Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2016. GAPPD: Ending Preventable Child Deaths from Pnemonia and Diarrhoea by 2025. Available at: http://www.who.int/woman_child_accountability/news/gappd_2013/en/. Accessed August 7, 2016.
-
2.
Kanyuka M, Ndawala J, Mleme T, Chisesa L, Makwemba M, Amouzou A, Borghi J, Daire J, Ferrabee R, Hazel E, Heidkamp R, Hill K, Alvarez MM, Mgalula L, Munthali S, Nambiar B, Nsona H, Park L, Walker N, Daelmans B, Bryce J, Colbourn T, 2016. Malawi and Millennium Development Goal 4: a countdown to 2015 country case study. Lancet Glob Health 4: e201–e214.
-
3.
Liu L, Oza S, Hogan D, Perin J, Rudan I, Lawn JE, Cousens S, Mathers C, Black RE, 2015. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000–13, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: an updated systematic analysis. Lancet 385: 430–440.
-
4.
Gera T, Shah D, Garner P, Richardson M, Sachdev HS, 2016. Integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) strategy for children under five. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6: CD010123.
-
5.
World Health Organization, 2015. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI). Available at: http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/imci/en/. Accessed September 9, 2015.
-
6.
Bassat Q, Machevo S, O'Callaghan-Gordo C, Sigauque B, Morais L, Diez-Padrisa N, Ribo JL, Mandomando I, Nhampossa T, Ayala E, Sanz S, Weber M, Roca A, Alonso PL, 2011. Distinguishing malaria from severe pneumonia among hospitalized children who fulfilled integrated management of childhood illness criteria for both diseases: a hospital-based study in Mozambique. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 626–634.
-
7.
World Health Organization, 2014. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness Chart Booklet. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
8.
Walter ND, Lyimo T, Skarbinski J, Metta E, Kahigwa E, Flannery B, Dowell SF, Abdulla S, Kachur SP, 2009. Why first-level health workers fail to follow guidelines for managing severe disease in children in the Coast Region, the United Republic of Tanzania. Bull World Health Organ 87: 99–107.
-
9.
Horwood C, Vermaak K, Rollins N, Haskins L, Nkosi P, Qazi S, 2009. An evaluation of the quality of IMCI assessments among IMCI trained health workers in South Africa. PLoS One 4: e5937.
-
10.
Rowe AK, Rowe SY, Holloway KA, Ivanovska V, Muhe L, Lambrechts T, 2012. Does shortening the training on integrated management of childhood illness guidelines reduce its effectiveness? A systematic review. Health Policy Plan 27: 179–193.
-
11.
United Nations Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), 2013. Statistics|Malawi|UNICEF. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/malawi_statistics.html. Accessed April 29, 2015.
-
12.
Kalu N, Lufesi N, Havens D, Mortimer K, 2016. Implementation of World Health Organization integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI) guidelines for the assessment of pneumonia in the under 5s in Rural Malawi. PLoS One 11: e0155830.
-
13.
Bjornstad E, Preidis GA, Lufesi N, Olson D, Kamthunzi P, Hosseinipour MC, McCollum ED, 2014. Determining the quality of IMCI pneumonia care in Malawian children. Paediatr Int Child Health 34: 29–36.
-
14.
World Health Organization, 2014. Country Coorporation Strategy at a Glance, Malawi. Available at: http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_mwi_en.pdf?ua=1. Accessed May 11, 2016.
-
15.
Government of Malawi, 2011. Malawi Health Sector Strategic Plan 2011–2016. Ministry of Health, ed. Lilongwe, Malawi: Government of Malawi.
-
16.
World Health Organization, 2015. Global Health Observary Data Repository. Available at: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A1444?lang=en. Accessed May 11, 2016.
-
17.
Lobis S, Mbaruku G, Kamwendo F, McAuliffe E, Austin J, de Pinho H, 2011. Expected to deliver: alignment of regulation, training, and actual performance of emergency obstetric care providers in Malawi and Tanzania. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 115: 322–327.
-
18.
