ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
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1.
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2.
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Scorza T, D'Souza S, Laloup M, Dewit J, De Braekeleer J, Verschueren H, Vercammen M, Huygen K, Jongert E, 2003. A GRA1 DNA vaccine primes cytolytic CD8(+) T cells to control acute Toxoplasma gondii infection. Infect Immun 71: 309–316.
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-
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Liu S, Shi L, Cheng YB, Fan GX, Ren HX, Yuan YK, 2009. Evaluation of protective effect of multi-epitope DNA vaccine encoding six antigen segments of Toxoplasma gondii in mice. Parasitol Res 105: 267–274.
-
21.
Naserifar R, Ghaffarifar F, Dalimi A, Sharifi Z, Solhjoo K, Hosseinian Khosroshahi K, 2015. Evaluation of immunogenicity of cocktail DNA vaccine containing plasmids encoding complete GRA5, SAG1, and ROP2 antigens of Toxoplasma gondii in BALB/C mice. Iran J Parasitol 10: 590–598.
-
22.
Xue M, He S, Cui Y, Yao Y, Wang H, 2008. Evaluation of the immune response elicited by multi-antigenic DNA vaccine expressing SAG1, ROP2 and GRA2 against Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitol Int 57: 424–429.
-
23.
Ching XT, Fong MY, Lau YL, 2016. Evaluation of immunoprotection conferred by the subunit vaccines of GRA2 and GRA5 against acute toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice. Front Microbiol 7: 609.
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Ching X-T, Lau Y-L, Fong M-Y, 2015. Heterologous expression of Toxoplasma gondii dense granule protein 2 and 5. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 46: 375–387.
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25.
Kaplan EL, Meier P, 1958. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc 53: 457–481.
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26.
Kim K, Bulow R, Kampmeier J, Boothroyd JC, 1994. Conformationally appropriate expression of the Toxoplasma antigen SAG1 (p30) in CHO cells. Infect Immun 62: 203–209.
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Abdizadeh R, Maraghi S, Ghadiri AA, Tavalla M, Shojaee S, 2015. Cloning and expression of major surface antigen 1 gene of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain using the expression vector pVAX1 in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Jundishapur J Microbiol 8: e22570.
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Sonaimuthu P, Ching XT, Fong MY, Kalyanasundaram R, Lau YL, 2016. Induction of protective immunity against toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice vaccinated with Toxoplasma gondii Rhoptry-1. Front Microbiol 7: 808.
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Parthasarathy S, Fong MY, Ramaswamy K, Lau YL, 2013. Protective immune response in BALB/c mice induced by DNA vaccine of the ROP8 gene of Toxoplasma gondii. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 883–887.
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Evaluation of the Protective Effect of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Vaccines Encoding Granule Antigen 2 and 5 Against Acute Toxoplasmosis in BALB/c Mice
Xiao Teng Ching
Xiao Teng Ching
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Mun Yik Fong
Mun Yik Fong
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Yee Ling Lau
Yee Ling Lau
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Toxoplasma gondii infects a broad range of warm-blooded hosts, including humans. Important clinical manifestations include encephalitis in immunocompromised patients as well as miscarriage and fetal damage during early pregnancy. Toxoplasma gondii dense granule antigen 2 and 5 (GRA2 and GRA5) are essential for parasitophorous vacuole development of the parasite. To evaluate the potential of GRA2 and GRA5 as recombinant DNA vaccine candidates, these antigens were cloned into eukaryotic expression vector (pcDNA 3.1C) and evaluated in vaccination experiments. Recombinant DNA vaccines constructed with genes encoding GRAs were validated in Chinese hamster ovary cells before evaluation using lethal challenge of the virulent T. gondii RH strain in BALB/c mice. The DNA vaccines of pcGRA2 and pcGRA5 elicited cellular-mediated immune response with significantly higher levels of interferon-gamma, interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, and IL-10 (P < 0.05) compared with controls. A mixed T-helper cell 1 (Th1)/Th2 response was associated with slightly prolonged survival. These findings provide evidence that DNA vaccination with GRA2 and GRA5 is associated with Th1-like cell-mediated immune responses. It will be worthwhile to construct recombinant multiantigen combining full-length GRA2 or/and GRA5 with various antigenic proteins such as the surface antigens and rhoptry antigens to improve vaccination efficacy.
