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1.
Forouzanfar MH, Afshin A, Alexander LT, Anderson HR, Bhutta ZA, Biryukov S, Brauer M, Burnett R, Cercy K, Charlson FJ, Cohen AJ, Dandona L, Estep K, Ferrari AJ, Frostad JJ, Fullman N, Gething PW, Godwin WW, Griswold M, Kinfu Y, Kyu HH, Larson HJ, Liang X, Lim SS, Liu PY, Lopez AD, Lozano R, Marczak L, Mensah GA, Mokdad AH, Moradi-Lakeh M, Naghavi M, Neal B, Reitsma MB, Roth GA, Salomon JA, Sur PJ, Vos T, Wagner JA, Wang H, Zhao Y, Zhou M, Aasvang GM, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abd-Allah F, Abdulle AM, Abera SF, Abraham B, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abyu GY, Adebiyi AO, Adedeji IA, Ademi Z, Adou AK, Adsuar JC, Agardh EE, Agarwal A, Agrawal A, Kiadaliri AA, Ajala ON, Akinyemiju TF, Al-Aly Z, Alam K, Alam NKM, Aldhahri SF, Aldridge RW, Alemu ZA, Ali R, Alkerwi A, Alla F, Allebeck P, Alsharif U, Altirkawi KA, Martin EA, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare AT, Amberbir A, Amegah AK, Amini H, Ammar W, Amrock SM, Andersen HH, Anderson BO, Antonio CAT, Anwari P, Ärnlöv J, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Asghar RJ, Assadi R, Atique S, Avokpaho EFGA, Awasthi A, Quintanilla BPA, Azzopardi P, Bacha U, Badawi A et al., 2016. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388: 1659–1724.
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Health Canada, 2013. Guidance on the use of the microbiological drinking water quality guidelines. Water and Air Quality Bureau Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (Catalogue No. H144–12/2013E-PDF).
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O'Toole J, Sinclair M, Gibney K, Leder K, 2015. Adoption of a microbial health-based target for Australian drinking water regulation. J Water Health 13: 662–670.
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Hald T, Aspinall W, Devleesschauwer B, Cooke R, Corrigan T, Havelaar AH, Gibb HJ, Torgerson PR, Kirk MD, Angulo FJ, Lake RJ, Speybroeck N, Hoffmann S, 2016. World Health Organization estimates of the relative contributions of food to the burden of disease due to selected foodborne hazards: a structured expert elicitation. PLoS One 11: e0145839.
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Gibney K, O'Toole J, Sinclair M, Leder K, 2014. Disease burden of selected gastrointestinal pathogens in Australia, 2010. Int J Infect Dis 28: 176–185.
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United Nations Development Programme, 2016. Human Development Report 2015: Work for Human Development. Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI. Accessed November 4, 2016.
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Dale K, Kirk M, Sinclair M, Hall R, Leder K, 2010. Reported waterborne outbreaks of gastrointestinal disease in Australia are predominantly associated with recreational exposure. Aust N Z J Public Health 34: 527–530.
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Havelaar AH, Haagsma JA, Mangen M-JJ, Kemmeren JM, Verhoef LPB, Vijgen SMC, Wilson M, Friesema IHM, Kortbeek LM, van Duynhoven YTHP, van Pelt W, 2012. Disease burden of foodborne pathogens in The Netherlands, 2009. Int J Food Microbiol 156: 231–238.
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Kirk M, Ford L, Glass K, Hall G, 2014. Foodborne illness, Australia, circa 2000 and circa 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 1857–1864.
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Ford L, Kirk M, Glass K, Hall G, 2014. Sequelae of foodborne illness caused by 5 pathogens, Australia, circa 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 1865–1871.
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Glass K, Ford L, Kirk MD, 2014. Drivers of uncertainty in estimates of foodborne gastroenteritis incidence. Foodborne Pathog Dis 11: 938–944.
