Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2015. World Malaria Report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
2.
Doolan DL, Dobano C, Baird JK, 2009. Acquired immunity to malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev 22: 13–36.
-
3.
Goncalves BP, Huang CY, Morrison R, Holte S, Kabyemela E, Prevots DR, Fried M, Duffy PE, 2014. Parasite burden and severity of malaria in Tanzanian children. N Engl J Med 370: 1799–1808.
-
4.
Wilson PT, Malhotra I, Mungai P, King CL, Dent AE, 2013. Transplacentally transferred functional antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum decrease with age. Acta Trop 128: 149–153.
-
5.
Trape JF, Pison G, Spiegel A, Enel C, Rogier C, 2002. Combating malaria in Africa. Trends Parasitol 18: 224–230.
-
6.
Cairns ME, Asante KP, Owusu-Agyei S, Chandramohan D, Greenwood BM, Milligan PJ, 2013. Analysis of partial and complete protection in malaria cohort studies. Malar J 12: 355.
-
7.
Trape JF, Rogier C, Konate L, Diagne N, Bouganali H, Canque B, Legros F, Badji A, Ndiaye G, Brahimi K, Faye O, Druilhe P, Pereira da Silva L, 1994. The Dielmo project: a longitudinal study of natural malaria infection and the mechanisms of protective immunity in a community living in a holoendemic area of Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51: 123–137.
-
8.
Tran TM, Li S, Doumbo S, Doumtabe D, Huang CY, Dia S, Bathily A, Sangala J, Kone Y, Traore A, Niangaly M, Dara C, Kayentao K, Ongoiba A, Duonbo OK, Traore B, Compton PD, 2013. An intensive longitudinal cohort study of Malian children and adults reveals no evidence of acquired immunity to Plasmodium falciparum infection. Clin Infect Dis 57: 40–47.
-
9.
Mackinnon MJ, Mwangi TW, Snow RW, Marsh K, Williams TN, 2005. Heritability of malaria in Africa. PLoS Med 2: e340.
-
10.
Mwangi TW, Fegan G, Williams TN, Kinyanjui SM, Snow RW, Marsh K, 2008. Evidence for over-dispersion in the distribution of clinical malaria episodes in children. PLoS One 3: e2196.
-
11.
Loucoubar C, Grange L, Paul R, Huret A, Tall A, Telle O, Roussilhon C, Faye J, Diene-Sarr F, Trape JF, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Sakuntabhai A, Bureau JF, 2013. High number of previous Plasmodium falciparum clinical episodes increases risk of future episodes in a sub-group of individuals. PLoS One 8: e55666.
-
12.
Creasey A, Giha H, Hamad AA, El Hassan IM, Theander TG, Arnot DE, 2004. Eleven years of malaria surveillance in a Sudanese village highlights unexpected variation in individual disease susceptibility and outbreak severity. Parasitology 129: 263–271.
-
13.
Mutabingwa TK, Bolla MC, Li JL, Domingo GJ, Li X, Fried M, Duffy PE, 2005. Maternal malaria and gravidity interact to modify infant susceptibility to malaria. PLoS Med 2: e407.
-
14.
Ellman R, Maxwell C, Finch R, Shayo D, 1998. Malaria and anaemia at different altitudes in the Muheza district of Tanzania: childhood morbidity in relation to level of exposure to infection. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92: 741–753.
-
15.
Gwamaka M, Kurtis JD, Sorensen BE, Holte S, Morrison R, Mutabingwa TK, Fried M, Duffy PE, 2012. Iron deficiency protects against severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria and death in young children. Clin Infect Dis 54: 1137–1144.
-
16.
Kabyemela E, Goncalves BP, Prevots DR, Morrison R, Jarrington W, Gwamaka M, Kurtis JD, Fried M, Duffy PE, 2013. Cytokine profiles at birth predict malaria severity during infancy. PLoS One 8: e77214.
-
17.
Cham GK, Kurtis J, Lusingu J, Theander TG, Jensen AT, Turner L, 2008. A semi-automated multiplex high-throughput assay for measuring IgG antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) domains in small volumes of plasma. Malar J 7: 108.