Author Notes
Financial support: This research project was supported by University of Malaya High Impact Research (HIR) Grant UM-MOHE (UM.C/HIR/MOHE/MED/16) from the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia.
Authors' addresses: Xiao Teng Ching, Mun Yik Fong, and Yee Ling Lau, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, E-mails: cxteng85@yahoo.com, fongmy@um.edu.my, and lauyeeling@um.edu.my.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Dubey JP, 2010. Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 313.
-
2.
Jackson MH, Hutchison WM, 1989. The prevalence and source of Toxoplasma infection in the environment. Adv Parasitol 28: 55–105.
-
3.
Bhopale GM, 2003. Development of a vaccine for toxoplasmosis: current status. Microbes Infect 5: 457–462.
-
4.
Lyons RE, McLeod R, Roberts CW, 2002. Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite-bradyzoite interconversion. Trends Parasitol 18: 198–201.
-
5.
Black MW, Boothroyd JC, 2000. Lytic cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 64: 607–623.
-
6.
Kur J, Holec-Gasior L, Hiszczynska-Sawicka E, 2009. Current status of toxoplasmosis vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 8: 791–808.
-
7.
Corr M, Tighe H, 1997. Plasmid DNA vaccination: mechanism of antigen presentation. Springer Semin Immunopathol 19: 139–145.
-
8.
Bessieres MH, Swierczynski B, Cassaing S, Miedouge M, Olle P, Seguela JP, Pipy B, 1997. Role of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL4 and IL10 in the regulation of experimental Toxoplasma gondii infection. J Eukaryot Microbiol 44: 87S.
-
9.
Gazzinelli RT, Hakim FT, Hieny S, Shearer GM, Sher A, 1991. Synergistic role of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in IFN-gamma production and protective immunity induced by an attenuated Toxoplasma gondii vaccine. J Immunol 146: 286–292.
-
10.
Nam HW, 2009. GRA proteins of Toxoplasma gondii: maintenance of host-parasite interactions across the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane. Korean J Parasitol 47 (Suppl): S29–S37.
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11.
Capron A, Dessaint JP, 1988. Vaccination against parasitic diseases: some alternative concepts for the definition of protective antigens. Ann Inst Pasteur Immunol 139: 109–117.
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12.
Cesbron-Delauw MF, Capron A, 1993. Excreted/secreted antigens of Toxoplasma gondii–their origin and role in the host-parasite interaction. Res Immunol 144: 41–44.
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13.
Hiszczynska-Sawicka E, Oledzka G, Holec-Gasior L, Li H, Xu JB, Sedcole R, Kur J, Bickerstaffe R, Stankiewicz M, 2011. Evaluation of immune responses in sheep induced by DNA immunization with genes encoding GRA1, GRA4, GRA6 and GRA7 antigens of Toxoplasma gondii. Vet Parasitol 177: 281–289.
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14.
Scorza T, D'Souza S, Laloup M, Dewit J, De Braekeleer J, Verschueren H, Vercammen M, Huygen K, Jongert E, 2003. A GRA1 DNA vaccine primes cytolytic CD8(+) T cells to control acute Toxoplasma gondii infection. Infect Immun 71: 309–316.
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15.
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16.
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-
17.
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-
18.
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-
19.
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-
20.
Liu S, Shi L, Cheng YB, Fan GX, Ren HX, Yuan YK, 2009. Evaluation of protective effect of multi-epitope DNA vaccine encoding six antigen segments of Toxoplasma gondii in mice. Parasitol Res 105: 267–274.
-
21.
Naserifar R, Ghaffarifar F, Dalimi A, Sharifi Z, Solhjoo K, Hosseinian Khosroshahi K, 2015. Evaluation of immunogenicity of cocktail DNA vaccine containing plasmids encoding complete GRA5, SAG1, and ROP2 antigens of Toxoplasma gondii in BALB/C mice. Iran J Parasitol 10: 590–598.
-
22.
Xue M, He S, Cui Y, Yao Y, Wang H, 2008. Evaluation of the immune response elicited by multi-antigenic DNA vaccine expressing SAG1, ROP2 and GRA2 against Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitol Int 57: 424–429.
-
23.
Ching XT, Fong MY, Lau YL, 2016. Evaluation of immunoprotection conferred by the subunit vaccines of GRA2 and GRA5 against acute toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice. Front Microbiol 7: 609.
-
24.
