontes E, Malkin EM, Mahanty S, Fay MP, Narum D, Rausch K, Miles AP, Aebig J, Orcutt A, Muratova O, Song G, Lambert L, Zhu D, Miura K, Long C, Saul A, Miller LH, Durbin AP, 2008. Phase 1 trial of malaria transmission blocking vaccine candidates Pfs25 and Pvs25 formulated with montanide ISA 51. PLoS One 3: e2636.
Talaat KR, et al., 2016. Safety and immunogenicity of Pfs25-EPA/Alhydrogel(R), a transmission blocking vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum: an open label study in malaria naive adults. PLoS One 11: e0163144. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163144.
Dolo A, Poudiougo B, Modiano D, Camara F, Kouriba B, Diallo M, Bosman A, Crisanti A, Robson K, Doumbo O, 2003. Epidemiology of malaria in a village of Sudanese savannah in Mali (Bancoumana). Anti-TRAP and anti-CS humoral immunity response. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 96: 287–290.
Drakeley CJ, Eling W, Teelen K, Bousema JT, Sauerwein R, Greenwood BM, Targett GA, 2004. Parasite infectivity and immunity to Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in Gambian children. Parasite Immunol 26: 159–165.
Sternberg ED, Thomas MB, 2014. Local adaptation to temperature and the implications for vector-borne diseases. Trends Parasitol 30: 115–122.
Townes LR, Mwandama D, Mathanga DP, Wilson ML, 2013. Elevated dry-season malaria prevalence associated with fine-scale spatial patterns of environmental risk: a case-control study of children in rural Malawi. Malar J 12: 407.
Schneider P, Bousema JT, Gouagna LC, Otieno S, van de Vegte-Bolmer M, Omar SA, Sauerwein RW, 2007. Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte densities frequently result in mosquito infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 470–474.
Drakeley C, Sutherland C, Bousema JT, Sauerwein RW, Targett GA, 2006. The epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: weapons of mass dispersion. Trends Parasitol 22: 424–430.
CIA World Factbook. Mali Sex Ratio. Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html. Accessed January 2, 2017.
Sogoba N, Doumbia S, Vounatsou P, Baber I, Keita M, Maiga M, Traoré SF, Touré A, Dolo G, Smith T, Ribeiro JM, 2007. Monitoring of larval habitats and mosquito densities in the Sudan savanna of Mali: implications for malaria vector control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 82–88.
Mharakurwa S, Mutambu SL, Mberikunashe J, Thuma PE, Moss WJ, Mason PRSouthern Africa ICEMR Team, 2013. Changes in the burden of malaria following scale up of malaria control interventions in Mutasa District, Zimbabwe. Malar J 12: 233.
Roca-Feltrer A, Carneiro I, Smith L, Schellenberg JR, Greenwood B, Schellenberg D, 2010. The age patterns of severe malaria syndromes in sub-Saharan Africa across a range of transmission intensities and seasonality settings. Malar J 9: 282.
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The epidemiological characterization of transmission reservoirs is a critical step in preparation for interventional trials for malaria elimination/eradication. Using cluster sampling and households/compounds as units of sampling, we recruited and followed monthly, from June 2011 to June 2012, 250 volunteers 3 months to 50 years of age in Bancoumana, Mali. In July 2012, only participants 5–35 years of age (N = 121) were reenrolled and followed for an additional year. Malaria infection prevalence was highest in October in both 2011 (21.5%, 50/233) and 2012 (38.2%, 26/68). During both years, malaria infection prevalence was highest in children 5–14 years of age (P = 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively). The gametocyte carriage prevalence was highest in November 2011 (7.6%, 17/225) and in October 2012 (16.2%, 11/68). Gametocyte carriage rates by age did not significantly differ in 2011 and 2012. In Bancoumana, the asexual and sexual parasite carriage rates are relatively high and highly seasonal. Seasonal variation and age differences in parasite and gametocyte carriage provide essential knowledge for the design of transmission blocking assay and vaccine studies in the field.