-
18.
Harrington WE, Mutabingwa TK, Kabyemela E, Fried M, Duffy PE, 2011. Intermittent treatment to prevent pregnancy malaria does not confer benefit in an area of widespread drug resistance. Clin Infect Dis 53: 224–230.
-
19.
Woolhouse ME, Dye C, Etard JF, Charlwood JD, Garnett GP, Hagan P, Hu JLK, Ndhlovu PD, Quinnell RJ, Watts CH, Chandiwana SK, Anderson RM, 1997. Heterogeneities in the transmission of infectious agents: implications for the design of control programs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 338–342.
-
20.
Taylor SM, Parobek CM, Fairhurst RM, 2012. Haemoglobinopathies and the clinical epidemiology of malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 12: 457–468.
-
21.
Modiano D, Petrarca V, Sirima BS, Nebie I, Diallo D, Esposito F, Coluzzi M, 1996. Different response to Plasmodium falciparum malaria in west African sympatric ethnic groups. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 13206–13211.
-
22.
Okulicz JF, Lambotte O, 2011. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of elite controllers. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 6: 163–168.
-
23.
Pereyra F, Jia X, McLaren PJ; The International HIV Controllers Study, 2010. The major genetic determinants of HIV-1 control affect HLA class I peptide presentation. Science 330: 1551–1557.
-
24.
Vaughan AM, Aly AS, Kappe SH, 2008. Malaria parasite pre-erythrocytic stage infection: gliding and hiding. Cell Host Microbe 4: 209–218.
-
25.
Silvie O, Goetz K, Matuschewski K, 2008. A sporozoite asparagine-rich protein controls initiation of Plasmodium liver stage development. PLoS Pathog 4: e1000086.
-
26.
Badu K, Afrane YA, Larbi J, Stewart VA, Waitumbi J, Angov E, Ong'echa JM, Perkins DJ, Zhou G, Githeko A, Yan G, 2012. Marked variation in MSP-119 antibody responses to malaria in western Kenyan highlands. BMC Infect Dis 12: 50.
-
27.
Corran P, Coleman P, Riley E, Drakeley C, 2007. Serology: a robust indicator of malaria transmission intensity? Trends Parasitol 23: 575–582.
-
28.
Drakeley CJ, Corran PH, Coleman PG, Tongren JE, McDonald SLR, Malima R, Lusingu J, Manjurano A, Nkya WMM, Lemnge MM, Reyburn H, Riley EM, 2005. Estimating medium- and long-term trends in malaria transmission by using serological markers of malaria exposure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 5108–5113.
-
29.
Noland GS, Hendel-Paterson B, Min XM, Moormann AM, Vulule JM, Narum D, Lanar DE, Kazura JW, John CC, 2008. Low prevalence of antibodies to preerythrocytic but not blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum antigens in an area of unstable malaria transmission compared to prevalence in an area of stable malaria transmission. Infect Immun 76: 5721–5728.
-
30.
Ondingo BN, Hodges JS, Ireland KF, Magak NG, Lanar DE, Dutta S, Narum DL, Park GS, Ofulla AV, John CC, 2014. Estimation of recent and long-term malaria transmission in a population by antibody testing to multiple Plasmodum falciparum antigens. J Infect Dis (Auckl) 210: 1123–1132.
-
31.
Ishino T, Boisson B, Orito Y, Lacroix C, Bishoff E, Loussert C, Janse C, Menard R, Yuda M, Baldacci P, 2009. LISP1 is important for the egress of Plasmodium berghei parasites from liver cells. Cell Microbiol 11: 1329–1339.
-
32.
Krzych U, Lyon JA, Jareed T, Schneider I, Hollingdale MR, Gordon DM, Ballou WR, 1995. T lymphocytes from volunteers immunized with irradiated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites recognize liver and blood stage malaria antigens. J Immunol 155: 4072–4077.
-
33.
Fowkes FJ, Richards JS, Simpson JA, Beeson JG, 2010. The relationship between anti-merozoite antibodies and incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 7: e1000218.