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Vally H, Glass K, Ford L, Hall G, Kirk MD, Shadbolt C, Veitch M, Fullerton KE, Musto J, Becker N, 2014. Proportion of illness acquired by foodborne transmission for nine enteric pathogens in Australia: an expert elicitation. Foodborne Pathog Dis 11: 727–733.
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Burden of Disease Attributed to Waterborne Transmission of Selected Enteric Pathogens, Australia, 2010
Katherine B. Gibney
Katherine B. Gibney
The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
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Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
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Joanne O'Toole
Joanne O'Toole
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
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Martha Sinclair
Martha Sinclair
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
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Karin Leder
Karin Leder
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
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Universal access to safe drinking water is a global priority. To estimate the annual disease burden of campylobacteriosis, nontyphoidal salmonellosis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and norovirus attributable to waterborne transmission in Australia, we multiplied regional World Health Organization (WHO) estimates of the proportion of cases attributable to waterborne transmission by estimates of all-source disease burden for each study pathogen. Norovirus was attributed as causing the most waterborne disease cases (479,632; 95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 0–1,111,874) followed by giardiasis and campylobacteriosis. The estimated waterborne disability-adjusted life year (DALY) burden for campylobacteriosis (2,004; 95% UI: 0–5,831) was 7-fold greater than other study pathogens and exceeded the WHO guidelines for drinking water quality (1 × 10−6 DALY per person per year) by 90-fold. However, these estimates include disease transmitted via either drinking or recreational water exposure. More precise country-specific and drinking water-specific attribution estimates would better define the health burden from drinking water and inform changes to treatment requirements.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Katherine B. Gibney, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia, E-mail: katherine.gibney@unimelb.edu.au. Joanne O'Toole, Martha Sinclair, and Karin Leder, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia, E-mails: joanne.otoole@monash.edu, martha.sinclair@monash.edu, and karin.leder@monash.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Forouzanfar MH, Afshin A, Alexander LT, Anderson HR, Bhutta ZA, Biryukov S, Brauer M, Burnett R, Cercy K, Charlson FJ, Cohen AJ, Dandona L, Estep K, Ferrari AJ, Frostad JJ, Fullman N, Gething PW, Godwin WW, Griswold M, Kinfu Y, Kyu HH, Larson HJ, Liang X, Lim SS, Liu PY, Lopez AD, Lozano R, Marczak L, Mensah GA, Mokdad AH, Moradi-Lakeh M, Naghavi M, Neal B, Reitsma MB, Roth GA, Salomon JA, Sur PJ, Vos T, Wagner JA, Wang H, Zhao Y, Zhou M, Aasvang GM, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abd-Allah F, Abdulle AM, Abera SF, Abraham B, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abyu GY, Adebiyi AO, Adedeji IA, Ademi Z, Adou AK, Adsuar JC, Agardh EE, Agarwal A, Agrawal A, Kiadaliri AA, Ajala ON, Akinyemiju TF, Al-Aly Z, Alam K, Alam NKM, Aldhahri SF, Aldridge RW, Alemu ZA, Ali R, Alkerwi A, Alla F, Allebeck P, Alsharif U, Altirkawi KA, Martin EA, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare AT, Amberbir A, Amegah AK, Amini H, Ammar W, Amrock SM, Andersen HH, Anderson BO, Antonio CAT, Anwari P, Ärnlöv J, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Asghar RJ, Assadi R, Atique S, Avokpaho EFGA, Awasthi A, Quintanilla BPA, Azzopardi P, Bacha U, Badawi A et al., 2016. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388: 1659–1724.
-
2.
United Nations, 2016. Sustainable Development Goal 6: Ensure Availability and Sustainable Management of Water and Sanitation for All. Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6. Accessed November 4, 2016.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2011. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 4th edition. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
4.
Health Canada, 2013. Guidance on the use of the microbiological drinking water quality guidelines. Water and Air Quality Bureau Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (Catalogue No. H144–12/2013E-PDF).