Authors’ addresses: Mahamadoun Hamady Assadou, Issaka Sagara, Merepen Agnes Guindo, Mamady Kone, Sintry Sanogo, M’Bouye Doucoure, Sekouba Keita, and Ogobara K. Doumbo, Malaria Research and Training Center, FMOS-FAPH, Mali-NIAID-ICER, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali, E-mail: mmaiga@icermali.org. Sara A. Healy and Patrick E. Duffy, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD. Ruth D. Ellis, Biologics Consulting Group Inc., Alexandria, VA. Yimin Wu, PATH-Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington, DC. Freda Omaswa, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
World Health Organization, 2016. World Malaria Report 2016. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. ISBN 978-92-4-151171-1.
World Health Organization, 2017. Disease and Topics. Available at: http://apps.who.int/tdr/svc/diseases/malaria. Accessed January 2, 2017.
Sagara I, Dicko A, Ellis RD, Fay MP, Sory D, Assadou MH, Sissoko MS, Kone M, Diallo AI, Saye R, Guindo MA, Kante O, Niambele MB, Miura K, Mullen GE, Pierce M, Martin LB, Dolo A, Diallo DA, Doumbo OK, Miller LH, Saul A, 2009. A randomized controlled phase 2 trial of the blood stage AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel malaria vaccine in children in Mali. Vaccine 27: 3090–3098.
Thera MA, Doumbo OK, Coulibaly D, Laurens MB, Ouattara A, Kone AK, Guindo AB, Traore K, Traore I, Kouriba B, Diallo DA, Diarra I, Daou M, Dolo A, Tolo Y, Sissoko MS, Niangaly A, Sissoko M, Takala-Harrison S, Lyke KE, Wu Y, Blackwelder WC, Godeaux O, Vekemans J, Dubois MC, Ballou WR, Cohen J, Thompson D, Dube T, Soisson L, Diggs CL, House B, Lanar DE, Dutta S, Heppner DG Jr, Plowe CV, 2011. A field trial to assess a blood-stage malaria vaccine. N Engl J Med 365: 1004–1013.
Ogutu BR, 2009. Malaria management: progress made and challenges still to face. Malar J 8 (Suppl 1): S1.
Agnandji ST, Lell B, Soulanoudjingar SS, Fernandes JF, Abossolo BP, Conzelmann C, Methogo BG, Doucka Y, Flamen A, Mordmüller B, Issifou S, Kremsner PG, Sacarlal J, Aide P, Lanaspa M, Aponte JJ, Nhamuave A, Quelhas D, Bassat Q, Mandjate S, Macete E, Alonso P, Abdulla S, Salim N, Juma O, Shomari M, Shubis K, Machera F, Hamad AS, Minja R, Mtoro A, Sykes A, Ahmed S, Urassa AM, Ali AM, Mwangoka G, Tanner M, Tinto H, D’Alessandro U, Sorgho H, Valea I, Tahita MC, Kaboré W, Ouédraogo S, Sandrine Y, Guiguemdé RT, Ouédraogo JB, Hamel MJ, Kariuki S, Odero C, Oneko M, Otieno K, Awino N, Omoto J, Williamson J, Muturi-Kioi V, Laserson KF, Slutsker L, Otieno W, Otieno L, Nekoye O, Gondi S, Otieno A, Ogutu B, Wasuna R, Owira V, Jones D, Onyango AA, Njuguna P, Chilengi R, Akoo P, Kerubo C, Gitaka J, Maingi C, Lang T, Olotu A, Tsofa B, Bejon P, Peshu N, Marsh K, Owusu-Agyei S, Asante KP, Osei-Kwakye K, Boahen O, Ayamba S, Kayan K, Owusu-Ofori R, Dosoo D, Asante I, Adjei G, Adjei G, Chandramohan D, Greenwood B, Lusingu J, Gesase S, Malabeja A, Abdul O, Kilavo H, Mahende C, Liheluka E, Lemnge M, Theander T, Drakeley C, Ansong D, Agbenyega T, Adjei S, Boateng HO, Rettig T, Bawa J, Sylverken J, Sambian D, Agyekum A, Owusu L, Martinson F, Hoffman I, Mvalo T, Kamthunzi P, Nkomo R, Msika A, Jumbe A, Chome N, Nyakuipa D, Chintedza J, Ballou WR, Bruls M, Cohen J, Guerra Y, Jongert E, Lapierre D, Leach A, Lievens M, Ofori-Anyinam O, Vekemans J, Carter T, Leboulleux D, Loucq C, Radford A, Savarese B, Schellenberg D, Sillman M, Vansadia PRTS,S Clinical Trials Partnership, 2011. First results of phase 3 trial of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine in African children. N Engl J Med 365: 1863–1875.