Management Sciences for Health, 2011. Aiming to Prevent 25,000 Child Deaths from Diarrhea with Zinc in Malawi. Available at: https://www.msh.org/news-events/stories/aiming-to-prevent-25000-child-deaths-from-diarrhea-with-zinc-in-malawi. Accessed August 14, 2016.
-
19.
National Institutes of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov. Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02645513?term=Malawi+mobile+phone&rank=1. Last updated December 31, 2015. Accessed January 10, 2017.
-
20.
Namuyinga RJ, Mwandama D, Moyo D, Gumbo A, Troell P, Kobayashi M, Shah M, Bauleni A, Eng JV, Rowe AK, Mathanga DP, Steinhardt LC, 2017. Health worker adherence to malaria treatment guidelines at outpatient health facilities in southern Malawi following implementation of universal access to diagnostic testing. Malar J 16: 40.
-
21.
Gill CJ, Young M, Schroder K, Carvajal-Velez L, McNabb M, Aboubaker S, Qazi S, Bhutta ZA, 2013. Bottlenecks, barriers, and solutions: results from multicountry consultations focused on reduction of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea deaths. Lancet 381: 1487–1498.
-
22.
Osterholt DM, Onikpo F, Lama M, Deming MS, Rowe AK, 2009. Improving pneumonia case-management in Benin: a randomized trial of a multi-faceted intervention to support health worker adherence to integrated management of childhood illness guidelines. Hum Resour Health 7: 77.
-
23.
Acacio S, Verani JR, Lanaspa M, Fairlie TA, Nhampossa T, Ruperez M, Aide P, Plikaytis BD, Sacoor C, Macete E, Alonso P, Sigauque B, 2015. Under treatment of pneumonia among children under 5 years of age in a malaria-endemic area: population-based surveillance study conducted in Manhica district: rural, Mozambique. Int J Infect Dis 36: 39–45.
-
24.
Chandler CI, Jones C, Boniface G, Juma K, Reyburn H, Whitty CJ, 2008. Guidelines and mindlines: why do clinical staff over-diagnose malaria in Tanzania? A qualitative study. Malar J 7: 53.
-
25.
Molbak K, Jensen H, Ingholt L, Aaby P, 1997. Risk factors for diarrheal disease incidence in early childhood: a community cohort study from Guinea-Bissau. Am J Epidemiol 146: 273–282.
-
26.
Pinzon-Rondon AM, Zarate-Ardila C, Hoyos-Martinez A, Ruiz-Sternberg AM, Velez-van-Meerbeke A, 2015. Country characteristics and acute diarrhea in children from developing nations: a multilevel study. BMC Public Health 15: 811.
-
27.
Walker CL, Rudan I, Liu L, Nair H, Theodoratou E, Bhutta ZA, O'Brien KL, Campbell H, Black RE, 2013. Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea. Lancet 381: 1405–1416.
-
28.
Leonard K, Masatu MC, 2006. Outpatient process quality evaluation and the Hawthorne effect. Soc Sci Med 63: 2330–2340.
-
29.
Leurent B, Reyburn H, Muro F, Mbakilwa H, Schellenberg D, 2016. Monitoring patient care through health facility exit interviews: an assessment of the Hawthorne effect in a trial of adherence to malaria treatment guidelines in Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis 16: 59.
-
30.
Lange S, Mwisongo A, Maestad O, 2014. Why don't clinicians adhere more consistently to guidelines for the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI)? Soc Sci Med 104: 56–63.
-
31.
Franco LM, Marquez L, 2011. Effectiveness of collaborative improvement: evidence from 27 applications in 12 less-developed and middle-income countries. BMJ Qual Saf 20: 658–665.
-
32.
USAID Health Care Improvement Project, 2008. The Improvement Collaborative: An Approach to Rapidly Improve Health Care and Scale Up Quality Services. Available at: https://www.usaidassist.org/sites/assist/files/the_improvement_collaborative.june08.pdf. Accessed July 18, 2016.
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33.
Labrique AB, Vasudevan L, Kochi E, Fabricant R, Mehl G, 2013. mHealth innovations as health system strengthening tools: 12 common applications and a visual framework. Glob Health Sci Pract 1: 160–171.
-
34.