-
34.
Offeddu V, Thathy V, Marsh K, Matuschewski K, 2012. Naturally acquired immune responses against Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites and liver infection. Int J Parasitol 42: 535–548.
-
35.
Mordmuller BG, Metzger WG, Juillard P, Brinkman BMN, Verweij CL, Grau GE, Kremsner PG, 1997. Tumor necrosis factor in Plasmodium falciparum malaria: high plasma level is associated with fever, but high production capacity is associated with rapid fever clearance. Eur Cytokine Netw 8: 29–35.
-
36.
Pied S, Civas A, Berlot-Picard F, Renia L, Miltgen F, Gentilini M, Doly J, Mazier D, 1992. IL-6 induced by IL-1 inhibits malaria pre-erythrocytic stages but its secretion is down-regulated by the parasite. J Immunol 148: 197–201.
-
37.
Grau GE, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME, Wirima JJ, Vassalli P, Hommel M, Lambert PH, 1989. Tumor necrosis factor and disease severity in children with falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 320: 1586–1591.
-
38.
Malhotra I, Dent A, Mungai P, Wamachi A, Ouma JH, Narum DL, Muchiri E, Tisch DJ, King CL, 2009. Can prenatal malaria exposure produce an immune tolerant phenotype? A prospective birth cohort study in Kenya. PLoS Med 6: e1000116.
-
39.
Adegnika AA, Kohler C, Agnandji ST, Chai AK, Lubuda L, Breitling LP, Schonkeren D, Weerdenburg E, Issifou S, Luty AJF, Kremsner PG, Yazdanbakhsh M, 2008. Pregnancy-associated malaria affects toll-like receptor ligand-induced cytokine responses in cord blood. J Infect Dis 198: 928–936.
-
40.
Bottius E, Guanzirolli A, Trape JF, Rogier C, Konate L, Druilhe P, 1996. Malaria: even more chronic in nature than previously thought; evidence for subpatent parasitaemia detectable by the polymerase chain reaction. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90: 15–19.
-
41.
Nsobya SL, Parikh S, Kironde F, Lubega G, Kamya MR, Ronsenthal PJ, Dorsey G, 2004. Molecular evaluation of the natural history of asymptomatic parasitemia in Ugandan children. J Infect Dis 189: 2220–2226.
-
42.
Wagner G, Koram K, McGuinness D, Bennett S, Nkrumah F, Riley E, 1998. High incidence of asymptomatic malara infections in a birth cohort of children less than one year of age in Ghana, detected by multicopy gene polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 115–123.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 22 | 22 | 2 |
| Full Text Views | 318 | 83 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 121 | 29 | 0 |
A Malaria-Resistant Phenotype with Immunological Correlates in a Tanzanian Birth Cohort Exposed to Intense Malaria Transmission
Scott D. Nash
Scott D. Nash
Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland.
Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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D. Rebecca Prevots
D. Rebecca Prevots
Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Edward Kabyemela
Edward Kabyemela
Muheza Designated District Hospital, Muheza, Tanzania.
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Yogender P. Khasa
Yogender P. Khasa
Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India.
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Kun-Lin Lee
Kun-Lin Lee
Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland.
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Michal Fried
Michal Fried
Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland.
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Patrick E. Duffy
Patrick E. Duffy
Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland.
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Malaria incidence is highly heterogeneous even in areas of high transmission, although no conclusive evidence exists that innate or naturally acquired resistance can prevent infection over an extended period of time. This longitudinal study examined immunoparasitological evidence for a malaria-resistant phenotype in which children do not develop malaria despite an extended period of exposure to parasites. Within a birth cohort followed from 2002 to 2006 in Muheza, Tanzania, an area of intense transmission, children (N = 687) provided blood smears biweekly during infancy and monthly thereafter. Maternal and childhood characteristics were obtained, cord-blood cytokines were measured, and antibody responses were assayed as measures of stage-specific exposure. Sixty-three (9.2%) children had no blood smear–positive slides over 2 years of follow-up (range: 1–3.5 years) and were identified as malaria resistant. Malaria-resistant children were similar to other children with respect to completeness of follow-up and all maternal and childhood characteristics except residence area. Antibody seroprevalence was similar for two sporozoite antigens, but malaria-resistant children had a lower antibody seroprevalence to merozoite antigens merozoite surface protein 1 (5.4% versus 30.2%; P < 0.0001) and apical membrane antigen 1 (7.2% versus 33.3%; P < 0.0001). Malaria-resistant children had higher cytokine levels in cord blood, particularly interleukin-1β. In summary, a subset of children living in an area of intense transmission was exposed to malaria parasites, but never developed patent parasitemia; this phenotype was associated with a distinct cytokine profile at birth and antibody profile during infancy. Further research with malaria-resistant children may identify mechanisms for naturally acquired immunity.
