Author:
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-
1.
Petti CA, Polage CR, Quinn TC, Ronald AR, Sande MA, 2006. Laboratory medicine in Africa: a barrier to effective health care. Clin Infect Dis 42: 377–382.
-
2.
Colley DG, Bustinduy AL, Secor WE, King CH, 2014. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet 383: 2253–2264.
-
3.
Kjetland EF, Poggensee G, Helling-Giese G, Richter J, Sjaastad A, Chitsulo L, Kumwenda N, Gundersen SG, Krantz I, Feldmeier H, 1996. Female genital schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma haematobium. Clinical and parasitological findings in women in rural Malawi. Acta Trop 62: 239–255.
-
4.
Magak P, Chang-Cojulun A, Kadzo H, Ireri E, Muchiri E, Kitron U, King CH, 2015. Case-control study of posttreatment regression of urinary tract morbidity among adults in Schistosoma haematobium-endemic communities in Kwale County, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 371–376.
-
5.
Gelfand M, Weinberg RW, Castle WM, 1967. Relation between carcinoma of the bladder and infestation with Schistosoma haematobium. Lancet 1: 1249–1251.
-
6.
Bedwani R, Renganathan E, El Kwhsky F, Braga C, Abu Seif HH, Abul Azm T, Zaki A, Franceschi S, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C, 1998. Schistosomiasis and the risk of bladder cancer in Alexandria, Egypt. Br J Cancer 77: 1186–1189.
-
7.
Bustinduy A, King C, Scott J, Appleton S, Sousa-Figueiredo JC, Betson M, Stothard JR, 2014. HIV and schistosomiasis co-infection in African children. Lancet Infect Dis 14: 640–649.
-
8.
Ozcan A, 2014. Mobile phones democratize and cultivate next-generation imaging, diagnostics and measurement tools. Lab Chip 14: 3187–3194.
-
9.
Coulibaly JT, Ouattara M, D'Ambrosio MV, Fletcher DA, Keiser J, Utzinger J, N'Goran EK, Andrews JR, Bogoch II, 2016. Accuracy of mobile phone and handheld light microscopy for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis and intestinal protozoa infections in Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004768.
-
10.
Coulibaly JT, Ouattara M, Keiser J, Bonfoh B, N'Goran EK, Andrews JR, Bogoch II, 2016. Evaluation of malaria diagnoses using a handheld light microscope in a community-based setting in rural Côte d'Ivoire. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95: 831–834.
-
11.
WHO Expert Committee, 2002. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 912: 1–57.
-
12.
Cybulski JS, Clements J, Prakash M, 2014. Foldscope: origami-based paper microscope. PLoS One 9: e98781.
-
13.
Ephraim RKD, Duah E, Cybulski JS, Prakash M, D'Ambrosio MV, Fletcher DA, Keiser J, Andrews JR, Bogoch II, 2015. Diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium infection with a mobile phone-mounted Foldscope and a reversed-lens CellScope in Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 92: 1253–1256.
-
14.
Bogoch II, Coulibaly JT, Andrews JR, Speich B, Keiser J, Stothard JR, N'Goran EK, Utzinger J, 2014. Evaluation of portable microscopic devices for the diagnosis of Schistosoma and soil-transmitted helminth infection. Parasitology 141: 1811–1818.
-
15.
Brown J, Theis L, Kerr L, Zakhidova N, O'Connor K, Uthman M, Oden ZM, Richards-Kortum R, 2011. A hand-powered, portable, low-cost centrifuge for diagnosing anemia in low-resource settings. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 327–332.
-
16.
Ephraim RKD, Duah E, Andrews JR, Bogoch II, 2014. Ultra-low-cost urine filtration for Schistosoma haematobium diagnosis: a proof-of-concept study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 91: 544–546.
-
17.
Zhu H, Sencan I, Wong J, Dimitrov S, Tseng D, Nagashima K, Ozcan A, 2013. Cost-effective and rapid blood analysis on a cell-phone. Lab Chip 13: 1282–1288.
-
18.
Linder E, Grote A, Varjo S, Linder N, Lebbad M, Lundin M, Diwan V, Hannuksela J, Lundin J, 2013. On-chip imaging of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine for diagnosis by computer vision. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2547.