World Health Organization, 2011. mHealth: New Horizons for Health through Mobile Technologies. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
35.
Rutebemberwa E, Kinengyere AA, Ssengooba F, Pariyo GW, Kiwanuka SN, 2014. Financial interventions and movement restrictions for managing the movement of health workers between public and private organizations in low- and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD009845.
-
36.
Witter S, Fretheim A, Kessy FL, Lindahl AK, 2012. Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low- and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD007899.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 64 | 64 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 547 | 176 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 213 | 27 | 1 |
Quality of Case Management for Pneumonia and Diarrhea Among Children Seen at Health Facilities in Southern Malawi
Miwako Kobayashi
Miwako Kobayashi
Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Dyson Mwandama
Dyson Mwandama
Malaria Alert Centre, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.
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Humphreys Nsona
Humphreys Nsona
Malawi Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi.
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Ruth J. Namuyinga
Ruth J. Namuyinga
Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Monica P. Shah
Monica P. Shah
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Andrew Bauleni
Andrew Bauleni
Malaria Alert Centre, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.
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Jodi Vanden Eng
Jodi Vanden Eng
Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Alexander K. Rowe
Alexander K. Rowe
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Don P. Mathanga
Don P. Mathanga
Malaria Alert Centre, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.
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Laura C. Steinhardt
Laura C. Steinhardt
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Pneumonia and diarrhea are leading causes of child deaths in Malawi. Guidelines to manage childhood illnesses in resource-poor settings exist, but studies have reported low health-care worker (HCW) adherence to guidelines. We conducted a health facility survey from January to March 2015 to assess HCW management of pneumonia and diarrhea in children < 5 years of age in southern Malawi, and to determine factors associated with case management quality. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression models examined patient, HCW, and health facility factors associated with recommended pneumonia and diarrhea management, using Malawi's national guidelines as the gold standard. Of 694 surveyed children 2–59 months of age at 95 health facilities, 132 (19.0%) met survey criteria for pneumonia; HCWs gave recommended antibiotic treatment to 90 (68.2%). Of 723 children < 5 years of age, 222 (30.7%) had uncomplicated diarrhea; HCWs provided recommended treatment to 94 (42.3%). In multivariable analyses, caregivers' spontaneous report of children's symptoms was associated with recommended treatment of both pneumonia (odds ratio [OR]: 2.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2–6.8, P = 0.023) and diarrhea (OR: 24.2, 95% CI: 6.0–97.0, P < 0001). Malaria diagnosis was negatively associated with recommended treatment (OR for pneumonia: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.2–1.0, P = 0.046; OR for diarrhea: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1–0.6, P = 0.003). To improve quality of care, children should be assessed systematically, even when malaria is suspected. Renewed efforts to invigorate such a systematic approach, including HCW training, regular follow-up supervision, and monitoring HCW performance, are needed in Malawi.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 406 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was funded by the U.S. President's Malaria Initiative through a cooperative research agreement with Malaria Alert Centre.
Authors' addresses: Miwako Kobayashi, Ruth J. Namuyinga, Monica P. Shah, Jodi Vanden Eng, Alexander K. Rowe, and Laura C. Steinhardt, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: mkobayashi@cdc.gov, rnamuyinga@cdc.gov, mshah2@cdc.gov, jev8@cdc.gov, axr9@cdc.gov, and iyp6@cdc.gov. Dyson Mwandama, Andrew Bauleni, and Don P. Mathanga, Malaria Alert Centre, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi, E-mails: dmwandama2004@yahoo.com, abauleni@mac.medcol.mw, and dmathang@mac.medcol.mw. Humphreys Nsona, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi, E-mail: hnsona@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2016. GAPPD: Ending Preventable Child Deaths from Pnemonia and Diarrhoea by 2025. Available at: http://www.who.int/woman_child_accountability/news/gappd_2013/en/. Accessed August 7, 2016.
-
2.
Kanyuka M, Ndawala J, Mleme T, Chisesa L, Makwemba M, Amouzou A, Borghi J, Daire J, Ferrabee R, Hazel E, Heidkamp R, Hill K, Alvarez MM, Mgalula L, Munthali S, Nambiar B, Nsona H, Park L, Walker N, Daelmans B, Bryce J, Colbourn T, 2016. Malawi and Millennium Development Goal 4: a countdown to 2015 country case study. Lancet Glob Health 4: e201–e214.