Greenwood B, Targett G, 2009. Do we still need a malaria vaccine? Parasite Immunol 31: 582–586.
Birkett AJ, 2010. PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI): perspectives on the status of malaria vaccine development. Hum Vaccin 6: 139–145.
Wu Y, Ellis RD, Shaffer D, Fontes E, Malkin EM, Mahanty S, Fay MP, Narum D, Rausch K, Miles AP, Aebig J, Orcutt A, Muratova O, Song G, Lambert L, Zhu D, Miura K, Long C, Saul A, Miller LH, Durbin AP, 2008. Phase 1 trial of malaria transmission blocking vaccine candidates Pfs25 and Pvs25 formulated with montanide ISA 51. PLoS One 3: e2636.
Talaat KR, et al., 2016. Safety and immunogenicity of Pfs25-EPA/Alhydrogel(R), a transmission blocking vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum: an open label study in malaria naive adults. PLoS One 11: e0163144. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163144.
Dolo A, Poudiougo B, Modiano D, Camara F, Kouriba B, Diallo M, Bosman A, Crisanti A, Robson K, Doumbo O, 2003. Epidemiology of malaria in a village of Sudanese savannah in Mali (Bancoumana). Anti-TRAP and anti-CS humoral immunity response. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 96: 287–290.
Drakeley CJ, Eling W, Teelen K, Bousema JT, Sauerwein R, Greenwood BM, Targett GA, 2004. Parasite infectivity and immunity to Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in Gambian children. Parasite Immunol 26: 159–165.
Sternberg ED, Thomas MB, 2014. Local adaptation to temperature and the implications for vector-borne diseases. Trends Parasitol 30: 115–122.
Townes LR, Mwandama D, Mathanga DP, Wilson ML, 2013. Elevated dry-season malaria prevalence associated with fine-scale spatial patterns of environmental risk: a case-control study of children in rural Malawi. Malar J 12: 407.
Schneider P, Bousema JT, Gouagna LC, Otieno S, van de Vegte-Bolmer M, Omar SA, Sauerwein RW, 2007. Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte densities frequently result in mosquito infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 470–474.
Drakeley C, Sutherland C, Bousema JT, Sauerwein RW, Targett GA, 2006. The epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: weapons of mass dispersion. Trends Parasitol 22: 424–430.
CIA World Factbook. Mali Sex Ratio. Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html. Accessed January 2, 2017.
Sogoba N, Doumbia S, Vounatsou P, Baber I, Keita M, Maiga M, Traoré SF, Touré A, Dolo G, Smith T, Ribeiro JM, 2007. Monitoring of larval habitats and mosquito densities in the Sudan savanna of Mali: implications for malaria vector control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 82–88.
Mharakurwa S, Mutambu SL, Mberikunashe J, Thuma PE, Moss WJ, Mason PRSouthern Africa ICEMR Team, 2013. Changes in the burden of malaria following scale up of malaria control interventions in Mutasa District, Zimbabwe. Malar J 12: 233.
Roca-Feltrer A, Carneiro I, Smith L, Schellenberg JR, Greenwood B, Schellenberg D, 2010. The age patterns of severe malaria syndromes in sub-Saharan Africa across a range of transmission intensities and seasonality settings. Malar J 9: 282.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1091 | 953 | 46 |
Full Text Views | 396 | 9 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 124 | 14 | 0 |