Author Notes
Financial support: This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program and an extramural grant (R01AI52059) of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
Authors' addresses: Scott D. Nash, The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: scott.nash@cartercenter.org. D. Rebecca Prevots, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, E-mail: rprevots@niaid.nih.gov. Edward Kabyemela, Muheza Designated District Hospital, Muheza, Tanzania, E-mail: earkabyemela@yahoo.com. Yogender P. Khasa, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India, E-mail: yogi110@gmail.com. Kun-Lin Lee, Michal Fried, and Patrick E. Duffy, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, E-mails: kun-lin.lee@nih.gov, michal.fried@nih.gov, and patrick.duffy@nih.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2015. World Malaria Report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
2.
Doolan DL, Dobano C, Baird JK, 2009. Acquired immunity to malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev 22: 13–36.
-
3.
Goncalves BP, Huang CY, Morrison R, Holte S, Kabyemela E, Prevots DR, Fried M, Duffy PE, 2014. Parasite burden and severity of malaria in Tanzanian children. N Engl J Med 370: 1799–1808.
-
4.
Wilson PT, Malhotra I, Mungai P, King CL, Dent AE, 2013. Transplacentally transferred functional antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum decrease with age. Acta Trop 128: 149–153.
-
5.
Trape JF, Pison G, Spiegel A, Enel C, Rogier C, 2002. Combating malaria in Africa. Trends Parasitol 18: 224–230.
-
6.
Cairns ME, Asante KP, Owusu-Agyei S, Chandramohan D, Greenwood BM, Milligan PJ, 2013. Analysis of partial and complete protection in malaria cohort studies. Malar J 12: 355.
-
7.
Trape JF, Rogier C, Konate L, Diagne N, Bouganali H, Canque B, Legros F, Badji A, Ndiaye G, Brahimi K, Faye O, Druilhe P, Pereira da Silva L, 1994. The Dielmo project: a longitudinal study of natural malaria infection and the mechanisms of protective immunity in a community living in a holoendemic area of Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51: 123–137.
-
8.
Tran TM, Li S, Doumbo S, Doumtabe D, Huang CY, Dia S, Bathily A, Sangala J, Kone Y, Traore A, Niangaly M, Dara C, Kayentao K, Ongoiba A, Duonbo OK, Traore B, Compton PD, 2013. An intensive longitudinal cohort study of Malian children and adults reveals no evidence of acquired immunity to Plasmodium falciparum infection. Clin Infect Dis 57: 40–47.
-
9.
Mackinnon MJ, Mwangi TW, Snow RW, Marsh K, Williams TN, 2005. Heritability of malaria in Africa. PLoS Med 2: e340.
-
10.
Mwangi TW, Fegan G, Williams TN, Kinyanjui SM, Snow RW, Marsh K, 2008. Evidence for over-dispersion in the distribution of clinical malaria episodes in children. PLoS One 3: e2196.
-
11.
Loucoubar C, Grange L, Paul R, Huret A, Tall A, Telle O, Roussilhon C, Faye J, Diene-Sarr F, Trape JF, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Sakuntabhai A, Bureau JF, 2013. High number of previous Plasmodium falciparum clinical episodes increases risk of future episodes in a sub-group of individuals. PLoS One 8: e55666.
-
12.