-
5.
O'Toole J, Sinclair M, Gibney K, Leder K, 2015. Adoption of a microbial health-based target for Australian drinking water regulation. J Water Health 13: 662–670.
-
6.
National Health and Medical Research Council, Australian Government, 2016. Australian Drinking Water Guidelines: Draft Framework on Microbial Health Based Targets. Available at: https://consultations.nhmrc.gov.au/public_consultations/adwg-microbial?Accessed November 4, 2016.
-
7.
Hald T, Aspinall W, Devleesschauwer B, Cooke R, Corrigan T, Havelaar AH, Gibb HJ, Torgerson PR, Kirk MD, Angulo FJ, Lake RJ, Speybroeck N, Hoffmann S, 2016. World Health Organization estimates of the relative contributions of food to the burden of disease due to selected foodborne hazards: a structured expert elicitation. PLoS One 11: e0145839.
-
8.
Gibney K, O'Toole J, Sinclair M, Leder K, 2014. Disease burden of selected gastrointestinal pathogens in Australia, 2010. Int J Infect Dis 28: 176–185.
-
9.
United Nations Development Programme, 2016. Human Development Report 2015: Work for Human Development. Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI. Accessed November 4, 2016.
-
10.
Dale K, Kirk M, Sinclair M, Hall R, Leder K, 2010. Reported waterborne outbreaks of gastrointestinal disease in Australia are predominantly associated with recreational exposure. Aust N Z J Public Health 34: 527–530.
-
11.
Butler A, Pintar K, Thomas M, 2016. Estimating the relative role of various subcategories of food, water, and animal contact transmission of 28 enteric diseases in Canada. Foodborne Pathog Dis 13: 57–64.
-
12.
Havelaar AH, Haagsma JA, Mangen M-JJ, Kemmeren JM, Verhoef LPB, Vijgen SMC, Wilson M, Friesema IHM, Kortbeek LM, van Duynhoven YTHP, van Pelt W, 2012. Disease burden of foodborne pathogens in The Netherlands, 2009. Int J Food Microbiol 156: 231–238.
-
13.
Kirk M, Ford L, Glass K, Hall G, 2014. Foodborne illness, Australia, circa 2000 and circa 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 1857–1864.
-
14.
Ford L, Kirk M, Glass K, Hall G, 2014. Sequelae of foodborne illness caused by 5 pathogens, Australia, circa 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 1865–1871.
-
15.
Ministry of Health Singapore, 2015. Communicable Diseases Surveillance in Singapore, 2014. Ministry of Health, Singapore.
-
16.
NNDSS Annual Report Writing Group, 2016. Australia's notifiable disease status, 2014. Annual report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep 40: E48–E145.
-
17.
The Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, 2015. Notifiable Diseases in New Zealand: Annual Report 2014. Porirua, New Zealand: Institute of Environmental Science Research Ltd.
-
18.
Environmental Health Indicators New Zealand, 2016. Notifications of Water-borne Diseases (Campylobacteriosis, Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis) with Untreated Drinking-Water as a Risk Factor. EHI issue 47. Available at: www.ehinz.ac.nz/assets/Factsheets/Released-2016/EHI47-WaterBorneDiseasesNotificationsUntreatedDriinkingWater2005-2014-released201608.pdf. Accessed November 5, 2016.
-
19.
Glass K, Ford L, Kirk MD, 2014. Drivers of uncertainty in estimates of foodborne gastroenteritis incidence. Foodborne Pathog Dis 11: 938–944.
-
20.
Vally H, Glass K, Ford L, Hall G, Kirk MD, Shadbolt C, Veitch M, Fullerton KE, Musto J, Becker N, 2014. Proportion of illness acquired by foodborne transmission for nine enteric pathogens in Australia: an expert elicitation. Foodborne Pathog Dis 11: 727–733.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2137 | 1754 | 56 |
| Full Text Views | 781 | 16 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 380 | 20 | 0 |