-
3.
Liu L, Oza S, Hogan D, Perin J, Rudan I, Lawn JE, Cousens S, Mathers C, Black RE, 2015. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000–13, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: an updated systematic analysis. Lancet 385: 430–440.
-
4.
Gera T, Shah D, Garner P, Richardson M, Sachdev HS, 2016. Integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) strategy for children under five. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6: CD010123.
-
5.
World Health Organization, 2015. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI). Available at: http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/imci/en/. Accessed September 9, 2015.
-
6.
Bassat Q, Machevo S, O'Callaghan-Gordo C, Sigauque B, Morais L, Diez-Padrisa N, Ribo JL, Mandomando I, Nhampossa T, Ayala E, Sanz S, Weber M, Roca A, Alonso PL, 2011. Distinguishing malaria from severe pneumonia among hospitalized children who fulfilled integrated management of childhood illness criteria for both diseases: a hospital-based study in Mozambique. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 626–634.
-
7.
World Health Organization, 2014. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness Chart Booklet. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
8.
Walter ND, Lyimo T, Skarbinski J, Metta E, Kahigwa E, Flannery B, Dowell SF, Abdulla S, Kachur SP, 2009. Why first-level health workers fail to follow guidelines for managing severe disease in children in the Coast Region, the United Republic of Tanzania. Bull World Health Organ 87: 99–107.
-
9.
Horwood C, Vermaak K, Rollins N, Haskins L, Nkosi P, Qazi S, 2009. An evaluation of the quality of IMCI assessments among IMCI trained health workers in South Africa. PLoS One 4: e5937.
-
10.
Rowe AK, Rowe SY, Holloway KA, Ivanovska V, Muhe L, Lambrechts T, 2012. Does shortening the training on integrated management of childhood illness guidelines reduce its effectiveness? A systematic review. Health Policy Plan 27: 179–193.
-
11.
United Nations Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), 2013. Statistics|Malawi|UNICEF. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/malawi_statistics.html. Accessed April 29, 2015.
-
12.
Kalu N, Lufesi N, Havens D, Mortimer K, 2016. Implementation of World Health Organization integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI) guidelines for the assessment of pneumonia in the under 5s in Rural Malawi. PLoS One 11: e0155830.
-
13.
Bjornstad E, Preidis GA, Lufesi N, Olson D, Kamthunzi P, Hosseinipour MC, McCollum ED, 2014. Determining the quality of IMCI pneumonia care in Malawian children. Paediatr Int Child Health 34: 29–36.
-
14.
World Health Organization, 2014. Country Coorporation Strategy at a Glance, Malawi. Available at: http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_mwi_en.pdf?ua=1. Accessed May 11, 2016.
-
15.
Government of Malawi, 2011. Malawi Health Sector Strategic Plan 2011–2016. Ministry of Health, ed. Lilongwe, Malawi: Government of Malawi.
-
16.
World Health Organization, 2015. Global Health Observary Data Repository. Available at: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A1444?lang=en. Accessed May 11, 2016.
-
17.
Lobis S, Mbaruku G, Kamwendo F, McAuliffe E, Austin J, de Pinho H, 2011. Expected to deliver: alignment of regulation, training, and actual performance of emergency obstetric care providers in Malawi and Tanzania. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 115: 322–327.
-
18.
Management Sciences for Health, 2011. Aiming to Prevent 25,000 Child Deaths from Diarrhea with Zinc in Malawi. Available at: https://www.msh.org/news-events/stories/aiming-to-prevent-25000-child-deaths-from-diarrhea-with-zinc-in-malawi. Accessed August 14, 2016.
-
19.
National Institutes of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov. Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02645513?term=Malawi+mobile+phone&rank=1. Last updated December 31, 2015. Accessed January 10, 2017.
-
20.