Creasey A, Giha H, Hamad AA, El Hassan IM, Theander TG, Arnot DE, 2004. Eleven years of malaria surveillance in a Sudanese village highlights unexpected variation in individual disease susceptibility and outbreak severity. Parasitology 129: 263–271.
-
13.
Mutabingwa TK, Bolla MC, Li JL, Domingo GJ, Li X, Fried M, Duffy PE, 2005. Maternal malaria and gravidity interact to modify infant susceptibility to malaria. PLoS Med 2: e407.
-
14.
Ellman R, Maxwell C, Finch R, Shayo D, 1998. Malaria and anaemia at different altitudes in the Muheza district of Tanzania: childhood morbidity in relation to level of exposure to infection. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92: 741–753.
-
15.
Gwamaka M, Kurtis JD, Sorensen BE, Holte S, Morrison R, Mutabingwa TK, Fried M, Duffy PE, 2012. Iron deficiency protects against severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria and death in young children. Clin Infect Dis 54: 1137–1144.
-
16.
Kabyemela E, Goncalves BP, Prevots DR, Morrison R, Jarrington W, Gwamaka M, Kurtis JD, Fried M, Duffy PE, 2013. Cytokine profiles at birth predict malaria severity during infancy. PLoS One 8: e77214.
-
17.
Cham GK, Kurtis J, Lusingu J, Theander TG, Jensen AT, Turner L, 2008. A semi-automated multiplex high-throughput assay for measuring IgG antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) domains in small volumes of plasma. Malar J 7: 108.
-
18.
Harrington WE, Mutabingwa TK, Kabyemela E, Fried M, Duffy PE, 2011. Intermittent treatment to prevent pregnancy malaria does not confer benefit in an area of widespread drug resistance. Clin Infect Dis 53: 224–230.
-
19.
Woolhouse ME, Dye C, Etard JF, Charlwood JD, Garnett GP, Hagan P, Hu JLK, Ndhlovu PD, Quinnell RJ, Watts CH, Chandiwana SK, Anderson RM, 1997. Heterogeneities in the transmission of infectious agents: implications for the design of control programs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 338–342.
-
20.
Taylor SM, Parobek CM, Fairhurst RM, 2012. Haemoglobinopathies and the clinical epidemiology of malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 12: 457–468.
-
21.
Modiano D, Petrarca V, Sirima BS, Nebie I, Diallo D, Esposito F, Coluzzi M, 1996. Different response to Plasmodium falciparum malaria in west African sympatric ethnic groups. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 13206–13211.
-
22.
Okulicz JF, Lambotte O, 2011. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of elite controllers. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 6: 163–168.
-
23.
Pereyra F, Jia X, McLaren PJ; The International HIV Controllers Study, 2010. The major genetic determinants of HIV-1 control affect HLA class I peptide presentation. Science 330: 1551–1557.
-
24.
Vaughan AM, Aly AS, Kappe SH, 2008. Malaria parasite pre-erythrocytic stage infection: gliding and hiding. Cell Host Microbe 4: 209–218.
-
25.
Silvie O, Goetz K, Matuschewski K, 2008. A sporozoite asparagine-rich protein controls initiation of Plasmodium liver stage development. PLoS Pathog 4: e1000086.
-
26.
Badu K, Afrane YA, Larbi J, Stewart VA, Waitumbi J, Angov E, Ong'echa JM, Perkins DJ, Zhou G, Githeko A, Yan G, 2012. Marked variation in MSP-119 antibody responses to malaria in western Kenyan highlands. BMC Infect Dis 12: 50.
-
27.
Corran P, Coleman P, Riley E, Drakeley C, 2007. Serology: a robust indicator of malaria transmission intensity? Trends Parasitol 23: 575–582.
-
28.
Drakeley CJ, Corran PH, Coleman PG, Tongren JE, McDonald SLR, Malima R, Lusingu J, Manjurano A, Nkya WMM, Lemnge MM, Reyburn H, Riley EM, 2005. Estimating medium- and long-term trends in malaria transmission by using serological markers of malaria exposure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 5108–5113.
-
29.