-
19.
Koydemir HC, Gorocs Z, Tseng D, Cortazar B, Feng S, Chan RYL, Burbano J, McLeod E, Ozcan A, 2015. Rapid imaging, detection and quantification of Giardia lamblia cysts using mobile-phone based fluorescent microscopy and machine learning. Lab Chip 15: 1284–1293.
-
20.
D'Ambrosio MV, Bakalar M, Bennuru S, Reber C, Skandarajah A, Nilsson L, Switz N, Kamgno J, Pion S, Boussinesq M, Nutman TB, Fletcher DA, 2015. Point-of-care quantification of blood-borne filarial parasites with a mobile phone microscope. Sci Transl Med 7: 286re4.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 78 | 78 | 14 |
| Full Text Views | 1387 | 773 | 7 |
| PDF Downloads | 370 | 55 | 1 |
Evaluation of a Mobile Phone-Based Microscope for Screening of Schistosoma haematobium Infection in Rural Ghana
Isaac I. Bogoch
Isaac I. Bogoch
Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Hatice C. Koydemir
Hatice C. Koydemir
Electrical and Bioengineering Departments, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
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Derek Tseng
Derek Tseng
Electrical and Bioengineering Departments, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
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Richard K. D. Ephraim
Richard K. D. Ephraim
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
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Evans Duah
Evans Duah
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
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Joseph Tee
Joseph Tee
Volta River Authority, Accra, Ghana.
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Jason R. Andrews
Jason R. Andrews
Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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Aydogan Ozcan
Aydogan Ozcan
Electrical and Bioengineering Departments, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
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Schistosomiasis affects over 170 million people in Africa. Here we compare a novel, low-cost mobile phone microscope to a conventional light microscope for the label-free diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium infections in a rural Ghanaian school setting. We tested the performance of our handheld microscope using 60 slides that were randomly chosen from an ongoing epidemiologic study in school-aged children. The mobile phone microscope had a sensitivity of 72.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 56.1–84.2), specificity of 100% (95% CI: 75.9–100), positive predictive value of 100% (95% CI: 86.3–100), and a negative predictive value of 57.1% (95% CI: 37.4–75.0). With its modest sensitivity and high specificity, this handheld and cost-effective mobile phone–based microscope is a stepping-stone toward developing a powerful tool in clinical and public health settings where there is limited access to conventional laboratory diagnostic support.
Author Notes
Financial support: IIB is supported by Grand Challenges Canada 0631-01-10 (www.grandchallenges.ca) and a grant from the MSH UHN AMO Innovation Fund.
Authors' addresses: Isaac I. Bogoch, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, E-mail: isaac.bogoch@uhn.ca. Hatice C. Koydemir, Derek Tseng, and Aydogan Ozcan, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, E-mails: hceylan@ucla.edu, delike@gmail.com, and ozcan@ucla.edu. Richard K. D. Ephraim and Evans Duah, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana, E-mails: rephraim@ucc.edu.gh and evans.duah@stu.ucc.edu.gh. Joseph Tee, Volta River Authority Corp, Accra, Ghana, E-mail: tjoseph_2001@yahoo.co.uk. Jason R. Andrews, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, E-mail: jandr@stanford.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Petti CA, Polage CR, Quinn TC, Ronald AR, Sande MA, 2006. Laboratory medicine in Africa: a barrier to effective health care. Clin Infect Dis 42: 377–382.
-
2.
Colley DG, Bustinduy AL, Secor WE, King CH, 2014. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet 383: 2253–2264.
-
3.
Kjetland EF, Poggensee G, Helling-Giese G, Richter J, Sjaastad A, Chitsulo L, Kumwenda N, Gundersen SG, Krantz I, Feldmeier H, 1996. Female genital schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma haematobium. Clinical and parasitological findings in women in rural Malawi. Acta Trop 62: 239–255.
-
4.
Magak P, Chang-Cojulun A, Kadzo H, Ireri E, Muchiri E, Kitron U, King CH, 2015. Case-control study of posttreatment regression of urinary tract morbidity among adults in Schistosoma haematobium-endemic communities in Kwale County, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 371–376.