Namuyinga RJ, Mwandama D, Moyo D, Gumbo A, Troell P, Kobayashi M, Shah M, Bauleni A, Eng JV, Rowe AK, Mathanga DP, Steinhardt LC, 2017. Health worker adherence to malaria treatment guidelines at outpatient health facilities in southern Malawi following implementation of universal access to diagnostic testing. Malar J 16: 40.
-
21.
Gill CJ, Young M, Schroder K, Carvajal-Velez L, McNabb M, Aboubaker S, Qazi S, Bhutta ZA, 2013. Bottlenecks, barriers, and solutions: results from multicountry consultations focused on reduction of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea deaths. Lancet 381: 1487–1498.
-
22.
Osterholt DM, Onikpo F, Lama M, Deming MS, Rowe AK, 2009. Improving pneumonia case-management in Benin: a randomized trial of a multi-faceted intervention to support health worker adherence to integrated management of childhood illness guidelines. Hum Resour Health 7: 77.
-
23.
Acacio S, Verani JR, Lanaspa M, Fairlie TA, Nhampossa T, Ruperez M, Aide P, Plikaytis BD, Sacoor C, Macete E, Alonso P, Sigauque B, 2015. Under treatment of pneumonia among children under 5 years of age in a malaria-endemic area: population-based surveillance study conducted in Manhica district: rural, Mozambique. Int J Infect Dis 36: 39–45.
-
24.
Chandler CI, Jones C, Boniface G, Juma K, Reyburn H, Whitty CJ, 2008. Guidelines and mindlines: why do clinical staff over-diagnose malaria in Tanzania? A qualitative study. Malar J 7: 53.
-
25.
Molbak K, Jensen H, Ingholt L, Aaby P, 1997. Risk factors for diarrheal disease incidence in early childhood: a community cohort study from Guinea-Bissau. Am J Epidemiol 146: 273–282.
-
26.
Pinzon-Rondon AM, Zarate-Ardila C, Hoyos-Martinez A, Ruiz-Sternberg AM, Velez-van-Meerbeke A, 2015. Country characteristics and acute diarrhea in children from developing nations: a multilevel study. BMC Public Health 15: 811.
-
27.
Walker CL, Rudan I, Liu L, Nair H, Theodoratou E, Bhutta ZA, O'Brien KL, Campbell H, Black RE, 2013. Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea. Lancet 381: 1405–1416.
-
28.
Leonard K, Masatu MC, 2006. Outpatient process quality evaluation and the Hawthorne effect. Soc Sci Med 63: 2330–2340.
-
29.
Leurent B, Reyburn H, Muro F, Mbakilwa H, Schellenberg D, 2016. Monitoring patient care through health facility exit interviews: an assessment of the Hawthorne effect in a trial of adherence to malaria treatment guidelines in Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis 16: 59.
-
30.
Lange S, Mwisongo A, Maestad O, 2014. Why don't clinicians adhere more consistently to guidelines for the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI)? Soc Sci Med 104: 56–63.
-
31.
Franco LM, Marquez L, 2011. Effectiveness of collaborative improvement: evidence from 27 applications in 12 less-developed and middle-income countries. BMJ Qual Saf 20: 658–665.
-
32.
USAID Health Care Improvement Project, 2008. The Improvement Collaborative: An Approach to Rapidly Improve Health Care and Scale Up Quality Services. Available at: https://www.usaidassist.org/sites/assist/files/the_improvement_collaborative.june08.pdf. Accessed July 18, 2016.
-
33.
Labrique AB, Vasudevan L, Kochi E, Fabricant R, Mehl G, 2013. mHealth innovations as health system strengthening tools: 12 common applications and a visual framework. Glob Health Sci Pract 1: 160–171.
-
34.
World Health Organization, 2011. mHealth: New Horizons for Health through Mobile Technologies. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
35.
Rutebemberwa E, Kinengyere AA, Ssengooba F, Pariyo GW, Kiwanuka SN, 2014. Financial interventions and movement restrictions for managing the movement of health workers between public and private organizations in low- and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD009845.
-
36.
Witter S, Fretheim A, Kessy FL, Lindahl AK, 2012. Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low- and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD007899.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 64 | 64 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 547 | 176 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 213 | 27 | 1 |