Noland GS, Hendel-Paterson B, Min XM, Moormann AM, Vulule JM, Narum D, Lanar DE, Kazura JW, John CC, 2008. Low prevalence of antibodies to preerythrocytic but not blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum antigens in an area of unstable malaria transmission compared to prevalence in an area of stable malaria transmission. Infect Immun 76: 5721–5728.
-
30.
Ondingo BN, Hodges JS, Ireland KF, Magak NG, Lanar DE, Dutta S, Narum DL, Park GS, Ofulla AV, John CC, 2014. Estimation of recent and long-term malaria transmission in a population by antibody testing to multiple Plasmodum falciparum antigens. J Infect Dis (Auckl) 210: 1123–1132.
-
31.
Ishino T, Boisson B, Orito Y, Lacroix C, Bishoff E, Loussert C, Janse C, Menard R, Yuda M, Baldacci P, 2009. LISP1 is important for the egress of Plasmodium berghei parasites from liver cells. Cell Microbiol 11: 1329–1339.
-
32.
Krzych U, Lyon JA, Jareed T, Schneider I, Hollingdale MR, Gordon DM, Ballou WR, 1995. T lymphocytes from volunteers immunized with irradiated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites recognize liver and blood stage malaria antigens. J Immunol 155: 4072–4077.
-
33.
Fowkes FJ, Richards JS, Simpson JA, Beeson JG, 2010. The relationship between anti-merozoite antibodies and incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 7: e1000218.
-
34.
Offeddu V, Thathy V, Marsh K, Matuschewski K, 2012. Naturally acquired immune responses against Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites and liver infection. Int J Parasitol 42: 535–548.
-
35.
Mordmuller BG, Metzger WG, Juillard P, Brinkman BMN, Verweij CL, Grau GE, Kremsner PG, 1997. Tumor necrosis factor in Plasmodium falciparum malaria: high plasma level is associated with fever, but high production capacity is associated with rapid fever clearance. Eur Cytokine Netw 8: 29–35.
-
36.
Pied S, Civas A, Berlot-Picard F, Renia L, Miltgen F, Gentilini M, Doly J, Mazier D, 1992. IL-6 induced by IL-1 inhibits malaria pre-erythrocytic stages but its secretion is down-regulated by the parasite. J Immunol 148: 197–201.
-
37.
Grau GE, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME, Wirima JJ, Vassalli P, Hommel M, Lambert PH, 1989. Tumor necrosis factor and disease severity in children with falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 320: 1586–1591.
-
38.
Malhotra I, Dent A, Mungai P, Wamachi A, Ouma JH, Narum DL, Muchiri E, Tisch DJ, King CL, 2009. Can prenatal malaria exposure produce an immune tolerant phenotype? A prospective birth cohort study in Kenya. PLoS Med 6: e1000116.
-
39.
Adegnika AA, Kohler C, Agnandji ST, Chai AK, Lubuda L, Breitling LP, Schonkeren D, Weerdenburg E, Issifou S, Luty AJF, Kremsner PG, Yazdanbakhsh M, 2008. Pregnancy-associated malaria affects toll-like receptor ligand-induced cytokine responses in cord blood. J Infect Dis 198: 928–936.
-
40.
Bottius E, Guanzirolli A, Trape JF, Rogier C, Konate L, Druilhe P, 1996. Malaria: even more chronic in nature than previously thought; evidence for subpatent parasitaemia detectable by the polymerase chain reaction. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90: 15–19.
-
41.
Nsobya SL, Parikh S, Kironde F, Lubega G, Kamya MR, Ronsenthal PJ, Dorsey G, 2004. Molecular evaluation of the natural history of asymptomatic parasitemia in Ugandan children. J Infect Dis 189: 2220–2226.
-
42.
Wagner G, Koram K, McGuinness D, Bennett S, Nkrumah F, Riley E, 1998. High incidence of asymptomatic malara infections in a birth cohort of children less than one year of age in Ghana, detected by multicopy gene polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 115–123.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 22 | 22 | 2 |
| Full Text Views | 318 | 83 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 121 | 29 | 0 |