-
5.
Gelfand M, Weinberg RW, Castle WM, 1967. Relation between carcinoma of the bladder and infestation with Schistosoma haematobium. Lancet 1: 1249–1251.
-
6.
Bedwani R, Renganathan E, El Kwhsky F, Braga C, Abu Seif HH, Abul Azm T, Zaki A, Franceschi S, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C, 1998. Schistosomiasis and the risk of bladder cancer in Alexandria, Egypt. Br J Cancer 77: 1186–1189.
-
7.
Bustinduy A, King C, Scott J, Appleton S, Sousa-Figueiredo JC, Betson M, Stothard JR, 2014. HIV and schistosomiasis co-infection in African children. Lancet Infect Dis 14: 640–649.
-
8.
Ozcan A, 2014. Mobile phones democratize and cultivate next-generation imaging, diagnostics and measurement tools. Lab Chip 14: 3187–3194.
-
9.
Coulibaly JT, Ouattara M, D'Ambrosio MV, Fletcher DA, Keiser J, Utzinger J, N'Goran EK, Andrews JR, Bogoch II, 2016. Accuracy of mobile phone and handheld light microscopy for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis and intestinal protozoa infections in Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004768.
-
10.
Coulibaly JT, Ouattara M, Keiser J, Bonfoh B, N'Goran EK, Andrews JR, Bogoch II, 2016. Evaluation of malaria diagnoses using a handheld light microscope in a community-based setting in rural Côte d'Ivoire. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95: 831–834.
-
11.
WHO Expert Committee, 2002. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 912: 1–57.
-
12.
Cybulski JS, Clements J, Prakash M, 2014. Foldscope: origami-based paper microscope. PLoS One 9: e98781.
-
13.
Ephraim RKD, Duah E, Cybulski JS, Prakash M, D'Ambrosio MV, Fletcher DA, Keiser J, Andrews JR, Bogoch II, 2015. Diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium infection with a mobile phone-mounted Foldscope and a reversed-lens CellScope in Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 92: 1253–1256.
-
14.
Bogoch II, Coulibaly JT, Andrews JR, Speich B, Keiser J, Stothard JR, N'Goran EK, Utzinger J, 2014. Evaluation of portable microscopic devices for the diagnosis of Schistosoma and soil-transmitted helminth infection. Parasitology 141: 1811–1818.
-
15.
Brown J, Theis L, Kerr L, Zakhidova N, O'Connor K, Uthman M, Oden ZM, Richards-Kortum R, 2011. A hand-powered, portable, low-cost centrifuge for diagnosing anemia in low-resource settings. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 327–332.
-
16.
Ephraim RKD, Duah E, Andrews JR, Bogoch II, 2014. Ultra-low-cost urine filtration for Schistosoma haematobium diagnosis: a proof-of-concept study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 91: 544–546.
-
17.
Zhu H, Sencan I, Wong J, Dimitrov S, Tseng D, Nagashima K, Ozcan A, 2013. Cost-effective and rapid blood analysis on a cell-phone. Lab Chip 13: 1282–1288.
-
18.
Linder E, Grote A, Varjo S, Linder N, Lebbad M, Lundin M, Diwan V, Hannuksela J, Lundin J, 2013. On-chip imaging of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine for diagnosis by computer vision. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2547.
-
19.
Koydemir HC, Gorocs Z, Tseng D, Cortazar B, Feng S, Chan RYL, Burbano J, McLeod E, Ozcan A, 2015. Rapid imaging, detection and quantification of Giardia lamblia cysts using mobile-phone based fluorescent microscopy and machine learning. Lab Chip 15: 1284–1293.
-
20.
D'Ambrosio MV, Bakalar M, Bennuru S, Reber C, Skandarajah A, Nilsson L, Switz N, Kamgno J, Pion S, Boussinesq M, Nutman TB, Fletcher DA, 2015. Point-of-care quantification of blood-borne filarial parasites with a mobile phone microscope. Sci Transl Med 7: 286re4.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 78 | 78 | 14 |
| Full Text Views | 1387 | 773 | 7 |
| PDF Downloads | 370 | 55 | 1 |