Ching X-T, Lau Y-L, Fong M-Y, 2015. Heterologous expression of Toxoplasma gondii dense granule protein 2 and 5. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 46: 375–387.
-
25.
Kaplan EL, Meier P, 1958. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc 53: 457–481.
-
26.
Kim K, Bulow R, Kampmeier J, Boothroyd JC, 1994. Conformationally appropriate expression of the Toxoplasma antigen SAG1 (p30) in CHO cells. Infect Immun 62: 203–209.
-
27.
Abdizadeh R, Maraghi S, Ghadiri AA, Tavalla M, Shojaee S, 2015. Cloning and expression of major surface antigen 1 gene of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain using the expression vector pVAX1 in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Jundishapur J Microbiol 8: e22570.
-
28.
Sonaimuthu P, Ching XT, Fong MY, Kalyanasundaram R, Lau YL, 2016. Induction of protective immunity against toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice vaccinated with Toxoplasma gondii Rhoptry-1. Front Microbiol 7: 808.
-
29.
Parthasarathy S, Fong MY, Ramaswamy K, Lau YL, 2013. Protective immune response in BALB/c mice induced by DNA vaccine of the ROP8 gene of Toxoplasma gondii. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 883–887.
-
30.
Ihara F, Nishikawa Y, 2014. Starvation of low-density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol induces bradyzoite conversion in Toxoplasma gondii. Parasit Vectors 7: 248.
-
31.
Kunert R, Vorauer-Uhl K, 2012. Strategies for efficient transfection of CHO-cells with plasmid DNA. Methods Mol Biol 801: 213–226.
-
32.
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-
33.
Babaie J, Sadeghiani G, Golkar M, 2011. Construction and in vitro expression analyses of a DNA plasmid encoding dense granule GRA5 antigen of Toxoplasma gondii. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 3: 135–141.
-
34.
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-
36.
Chen J, Huang SY, Li ZY, Yuan ZG, Zhou DH, Petersen E, Zhang NZ, Zhu XQ, 2013. Protective immunity induced by a DNA vaccine expressing eIF4A of Toxoplasma gondii against acute toxoplasmosis in mice. Vaccine 31: 1734–1739.
-
37.
Hiszczynska-Sawicka E, Li H, Xu JB, Oledzka G, Kur J, Bickerstaffe R, Stankiewicz M, 2010. Comparison of immune response in sheep immunized with DNA vaccine encoding Toxoplasma gondii GRA7 antigen in different adjuvant formulations. Exp Parasitol 124: 365–372.
-
38.
Ismael AB, Sekkai D, Collin C, Bout D, Mevelec MN, 2003. The MIC3 gene of Toxoplasma gondii is a novel potent vaccine candidate against toxoplasmosis. Infect Immun 71: 6222–6228.
-
39.
Qu D, Han J, Du A, 2013. Evaluation of protective effect of multiantigenic DNA vaccine encoding MIC3 and ROP18 antigen segments of Toxoplasma gondii in mice. Parasitol Res 112: 2593–2599.
-
40.
Tao Q, Fang R, Zhang W, Wang Y, Cheng J, Li Y, Fang K, Khan MK, Hu M, Zhou Y, Zhao J, 2013. Protective immunity induced by a DNA vaccine-encoding Toxoplasma gondii microneme protein 11 against acute toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice. Parasitol Res 112: 2871–2877.
-
41.
Wu XN, Lin J, Lin X, Chen J, Chen ZL, Lin JY, 2012. Multicomponent DNA vaccine-encoding Toxoplasma gondii GRA1 and SAG1 primes: anti-Toxoplasma immune response in mice. Parasitol Res 111: 2001–2009.
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42.
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43.
Yuan ZG, Zhang XX, He XH, Petersen E, Zhou DH, He Y, Lin RQ, Li XZ, Chen XL, Shi XR, Zhong XL, Zhang B, Zhu XQ, 2011. Protective immunity induced by Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry protein 16 against toxoplasmosis in mice. Clin Vaccine Immunol 18: 119–124.
-
44.
Rosenberg C, De Craeye S, Jongert E, Gargano N, Beghetto E, Del Porto P, Vorup-Jensen T, Petersen E, 2009. Induction of partial protection against infection with Toxoplasma gondii genotype II by DNA vaccination with recombinant chimeric tachyzoite antigens. Vaccine 27: 2489–2498.
-
45.
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46.
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